ANTH 205 Exam 1
. What is distinctive about humans and culture? a. Humans use culture; other species don't b. Humans make more elaborate use of symbols, language, and tools c. Human use of culture is not distinctive. This belief is ethnocentric, seeing humans as superior to other species d. Humans make tools; other species use tools that they find
B
15. When culture changes because an idea or a practice spreads from one region to another, this is called a. acculturation b. diffusion c. reciprocity d. prosperity
B
2. Studies on chimpanzees, macaques, and bonobos show that a. animals cannot teach each other b. these animals have complex social interactions, including self-awareness and an ability to teach others c. some animals have alphabets and vocabularies d. only humans have the ability to pass information on to younger generations
B
3. Jane Goodall's research showed that chimpanzees have the ability to make and use a. bridges b. tools c. heated food d. rudimentary shovels
B
4. In the absence of a centralized political authority, what is the organizing principle of political life in bands? a. vigilantism b. kinship c. religion d. individual competition
B
6. In a band, a person with strong charisma or skill may lead others to respect them and accord them extra prestige and status. This is called a. ascribed status b. achieved status c. mana d. shaman
B
9. Many tribal societies rely on initiation rituals. The practice of male sub incision was important in a. the northwest part of North America b. the northwest part of Australia c. sub-Saharan Africa d. the Middle East
B
1. Which species use culture to promote their survival and adaptation? a. only humans have culture b. all mammals have culture c. many primates, including humans, and some other animals have culture d. humans and chimps have culture, but no other animals
C
1. Which thinker advocated the idea of the "survival of the fittest"? a. Lewis Henry Morgan b. Thomas Malthus c. Herbert Spencer d. Elman Service
C
10. The specialized leadership role in Highland New Guinea involved highly charismatic and persuasive men influencing the group. This role was called a. chief b. headman c. big man d. president
C
11. Which anthropologist viewed human culture as progressing historically from savagery to barbarism to civilization? a. Robin Fox b. Jane Goodall c. Lewis Henry Morgan d. Richard Wrangham
C
12. In his study of cultural scale, John Bodley believes that over time, human culture is producing a. greater amounts of food b. longer lifespans c. greater social inequality d. deadlier wars
C
4. Which of the following is not TRUE about most primates? Most primates a. live in groups b. are highly social c. are matriarchal d. construct complex social structures
C
6. Neanderthals are of special interest to anthropologists because a. they are more like bonobos than they are like humans b. they are very ancient in the fossil record, and show us the ways of our oldest ancestors c. they are quite recent in the fossil record, overlapping historically with modern humans d. Neanderthals are no longer of special interest to anthropologists because so many new fossils have been found more recently
C
8. The most important corporate group structure that regulates life in tribes is a. chiefdom b. sodality c. lineage d. mana
C
10. Why did humans begin relying more on culture for adaptation than on biology? a. Humans started hunting big game, which created new gender relations, which required more cultural complexity to maintain b. Humans started cooking food, which had ripple effects on gender, family, and culture c. Human brains grew bigger d. There are various theories that answer this question, and anthropologists are still debating the issue
D
13. John Bodley describes human culture as moving from small-scale to large-scale to global-scale. In his view, the people responsible for these changes are a. Homo erectus b. anthropologists c. religious leaders d. power elites
D
16. Daniel Smith studied how globalization affects the marriage practices of the a. Ju/hoansi of Namibia b. Waorani of Ecuador c. Inuit of Alaska d. Igbo of Nigeria
D
3. Which type of society is acephalous? a. tribe b. chiefdom c. state d. band
D
5. Bands rely on consensus for decision-making. Consensus means a. everyone thinks the same thing b. a vote was taken, and the majority rules c. seniority rules - everyone agrees to go along with the oldest person's idea d. everyone may not fully agree, but everyone can live with the decision
D
7. What are the two most important criteria for the division of labor in bands? a. last name and religion b. degree of proximity to the chiefly lineage and gender c. wealth and age d. age and gender
D
9. Which human ancestor was the first to display recognizable human culture? a. Australopithecine b. Homo habilis c. Paranthropus d. Homo erectus
D
1. Culture is unique to the species Homo sapien.
F
1. Matrilineal societies are always matriarchal.
F
1. Over time, all societies develop from band to tribe to chiefdom to state.
F
10. The field is the location of an anthropologist's fieldwork.
F
10. The first species with recognizable human culture is Australopithecine.
F
11. Anthropologists today still use Lewis Henry Morgan's model of savagery-barbarism-civilization.
F
11. Caste states allow for significant social mobility within a person's lifetime.
F
13. Marrying within one's group is called exogamy.
F
14. Some anthropologist view kinship as entirely a cultural construction.
F
15. Non-human primates never form lineages.
F
2. Anthropologists only study distant cultures, not familiar ones.
F
2. Chiefdoms are "acephalous," which means they have inherited leadership.
F
3. Anthropologists agree that human culture is progressive (that is, human life is getting better over time).
F
3. There are no characteristics shared by all human groups.
F
4. Bands have total egalitarianism, no differences in prestige or status.
F
4. Humans are the only species to recognize kinship.
F
4. Jane Goodall studied Japanese macaques.
F
5. Physical anthropology and archaeology are two names for the same subdiscipline.
F
6. Enculturation happens in some societies, but not in others.
F
8. Neanderthals were dim-witted and simple.
F
8. Polyandry is hypothetical; there are no ethnographic examples of it.
F
8. Some chiefs are believed to have supernatural power, called shamanic power.
F
9. Some states have no social inequality.
F
Some people have more culture than others
F
10. Dictatorship, republic, and democracy are all forms of states.
T
10. Marriage is a cultural universal.
T
12. Reliance on kinship is less in states than in other political systems.
T
12. Transfer of wealth at marriage from groom's kin to bride's kin is called bridewealth.
T
2. Consanguineal relationships are established through descent, or "blood."
T
2. Human beings use culture more intensively than any other species.
T
3. Affinal relationships are established through marriage.
T
3. Bands are "acephalous," which means they have no headman.
T
4. Ethnology is another name for cultural anthropology.
T
5. Anthropologists agree that globalization is not producing a single world culture.
T
5. Humans are the only species to recognize in-laws through marriage.
T
5. Tribes have larger populations than bands.
T
6. Chiefdoms are larger than bands and tribes.
T
6. It is no longer possible to view cultures as geographically bounded.
T
6. There are a few exceptions to the nearly-universal incest taboo.
T
7. All primate species generally avoid incestuous matings.
T
7. Chimpanzees recognize kinship amongst themselves.
T
7. Lineages in chiefdoms are ranked.
T
7. Weltanschauung is the worldview of a group of people.
T
8. The etic perspective is the one held by the outsider analyzing the culture.
T
9. Cultural relativism means there are no standards of right and wrong that can be across cultural
T
9. Cultural relativism means there are no standards of right and wrong that can be across cultural boundaries.
T
9. The first species with recognizable human culture is Homo erectus.
T
9. The religious worship of a kin group's founding being is called totemism.
T
. Anthropologists Richard Lee and Marjorie Shostak studied a foraging society in the Kalahari Desert called a. !Kung (or Ju/hoansi) b. Navajo (or Dine) c. Hadza d. Mbuti (or Bambuti)
a
11. Women's status, across types of societies, depends principally on their a. place in a kinship system b. physical size c. reproductive capacity d. role in subsistence
a
12. The belief that a chief has "mana" means that the chief a. can access and manipulate a diffuse supernatural power b. will never die c. was appointed by the Creator d. has the right to kill his subjects
a
12. When a cultural rule states a person must marry outside the group, this is called a. exogamy b. endogamy c. monogamy d. neolocal marriage
a
13. Much of the best ethnographic evidence of chiefdoms is from a. Polynesia b. medieval Europe c. central Africa d. Peru
a
5. When a couple marries, they live in a residence separate from both sets of parents. This is called a. neolocal b. patrilocal c. matrilocal d. natolocal
a
6. The incest taboo, the explicit prohibition of intercourse with primary kin, is a. a unique feature of the human species b. seen in both humans and primates c. seen only in societies that have governments and law d. an ethnocentric feature of western societies
a
Anthropology looks at all aspects of human life. This perspective is called a. holistic b. qualitative c. scientific d. illuminating
a
Some anthropologists think of themselves as scientists, while others align themselves more with the humanities. In both cases, anthropology is classified as a. a social science b. a natural science c. an evolutionary science d. a humanities discipline
a
11. A good example of a matrilineal society is the a. Nyinba of Tibet b. Hopi of Arizona c. Maori of New Zealand d. Scottish clans in Europe
b
14. In the United States, the divorce rate is around a. 90% b. 50% c. 25% d. no one really knows because available data are too flawed
b
2. Anthropology is an empirically based study of humans. "Empirical" means that anthropological knowledge is based on a. extensive library research b. direct experience c. philosophical inquiry d. intuition
b
3. Which of the following is NOT something that both humans and nonhuman primates do with kinship? a. they recognize kin b. they prefer patrilineality c. they link mating and residence patterns to kinship d. they use lineages in social structure
b
8. Fraternal polyandry is a rare practice, seen in the ethnographic example of a. royal families in Hawaii b. Nyinba (Tibet) c. !Kung (Namibia and Botswana) d. Kwakiutl (Northwest coast of North America)
b
Which of the following is not a subdiscipline of anthropology? a. linguistics b. ethnography c. archaeology d. cultural anthropology
b
. Culture is an abstraction. Therefore, a. it is not real b. it exists only in the societies that believe in it c. it is a concept with heuristic value d. it is an ethnocentric invention of western scholars
c
1. Which ancient Greek scholar traveled to distant lands and recorded the customs of different peoples, much like a modern anthropologist? a. Terence b. Clyde Kluckhohn c. Herodotus d. Euclid
c
13. When a person is called "uncle," but he is neither affinal nor consanguineal relative, this is called a. this isn't called anything - it's not real kinship b. cognatic kinship c. fictive kinship d. patrilocal kinship
c
14. Which is TRUE of how anthropologists choose groups to study? a. Anthropologists only study nonwestern cultures. b. Anthropologists study only bands and tribes. c. Anthropologists study any human culture, even those in the anthropologist's own society. d. Anthropologists prefer to study "exotic" cultures, but when this is not possible, they study "ordinary" cultures.
c
15. In tribes, there are non-kinship based groupings that can sometimes compete with lineage. These are called a. patrilineages b. corporate groups c. sodalities d. bands
c
15. There seems to be a shift in marriage in the United States and Europe from __________ to ____________. a. less marriages to more marriages b. more divorces to less divorces c. biologically-based kinship to choice-based kinship d. patrilineality to matrilineality
c
2. Who is at the center of the Kinship Code? a. the anthropologist b. the grandfather c. the ego (one individual) d. the greatest ancestor
c
4. Which of the following is NOT one of the unique features of kinship among humans? a. the concept of common ancestors b. linguistic labels for kin c. linking mating and residence patterns to kinship d. cultural construction of kin relationships
c
Traditionally, Navajo refer to themselves as Dine (the people), and refer to all other people as anaa (the enemy). This way of viewing self and other is an expression of a. cultural relativism b. holism c. ethnocentrism d. caste
c
Which of the following is sometimes considered a fifth subfield of anthropology? a. linguistics b. sociology c. applied anthropology d. archaeology
c
. Some baseball players believe that performing certain rituals before a game will increase the chance of winning. This belief is a(n) a. emic perspective b. etic perspective c. Weltanschauung d. hypothesis
d
1. Kinship is the recognition of relationships based on ________ or __________. a. parents or children b. territory or citizenship c. affection or rules d. descent or marriage
d
10. When a common descent group owns property, assets, and rights, this is called a a. tribe b. totem c. unilineal system d. corporate descent group
d
14. Which types of societies do not have a centralized authority? a. band b. tribe c. chiefdom d. a and b e. all of the above
d
16. Elman Service's taxonomy of band-tribe-chiefdom-state is organized according to increasing degree of a. civilization b. ethnographic evidence c. violence d. complexity
d
7. The larger category that includes both polygyny and polyandry is a. monogamy b. polymarriage c. consanguinity d. polygamy
d
9. When a descent system traces ancestry through one line, mother's or father's, this is called a. cognatic b. bilateral c. clan d. unilineal
d
A baby learns the language and customs of her parents through everyday life, a learning that seems very natural. This process is called a. culture learning b. growing up c. humanization d. enculturation
d
The first modern definition of culture describes it as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This definition was written by a. Clyde Kluckhohn b. Margaret Mead c. William Rathje d. E.B. Tylor
d
The written product of anthropological fieldwork is a(n) a. fieldwork guide b. ethnology c. heuristic tale d. ethnography
d
When anthropologists study the material remains of a society, such as buildings, tools, pots, and graves, this work is in the subdiscipline of a. historical anthropology b. fieldwork c. physical anthropology d. archaeology
d
14. When culture changes because an indigenous group is overtaken, and adopts the cultural traditions of the dominating group, this is called a. acculturation b. innovation c. diffusion d. internal variation
A
2. Which anthropologist replaced social evolutionist ideas with more neutral descriptions of different societies (band, tribe, chiefdom, state)? a. Elman Service b. Lewis Henry Morgan c. Richard Lee d. Franz Boas
A
5. The category Hominin includes a. humans and their extinct ancestors after the divergence of the human line from a line shared with chimpanzees b. the human line prior to Homo sapiens c. humans, chimpanzees, bonobos and macaques d. Hominin is not a scientific category
A
8. Which is TRUE about adaptations through cultural mechanisms as opposed to biological mechanisms? a. Cultural mechanisms are more rapid and flexible; biological mechanisms are genetic, and thus take many generations b. Cultural mechanisms are important in large-scale cultures; biological mechanisms are more important in small-scale culture c. Cultural mechanisms require long periods of time; biological mechanisms are instantaneous d. Cultural mechanisms are poorly understood by scientists; biological mechanisms are more straightforward
A