ANTH 103 Final

The English word "cats" has how many morphemes?

2 morphemes: cat-s.

It was estimated in 2010 that approximately how many foreign-born residents were living in countries around the world?

214 million

An MNC is:

A corporation that owns businesses in more than one nation.

Which of the following best characterizes "ethnic groups"?

A group of people who view themselves as sharing an identity that separates them from others in society.

Dowry is:

A presentation of goods by the bride's kin to the groom's family.

Leveling mechanisms are ways of evening out the distribution of wealth in society. Which of the following is not an example of a leveling mechanism?

A public stock offering by a private firm in a capitalist society.

Like most horticulturalists, the Lua' traditionally plant:

A variety of crops with rotating harvesting seasons.

Which of the following correctly identifies the sub-disciplines of anthropology?

Archaeology, Cultural Anthropology, Physical Anthropology, Applied Anthropology and Linguistics.

Real wealth in the U.S. is measured as income plus:

Assets

Malinowski's and Boas' practices of anthropology were alike in many ways. All of the following are things that they shared, EXCEPT:

Both valued the study of history as essential to a deeper understanding of societies.

When a society practices fraternal polyandry:

Brothers share a wife

Karen houses are generally:

Built without windows.

All of the following are true of a caste system except:

Caste-like systems occur only in India.

In her study of China's one-child policy, Anthropologist Susan Greenhalgh worries that:

Chinese children will be very smart but very self-centered and, as adults, will not make very sophisticated leaders.

A child raised outside of human society and culture would be:

Completely unable to understand culture.

An important source of status for women in Nukumanu was:

Controlling swamp taro lands.

Moots differ from courts among the Kpelle mainly in that:

Courts aim at determining legal liability, whereas moots aim at reconciling disputing parties.

Ethnographic research on the spread of HIV/AIDS has shown that:

Cultural systems and values can impact efforts to improve human health.

An anthropological perspective that focuses on culture as the principal force in shaping the typical personality of a society is called:

Culture and personality theory.

What do anthropologists call the feelings of alienation and helplessness that result from rapid immersion in a new and different culture?

Culture shock.

All of the following are changes that China has faced recently due to global and domestic economic changes:

Decreasing amounts of competition.

Which of the following was considered a primary and key advantage to Europeans in their expansion?

Disease

When we compare dominant and sub-cultures within a society, it is clear that:

Dominant cultures are more powerful than sub-cultures.

The major areas of pastoralism are found in:

East Africa, Southwest Asia, and the Subarctic.

The role of anthropologists in the debate over reparation is:

Equivocal, they not only understand the point of view of the artifacts original culture but also see advantages in not repatriating artifacts.

Applying one's own cultural standards of value, worth, and morality to another culture is called:

Ethnocentrism

In place of the artificially controlled laboratory, anthropologists rely primarily on:

Ethnography and cross-cultural comparison.

About 10 percent of the U.S. population belongs to non-Judeo-Christian religions.

False

All anthropologists agree that culture is a shared set of norms and values.

False

All economic behavior can be explained by financial profit and gain.

False

Although, in the 1960s, many anthropologists were employed by development organizations such as the United States Agency for International Development, by the 1980s, this number dropped precipitously.

False

Among the Na of China, romantic love is considered more important and long lasting than family love.

False

Anthropologists generally agree that they should defend Western notions of human rights in all contexts.

False

Apple Corporation is the only one in the U.S. that has never been cited for labor abuses.

False

Band societies have neither warfare nor violence because they are egalitarian.

False

Because conditions in factories are difficult, Chinese workers take almost any opportunity to leave them and return to the countryside.

False

Bronislaw Malinowski spent only 6 months on the Trobriand Islands.

False

Conflict is present in large hierarchical societies, but absent in small egalitarian societies.

False

Conflict theory argues that specific cultural institutions function to support and serve the needs of its people even when there is no consensus.

False

Culture is human behavior that is genetically transmitted.

False

Decolonization in areas like the Congo was very peaceful and successful

False

Even a child brought up in isolation will automatically be able to speak the language of his or her parents.

False

In recent years, women in Iran have moved away from wearing the burka in public.

False

Language has many symbolic components, but it is not considered a symbol system.

False

Most ethnic conflicts today reflect an uninterrupted history of ethnic hatred.

False

People are likely to use magic where the outcome of events is known in advance and they are sure of the success of their efforts.

False

Population scientists have accurately estimated the human carrying capacity of the world.

False

Race is a term that is always linked to classifying people according to physical differences.

False

Relatives by marriage are called consanguineal kin.

False

Some sexual interactions, such as kissing, are practiced universally, while others are not.

False

The cultural differences between males and females are due entirely to biology, although they are sometimes understood differently from one culture to another.

False

The distribution of assets in the United States greatly favors the middle class.

False

The physical environment affects culture, but culture does not affect the physical environment.

False

There are more terms for kin in American society than in North Indian society.

False

Today, in an effort to better understand the foundations of violence, anthropologists tend to remain as politically and socially isolated as possible during fieldwork.

False

Tribes and chiefdoms both have centralized leadership.

False

Yarahmadzai herders virtually never work for cash.

False

The earliest human food-getting strategy was:

Foraging.

The peoples of the Great Sandy Desert in Australia traditionally made a living by:

Foraging.

In her study of the favela of Olinda in Brazil, Mary Kenny found that social relations among residents were characterized by

General hostility and suspicion.

A major point of the ethnography "Body Ritual among the Nacirema" is to:

Help us look at our own culture from a different perspective.

A positive value of ethnocentrism for a society is that it:

Helps members of a society bond together as a social unit.

Which of the following is the most accurate description of Margaret Mead's impact on the gender issues in cultural anthropology?

Her work questioned the biologically determined nature of gender.

Anthropologist Eleanor Wynn's work in a corporation demonstrates:

How anthropological skills are essential at the corporate level.

In the era 1880-1920, many immigrants came to the United States. It was also in this era that:

Immigrants came to be defined in racial terms.

One thing that the Yoruba and Igbo of Nigeria as well as the Mende of Sierra Leone have in common is that:

In all three, women held important formal political office.

The extended family seems to have clear advantages:

In stable cultivating societies where ownership of land is important.

Which of the following is a distinction between unilineal and bilateral kinship systems?

In unilineal kinship systems, the kin groups do not overlap.

Frequently, the effect of development projects has been to:

Increase the disparity between men and women in a community.

In a matrilineal society:

Inheritance and succession pass from the mother's brother to her son.

Researchers who study interpersonal space generally refer to three different ranges of space. They are:

Intimate distance, personal distance, and social distance.

A major characteristic of industrialism is that it:

Invariably expands beyond its own boundaries.

What is the "gray zone" that Philippe Bourgois describes in his work among the homeless and drug addicts in San Francisco?

It is a morally ambiguous space that blurs the lines between victims and perpetrators.

Which of the following best illustrates why applied anthropology is important today?

It opens up new perspectives and insights in understanding our human differences

A fundamental principle of language is that:

Language always reflects the history of those who use it.

National narratives are important to anthropology because:

Listening to them gives us a deeper and broader understanding of the forces that make a nation.

The rise of plow agriculture has generally:

Lowered women's status.

What do the Na of China do during their "visits?"

Make love.

Where the levirate and the sororate exist, they testify to the importance of:

Marriage as an alliance between families, rather than between individuals.

The authors of this book argue that the critical factor that enabled Europeans to colonize successfully in the 19th century was:

Mass production of weapons.

The idea of private ownership of land tends to develop in societies where:

Material and labor investment in land becomes substantial.

The two-spirit are best described as:

Men who take on women's work and clothing and are considered to have supernatural powers.

Which of the following contributed most to the development of slavery as an economic institution?

Monoculture plantations

A primary contribution of urban archaeologists is the development of:

New knowledge about people who resided at the site.

The Ojibwa coined the term okimakkan or "fake chief" when:

Outside governments insisted that the Ojibwa appoint a supreme leader.

The Chinese Bronze incident highlights a persistent controversy over:

Ownership of historical objects.

One area of recent success for hijras in India is:

Politics

The critical elements of any economic system are:

Production, distribution, and consumption.

In addition to milk and meat products derived from their herds of camels, sheep, and goats, the Yarahmadzai do all of the following except:

Raise chickens

Agriculture is characterized by a:

Relatively complex techniques of water and soil control.

The main subsistence crop of the Lua' is:

Rice

The masculine cultural belief in Spain that women's lust is a threat to male honor and dignity is:

Rooted in traditional Christianity where the lustful woman is symbolized by Eve as Adam's temptress.

Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor classified small-scale societies as:

Savage

Polyandry is adapted to a number of different economic and demographic circumstances. Among the Toda of South India, it is an adaptation to the:

Shortage of females, created by female infanticide.

Judith Brown found that initiation rites for girls are more likely to occur in:

Societies in which women continue to live in their mothers' houses after marriage.

Which of the following correctly describes current anthropological thinking about the emergence of state level societies?

States emerged for different reasons in different places and at different times.

Which of the following best describes an etic perspective in research?

Studying agricultural techniques by measuring the fertility of the soil in laboratory samples.

With regard to the stability of a marriage, bridewealth payments:

Tend to stabilize marriages.

A critical hallmark of prayer is:

That its results depend on the will of the spirit world.

Research on female initiation rites in New Guinea suggests that the principal idea expressed in such rites is:

The complementarity of male and female.

A society's political organization is primarily related to:

The degree of access individuals and groups have to basic material resources.

In woman/woman marriages:

The female husband may take on aspects of the male gender role such as participating in male initiation rituals.

A critical way in which industrial production differs from other productive systems is:

The focus of production moves from food to other goods.

To say that anthropology is holistic means that anthropologists are particularly interested in:

The integration of biological, sociocultural, and environmental factors in explaining human behavior.

Which of the following best characterizes the cross-cultural meaning of smiling?

The meaning of a smile varies from culture to culture.

Transnationalism is:

The pattern of close ties and frequent visits between immigrants and those remaining in their home country.

Margaret Mead's study of the Arapesh, Mundugamor, and Tchambuli showed that:

The relationship between gender and personality varies with cultural expectations.

Among extensive cultivators, one of the key factors that determines whether land will be considered exclusive and defended is:

The relationship of land and population (societies with high population density defend lands, others do not).

In linguistic studies, phonemes are:

The set of sounds used in any particular language.

A central function of kinship in almost every society is that it provides for:

The transfer of property between generations.

The relationship between language and culture is illustrated by the fact that:

The vocabulary of a language emphasizes those features of the environment that are culturally most significant.

The study of political processes focuses on:

The ways in which different groups within a society use power and authority to achieve goals.

New international conditions have created problems and opportunities for anthropologists working in the field. What are some of the challenges that J. Christopher Kovats-Bernat associates with doing "ethnography of violence"?

There is often unstable political organization, difficult and dangerous physical conditions, and difficulties in making ethical decisions.

Which of the following best characterizes the history of development projects in the years since independence

They have generally not been successful.

A female perspective on the Tiwi marriage system indicates that:

Tiwi wives enjoy both sexual and social freedom.

Among the Toda, the fact that wives could have multiple husbands might have been caused by high levels of female infanticide.

True

Balanced reciprocity is typical of trading relationships among non-industrialized people without market economies.

True

Cultures are systems, so a change in one aspect of a culture is likely to result in changes in other aspects of the culture.

True

Endogamy is the social rule that you must marry within your own group.

True

Globalization has changed the ways that anthropologists work and write.

True

In India, social interaction with one's mother's parents is very different from that with one's father's parents.

True

In many places, multinational corporations employ large numbers of female workers because they are seen as more easily controllable than males.

True

In some Muslim countries, such as Tunisia, the wearing of the veil is discouraged.

True

Margaret Mead was an important early cultural anthropologist who emphasized the importance of culture in gender behavior.

True

Men in "San Blas," Spain assert that all women are "seductresses and whores."

True

More than any other form of political organization, the state can carry out military action for both defensive and offensive purposes.

True

One anthropological perspective understands male initiation as a type of fertility cult.

True

Pastoralism can be either transhumant or nomadic.

True

Pillage was one of the main ways that Europeans transferred wealth from newly discovered areas to their home countries.

True

Sudanese is the most descriptive kinship system.

True

The Eskimo system singles out the biologically closest group of relations and treats more distant kin more or less equally.

True

The RACE project is an effort by the American Anthropological Association to challenge commonly held ideas about race.

True

The core vocabulary is a list of words which designate things, actions, and activities likely to be named in all the world's languages.

True

The mudyi tree is a central symbol for the Ndembu.

True

The vocabulary of a language reflects the culture of the people who speak it.

True

There are many different ways of showing maleness cross-culturally, but there is no culture in which prestige is not part of it.

True

Today, only a very small percentage of the world's people live by foraging.

True

A classic 1970s study by William Labov of speech norms in the United States indicated that:

Variation of speech patterns is most characteristic of upwardly mobile social classes.

What does a Manam (a group in New Guinea) girl display at the time of her initiation?

Wealth her parents and clan have contributed for the event.

One critical difference between Western ethnocentrism and the ethnocentrism of many other peoples is:

Westerners have more often been in a position to impose their view of culture than have others.