ANTH 411 final exam
A longitudinal study in anthropology is when a person does ethnographic fieldwork over a long period of time, often leaving the field and returning periodically over a number of years.
true
Among other things, the idea of the "gender-bread person" is to help Americans understand that a person's sexuality is to who they go to bed with, and a person's gender is who they go to bed as.
true
Among the Barí, the optimal number of "secondary fathers" is one, in addition to the woman's husband.
true
As was described in the film clip Being Black in Latin America, someone considered Black or African American in the United States may be considered a different skin color in the Dominican Republic.
true
In Brodkin's article, she notes that eugenics was the theory that was used in the early twentieth century to support limits on immigration by Jews, Poles, and Italians and to bolster popular beliefs that real Americans were white, and real whites came from northern and western Europe.
true
In Tibet, fraternal polyandry may potentially fall by the wayside as more women become educated and family planning practices (contraception) become more widespread.
true
In the video we watched about two-spirited people, it was clear that many Native American groups have their own term that refers to two-spirted people, each meaning something slightly different. Being two-spirited is a culturally specific identity.
true
Richard Lee's experience with the Christmas ox showed that he had been accepted by !Kung society -- they treated him no differently (with relentless teasing and insults) than they would any other hunter who brought home a large kill.
true
Taboos are the opposite of rituals in that they are prohibitions, which players believe if not followed will lead to poor performance and bad luck.
true
The !Kung San people depend on relentless teasing and insults to instill humility and maintain a sense of equality and egalitarianism in their community.
true
The Barí's view of conception and fetal development holds that the fetus is built up by multiple "annointings of semen" and thus, pregnant women have sex with different men to get their different essences.
true
The different segments and agents participating in market-based economies typically are far more removed from one another than in non-market economies.
true
True or false, according to Planet Money, Colombia and Bangladesh are representative of the role of many developing countries in global commodity chains--they provide a large and willing workforce, cheap and reliable factory space and resources, and a stable, friendly-to-the-U.S. government.
true
True or false, all refugees are immigrants, but not all immigrants are refugees.
true
True or false, kin who are related to you by marriage are your affines, while those related to you by blood are your cognates.
true
True or false, one difference between an internally displaced person and a refugee is that an internally displaced person only moves within the borders of his or her country in order to escape from some threat or harm, while a refugee leaves his or her home country.
true
True or false, we could define race as a culturally constructed system of classification created and re-created based on a wide variety of physical characteristics.
true
Read carefully through the paragraph below and decide which of the options (a-d) is best so that the statement is an accurate description of the Refugee Act of 1980: The Refugee Act of 1980 was signed into law by the NH state government in order to establish standards that complied with the internationally defined definition of refugees, as well as set up a system that clearly defined a cap on numbers of refugees admitted annually, and laid out the process of resettling refugees to the United States.
"NH State" should be replaced by "federal"
In archaeological research, what is a feature?
A non-portable object modified or made by humans—like a fire pit.
Read the following situation and decide which term (A-D) best describes the situation: This well-known scholar has done extensive research into the mechanics of how our body language can impact our brains. They have found that when a person stands in a high power pose for at least two minutes, testosterone levels will rise and cortisone levels will fall, leading to a subsequent feeling of confidence. Conversely, this work has shown that lower power poses result in an increase of stress hormones, causing a person to feel weak and inferior.
Amy Cuddy
In "Tricking and Tripping," Claire Sterk had to deal with multiple ethical challenges during her fieldwork with. Which of the following is NOT one of the issues she faced?
Being asked by the police and local community groups to pass on insider knowledge or intelligence about drug deals or crack houses.
Read the following situation and decide which term (a-d) best describes the situation: Bruce and Carina had never met, but their wedding day was arriving soon. One year ago, their families had met to arrange their marriage, and since then, the two families had been busily planning the wedding celebration. One of the biggest expenses for Bruce's family was the gifts and money that they were to give to Carina's family in exchange for her hand in marriage. Women in their culture are thought of highly, and are valued not only for their reproductive potential, but for the responsibilities they shoulder in the household.
Bride price
Match the following anthropologists on the left with the concept, idea, or culture they are well known for.
Bronislaw Malinowski: Long-term fieldwork where the native's point of view is gained by living among the people, learning their language, and taking part in their daily lives Claire Sterk: Faced multiple barriers to entering the field, but eventually gained the trust of the community. Experienced culture shock, and grappled with ethical dilemmas while doing ethnographic fieldwork. Margaret Mead: Student of Boas whose research was a good example of a longitudinal study of a particular community. Also, was a well-known public anthropologist during the mid-1900s. Richard Lee: Built trusting relationships with his informants despite having to refrain from sharing his modern goods with them; subsequently learned an important lesson about !Kung life when trying to give them a gift
Match each of the theoretical orientations on the right with the most appropriate key figure on the left.
Charles Darwin: Promoted a theory explaining the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tended to survive and produce more offspring Horace Miner: Took an etic perspective to make the familiar strange Louis Henry Morgan: Subscribed to the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same evolutionary laws of natural selection as plants and animals Franz Boas: Focused on the particulars of a culture to understand its development and contemporary characteristics
Which of the following statements is false?
Culture commonly emerges out of the blue and remains fixed over time (it's static).
From the lecture about the Day of the Dead celebrations in Oaxaca, what is not one of the religious or secular rituals described
Dressing up in modern or traditional Mexican costumes and begging for candy and food from neighborhood homes.
Choose the best pair of vocabulary words to fill in the blanks below. If you've ever watched Downton Abbey, you'll remember how important it was for the eldest daughter Mary to find a suitable husband. This person had to be of at least the same social standing as Mary's family, have some land and money, and come from a reputable background. This would be considered an ____________ marriage. However, Mary's younger sister Sybil married the chauffeur, a man whom the family saw as far below her rank, with no money or "breeding." This would be considered an __________ marriage.
Endogamous / exogamous
Read the following situation and decide which option (a-d) best describes what is going on: Adam, Chuck, and Dan decided to live together off-campus to save money during their last year of college at UNH. Though they all were full-time students, the three roommates had very different financial situations: Adam worked 50 hours a week in order to pay for his living and school expenses on his own; Chuck's parents paid for all of his living and school-related expenses; and Dan relied on a combination of two part-time jobs and school loans to get him through the year. Because they realized they each had a different amount to contribute, they decided that every month each roommate would give what they felt they could to a common pool of money, and then all bills, food, and other expenses could be taken out of that pool by any of the three men when they needed money for something.
Generalized reciprocity
In the film Then There Were None, a number of examples of culture change are shown. Which of the following is not one of them?
Hawaiians being forcibly resettled in mainland U.S. states like Montana
How does anthropology differ from other disciplines concerned with humans?
It is holistic and comparative, both geographically and historically.
In studying the use of silence among the Western Apache, the anthropologist noted that there was one commonality underlying all six situations:
Keeping silent was a way to deal with uncertainty and unpredictability in a temporarily ambiguous relationship
Please match the following terms related to our discussions of ethnicity to the most applicable example:
Origin Myths: The story of the Pilgrims arriving in American on the Mayflower, and the first Thanksgiving. Ethnic Symbols: The huipil, a beautifully embroidered shirt commonly worn by certain groups in Mexico. Symbolic Ethnicity: Seen on St. Patrick's Day--a "Kiss me, I'm Irish!" t-shirt. Ethnogenesis: As an Mixtec immigrant from Oaxaca, Mexico spends more and more time living in the U.S., she begins to identify more and more closely with the label of Latinx.
Read the following situation and decide which term (A-D) best describes the situation: Jack went to rural South Africa to research the connection between religion and the HIV/AIDS crisis in the region. In order to gather information, he picked a local Evangelical church to attend on a weekly basis, and began to cultivate relationships with the parishioners there. Jack spent his days in the field hanging out with the church member's families, sharing meals with them, attending community events like weddings, birthday parties, and funerals, and embedding himself in their everyday lives as best he could. Jack was practicing:
Participant observation
Read the following situation and decide which term (a-d) best describes the situation: Traditionally, the Sami have pursued a variety of livelihoods, including coastal fishing, fur trapping, and sheep herding. Their best-known means of livelihood is semi-nomadic reindeer herding. Currently about 10% of the Sami are connected to reindeer herding and 2,800 are actively involved in herding on a full-time basis. For traditional, environmental, cultural and political reasons, reindeer herding is legally reserved only for Sami people in certain regions of the Nordic countries.
Pastoralism
Match the religious practitioner on the left to the most appropriate description.
Priest: Part of an organized religious group. Has received formal education in religious doctrine and although they cannot communicate directly with the supernatural, their prayers are heard more loudly than laypeople. Prophet: Someone who has received a divine revelation from the supernatural, often being called upon to start new religions, or to carry out religious revitalization movements. Shaman: Not part of organized religions; goes on vision quests and trances in order to communicate with the supernatural directly, often on behalf of sick people.
Anthropologists have drawn on many different theories to explain the purpose and place of religion and religious belief and practice in peoples' lives. Please match the theorist with the idea most associate with their conclusions about religion.
Religion is a tool of the elite that is wielded to keep the working poor from questioning the status quo in society--it is an "opiate of the masses.": Karl Max Religion is a place where important ideals and beliefs of a society are symbolicallly reflected: Clifford Geertz Emile Durkheim: Religion brings people together, and serves to create a sense of shared community and belonging. Bronislaw Malinowski: Religous belief and behavior serves to reassure practicioners in times of uncertainty or risk.
Read carefully through the paragraph below and decide which of the options (A-D) is best so that the statement is an accurate description of participant observation: Participant observation is an important method of qualitative anthropological research where the anthropologist simultaneously immerses herself in the culture to gain the etic perspective, while also maintaining a more removed, objective perspective on what she sees.
Replace "etic perspective" with "emic perspective"
In a class lecture, we saw a clip from the TV show Friends. The different styles of communication shown in the conversations of the characters varied by gender. What area of study in linguistics would look at gendered differences in language and communication?
Socio-linguistics
Read carefully through the paragraph below and decide which of the options (A-D) is best so that the statement is as accurate as possible: Throughout human history, some scholars have noted that when agricultural societies adopt foraging practices, various negative consequences initially transpire. These include a decrease in dental health, a decrease in overall nutrition due to a less diverse diet, and an increase in the rate and spread of infectious disease.
Switch "agricultural" with "foraging"
What do the Native American "two spirited ones," tell us about gender and sexuality
That the universality of the binary distinction between male/female and masculinity/femininity should be questioned
In the film about Doing Anthropology shown in class, the three MIT anthropologists discuss what aspect of their work as anthropologists?
The importance of combining participant observation with interviews as part of their research.
Linguistic anthropologists argue that languages--just like culture--shift and change over time to reflect particular cultural moments. What example of a tangible, real-world way you can see this in our own culture did I discuss in lecture?
The way in the Merriam-Webster dictionary adds new words every year.
Match each of the sub-fields of anthropology on the right with the most accurate description:
This field relies on artifacts to learn about human behavior in the past: archaeological anthropology This field of anthropology studies how languages change over time and how they are related: linguistic anthropology This field uses techniques like ethnographic fieldwork and participant observation to study the culture of living people: cultural anthropology This field of anthropology studies human evolution and biological variation: physical/biological anthropology
The process of sharing and passing on culture across generations and between populations is called:
enculturation
Select the answer from the box that best matches the vocabulary on the left.
Two-spirit: A third or fourth gender role in many Native American societies Hijra: Man who dresses as a woman in India but who's gender role is unique to this class of person Sworn Virgin: Women who take an oath of celibacy and become, in the eyes of society, her family, and herself, a male
Countries like the United States are characterized by individualism, meaning what?
We are taught to be independent and are driven by our accomplishments
When Bronislaw Malinowski lived among the Trobriand Islanders he brought his scientific background with him, but he found that many of the Islanders commonly used elements of magic in their daily lives. Which of the following describes the most common situation in which magic was evoked for the Islanders?
When fishermen would venture out into the dangerous open ocean
What is meant by Fassin when he says "no life is outside of its time" when summing up Magda A's life at the end of his article about her life and health?
When thinking about how to do research as a medica anthropologist, it is clear that one's life is best understood within its social and historical context.
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which silence is used in Western Apache culture?
When traveling with children outside of the Western Apache community.
In the clip Uncomfortable Conversations with a Black Man, Emanuel Acho uses the uses what example to explain why many black Americans (and Americans in general), feel like rioting and public protest is the only option available?
Yelling "on your left" as he comes up behind a white runner when riding his bike.
According to the User Experience article we read during the Ethnicity/Identity week, what are the following recommendations in response to? Asking how we can frame the question differently. Explaining why the question is being asked. Considering how to expand the list of options given. Breaking down the different aspects of ethnicity.
all answers are correct
Which of the following is a good example of ritual behavior?
all examples
In the article "How Did Jews Become White Folks," the author argues that Jewish immigrants became labeled as white over time. How did this population do this?
all of these answers
In the article "Beyond Spam," we learn about anthropologists who live among communities of people who constitute the target market of their employers. The reason for doing this is to:
all of these answers are correct
What do biological or physical anthropologists study?
all of these answers are correct
Which of the following types of communities could be considered a non-market society?
all of these are potentially correct
Which of the following statements about African American racial and ethnic identity is true? Choose the BEST answer.
all the answers are correct
Read the following situation and decide which term (A-D) best describes the situation: In the movie Star Wars, most characters believe in "The Force," an impersonal, unseen energy that underlies the world. The Force can be tapped into by certain people who have a particular ability, and it can be used for good or evil. This type of belief system would be referred to as:
animatism
Read the following situation and decide which term (A-D) best describes the situation: Many Native American cultures believe that humans are an inseparable part of the natural and supernatural world. Most inanimate things are thought to contain human-like spirits, such as trees, rocks, and rivers. Animals are also considered to have spiritual dimensions and thus when an animal is killed, offerings of gratitude are made to appease the animal's spirit.
animism
Anthropologists who apply their knowledge, skills, methods, access, and experience to help solve pressing human issues are called:
applied anthropologists
Anthropologist George Gmelch noticed that many pitchers and hitters followed a strict set of rituals and taboos before a baseball game. How did he explain this behavior?
both of these answers
Match the following type of applied anthropology on the left to the best description on the right.
applying skeletal analysis and techniques in archaeology to solving criminal cases: Forensic anthropology applying anthropological theories and practices to the needs of private sector organizations, especially industrial firms: corporate anthropology ideals with intervention, prevention, and policy issues and analyses the socioeconomic forces and power differentials that influence access to care: applied medical anthropology surveying and exacavating a site that has been marked for construction or renovation--often within a very short time frame: contract archaeology
Read the following situation and decide which term (A-D) best describes the situation: Every morning Henry sat in his study, pouring over the latest journals, letters, and reports sent back to London from faraway places around the world. Some of his favorites included missionary's accounts of their contact with a newly "discovered" group of Indians living in central Brazil. After Henry read over the accounts, he would develop his own theories that explained the life styles of the Brazilian Indians—theories that would place the group somewhere along an evolutionary spectrum from "primitive" to "civilized." We'd call what Henry did:
armchair anthropology
Read the following situation and decide which option (A-D) best describes what is going on: My neighbor Sally makes the best apple pie in the world and bakes one almost every Sunday morning. On the other hand, my husband makes the worst beef stew in the world on Sunday afternoon, in preparation for Sunday night football. For some reason, Sally really likes my husband's beef stew, so usually I take a serving of beef stew over to Sally's in exchange for a piece of her delicious pie!
balanced reciprocity
In the United States, we primarily follow a medical model in which the principles of biology and natural sciences are used to diagnose and treat disease. This medical model is called:
biomedicine
Someone who identifies as ____________ feels that the sex assigned them at birth matches their culturally encouraged gender, while someone who identifies as ____________ feels that the sex assigned them at birth does not match their gender identity.
cisgender/transgender
Match the following description on the right to the appropriate term on the left.
cisgender: a person whose gender identity correspondes with their assigned biological sex transgender: A person whose gender identity contradicts their assigned biological sex sexual orientation:Who someone is physiclaly attracted to. romantic orientation: Who someone is interested in having an emotional relationship with.
Read the following situation and decide which term (a-d) best describes the situation: The chanting and singing started at dusk, and the women's voices had only increased in strength and volume since then. The men who were healers had started to dance, and some had even begun to trance. Even the men who usually did not enter into trance were present at the ceremony, and most eventually joined in the dancing, circling around and around the singing women. The entire community had come together to dance for an elder woman who was ill, so that the healers could enter into trance in order to speak with the gangwasi. Even though only one or two healers worked directly on the woman herself, it took the efforts of each member of the community for the ceremony to be successful.
collective effervesence
Read the following situation and decide which term (A-D) best describes the situation: Ralph feels closer to his uncle Mac (his father's brother) than he does to his uncle Mike (his mother's sister's husband), probably because Americans put primacy on the blood connection. In Ralph's case, uncle Mac would be considered his _________ kin, whereas uncle Mike would be considered his __________ kin.
consanguineal, affineal
Match the following aspect of culture change and globalization on the left with its description on the right.
cultural assimilation: The process whereby a newcomer to a culture begins to become more and more similar to the new, host culture and socity (linguistically, culturally, socially, legally, etc.) glocalization: Aspect of globalization where a non-local idea, product, or practice, is altered so that it becomes more "locally palatable." A good example of this would be the ways in which McDonalds adapts their menu to fit local tastes around the world. syncretism: Feature of globalization and culture change when two different cultural belief systems, ideas, or practices meet and combine into a new—harmonious—whole. Anthropologists often use religious beliefs and practices as example of this.
Read the following situation and decide which option (A-D) best describes what is going on: "I just don't understand why any woman would agree with or support the idea of female genital modification—of whatever kind, I don't even want to hear any more about it," said Maureen. "The practice is barbaric, and not to mention it's often dangerous to the health of the woman!" Her friend Fred just looked at her, and responded, "I know it's hard to really wrap your mind around, but it might be easier to understand if you took the time to listen to why the practice still exists based on the explanations given by the people from within that culture." "Some parts of our culture are just as odd, no? Just think of all of the things that probably seem strange to outsiders about our own culture—what about plastic surgery, tanning, wearing makeup, etc.?" he finished. Fred is advocating that Maureen practice:
cultural relativism
Diseases such as anorexia nervosa and hikikomori are defined as those with signs and symptoms restricted in their distribution and typically caused by social factors and stress. This is a:
culture bound disease
According to Jared Diamond, which of the following effects did the shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture bring?
decreased average height
In class we learned about people who identify as hijra--a third gender--in India. In the past, they often supported themselves as ____________________, but in today's society, they more regularly are employed as _______________________ in order to make a living.
entertainers at weddings or births; prostitutes
Groups of people sharing a common background, language, religion, historical experience, descent, or geography are often referred to as:
ethnic groups
Read the following situation and decide which option (A-D) best describes what is going on: Dan routinely went to the farmer's market every Saturday morning during the summer. This summer, he frequently saw African refugees shopping at the fruit and vegetable stalls. "Wow," he thought to himself, "they look so strange, and the women are covered head to foot in long dresses and head scarves. Don't they know that it is summer time, that it is too hot to wear so many clothes, and that they look funny? Don't they want to look more American? Why wouldn't everyone want to blend in better when they live here, and look more normal, more like us?" Dan was experiencing:
ethnocentrism
What marriage rule (a-d) does the following situation best exemplify? Among some indigenous groups in South America, when adult men want to marry, they are required to choose a woman from a different linguistic group than their own, and are in fact prohibited from marrying someone from the same linguistic background. In practice, this marriage rule means that there is incredible linguistic diversity in every family, with children learning multiple languages from birth.
exogamy
A person's gender expression is directly tied to their sexual orientation
false
A person's gender identity (that which they associate most closely with) always matches their gender expression (that which they present outwardly).
false
According to Goldstein and to the video we watched in class, most women who are part of polyandrous marriages in Tibet report disliking having multiple husbands, and wish instead that they had monogamous marriages.
false
Anthropologists primarily study individuals and their unique characteristics rather than the shared characteristics of the entire group.
false
Anthropologists use the concept of clines to explain why race is a biological category--and why you can see distinctive traits within particular racial categories when you look at human populations around the world.
false
Corporate anthropology was used to discover that many people who consume Spam today do so primarily because it is cheap and has a long shelf life.
false
For the women in rural Albania who chose to become sworn virgins, they often based their decisions on a personal dedication to their religious beliefs.
false
Gender variance beyond the binary categories are new ideas that have only recently emerged in Western cultures only.
false
In the Perspectives chapter, Logan Cochrane talks about his role as an applied anthropologist working in development. Logan Cochrane was able to validate concerns about local "harmful traditional practices" surrounding prohibitions about men and young boys eating poultry or eggs. In short, he found that the international development agency had a good understanding of the practice, and he worked with them to educate the native villagers about the negative impacts of their food taboos.
false
In the United States we have a bilateral understanding of descent and we use the Hawaiian naming system.
false
In the article "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema," the author makes some of the most boring of daily activities appear foreign and bizarre. He does this by presenting the Nacirema culture from an emic perspective.
false
One clue that the author of "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema" was actually describing American culture is his reference to the great leader Pmurtdlanod, who ruled the land between Canada and Mexico.
false
Paul Farmer uses the idea that disease is "socially embedded" to infer that disease and illness are just medical problems that cannot be more fully explained by examining political, economic, and social factors.
false
The rule of Hypodescent in the United States holds that someone's racial identity can be considered Black or African American only if they have at least five African American ancestors.
false
With very few exceptions, in the DNA Journey clip that we watched during the Ethnicity Module, most people's DNA results seemed to match up with what they expected to learn about their ancestry.
false
in the history of anthropology, "living fossils" refers to evidence of prehistoric cultures found by early archaeologists and explorers.
false
Because of my profession as an archaeologist, I use a lot of different words to describe soil. A linguistic anthropologist would call my soil vocabulary a
focal vocabulary
Match the pattern of subsistence on the left to the most appropriate description on the right.
forager: Move around to procure abundant resources, rely mainly on nature for subsistence horticulturalist: Use slash and burn techniques to clear fields, and incorporate fallow periods to rejuvenate fields between growing periods agriculturalist: Labor intensive strategy that can involve the domestication of animals, terracing, and irrigation to produce crops pastoralist: Have a symbiotic relationship with the domesticated animals they herd; consume meat, blood, and mild of those animals
Clarie Sterk had a difficult time establishing contacts in the NYC prostitution world until a woman asked her about her Dutch accent. This woman would be called a:
gate keeper
____________ was a theory that rejected the ideas promoted by the unilineal cultural evolutionists, and instead argued that cross-cultural differences could be explained by looking at each culture's particular context.
historical particularism
The goods exchanged in the Triangle Trade did not include:
illicit drugs
One's opportunities and options in life, as well as how others see you and how you see yourself, is the result of the unique and multi-dimensional sum total of all of the different parts of who you are. In other words, it is possible that your unique combination of identities (race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, gender, religion, level of education, nation of origin, native language, etc.), makes your life experiences and trajectory very different than the people surrounding you. In anthropological studies of identity, this is best known as:
intersectionality
Then There Were None explained that the bombing of Pearl Harbor is an incredibly important event in United States history because it marked the American entrance into World War II. However, this event was also incredibly important for other reasons as well. Choose all that apply below:
it marked an influx of some 250,000 American troops in Hawaii, it marked the irreversible presence of the military presence in Hawaii, and especially the takeover of certain sacred islands for weapons testing, it marked the date when Hawaiians became outnumbered by Americans
Read the following situation and decide which term (A-D) best describes the situation: Sara had spent the last two years in the field doing research for her dissertation. While doing research, she had carried out dozens of interviews and had hundreds of conversations with people in the community. Her relationship with Deborah was different, though. Sara depended on Deborah for a wide variety of things—everything from introducing her to others in the community, to interpreting for her when needed, to helping to explain things that she didn't quite understand. Deborah was Sara's:
key informant
You watched the TEDTalk "Power Posing" by Amy Cuddy. In this talk, Dr. Cuddy describes how our body language can impact our minds - in how we feel both emotionally and physically. A linguistic anthropologist who studies ____________ is also interested in how humans communicate through non-verbal means (gestures, body language, facial expressions, etc.).
kinesics
In the YouTube video Doing Anthropology, three MIT anthropologists talk about the practice of anthropological fieldwork. Which of the following is NOT one of the subcultures they are studying?
middle-class Asian exchange students in Cambridge, MA
Anthropologists refer to the smallest parts of words that can be put together to form more complex words (and actually can carry meaning themselves) as:
morphemes
In a ____________ ethno-etiology, elements like cold, heat, and winds are viewed as causal to disease.
naturalistic
In part, archaeologists rely on finding artifacts to help them tell a story about a past community or culture. Artifacts are
portable objects that people made in the past.
Read the following situation and decide which term (A-D) best describes the situation: Harry has been offered a new job in Aspen and he has to sell his Mutt Cuts van ASAP in order to get the $6000 he needs for his move. Lloyd offers Harry $3000, knowing full well that Harry has no choice but to sell the van for half price because of his current circumstances.
negative reciprocity
This type of economy is not driven by profit, but rather by the goal of gathering and storing enough food usually for at least a day and perhaps a season. Most people who work together in this type of economy live in the same community and may even be related.
non-market
Anthropologists refer to sounds that make a critical difference in meaning within a language as:
phonemes
What form of marriage (a-d) does the following situation best exemplify? Two men in Kenya have agreed to marry the same woman, taking turns to stay with her and helping raise her children. Joyce Wambui had been torn between two lovers for more than four years wand was unable to choose between them. So she joined in a contract stipulating that Sylvester Mwendwa and Elijah Kimani would "share" her. The contract states: "We have agreed that from today we will not threaten or have jealous feelings because of our wife, who says she's not ready to let go of any of us. Each one will respect the day set aside for him. We agree to love each other and will live peacefully in marriage."
polyandry
Read the following situation and decide which term (a-d) best describes the situation: David was a powerful man in his community—he was a healer and aspiring political leader. He had married young, and with his first wife had three daughters. Recently, a friend in a neighboring village had proposed a marriage between David and his eldest daughter, and David had agreed. While his first wife was not completely happy with his choice, David thought that adding a second wife would not only increase his prestige in the community, but also give him a better chance of having sons. David and his new bride's family were busily planning the upcoming wedding celebrations
polygyny
According to Jared Diamond, foragers actually have a pretty high standard of living. Which of the following is NOT one of the things commonly associated with foraging societies?
poor dental health
A __________ is a religious practitioner who is part of an organized religion, has formalized training in religious doctrine, but who cannot communicate directly with the supernatural. A _________ is a person who has received divine revelation from a supernatural, but often comes from humble roots.
priest/prophet
Read the following situation and decide which option (A-D) best describes what is going on: At least six days a week, Marieka's preferred breakfast is spam, eggs, and bacon. However, when Marieka's mom calls to ask if she's been eating healthfully, she reports that most days she goes to the Juicery for an açaí bowl, which she knows her mom believes to be the healthiest of breakfast choices. This situation exemplifies what aspect of human behavior that fieldwork can help to illuminate?
real vs. ideal behavior
This type of economic transaction involves political leaders or central elite accumulating goods/labor and then allocating those commodities in a different way, often to achieve more social equality or to gain social status:
redistribution
In the modern world system, peripheral nations
serve primarily as sources of raw materials, agricultural products, and cheap labor.
When Dwight is at school, he typically refers to himself as an engineering major, first generation student, and straight male. However, when he is with his co-workers at the factory, he refers to himself as a middle-class, hard-working, football-loving guy. Dwight's shift in identities based on his social context is an example of:
situational negotiation of identity
A person's ___________ refers to their social position within a group, whereas a person's __________ refers to the part they are expected to play by society.
status; role
In the film clip Uncomfortable Conversations with a Black Man, Acho quotes LBJ as saying, "You do not take a person who, for years, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him up to the starting line of a race and then say, 'You are free to compete with all the others,' and still justly believe that you have been completely fair. Thus it is not enough just to open the gates of opportunity. All our citizens must have the ability to walk through those gates." What idea was he using this quote to help explain?
white privilege
One's gender identity refers to
your psychological sense of yourself related to your gender
