ANTH Ch. 9

Pangaea (after 50 million years, Pangaea broke up into Laurasia in the north and Gondwanaland in the South)

About 200 Ma, all of the land making up the present-day continents was joined together in a single, huge landmass called _________________.

true

Adapids were larger than omomyids, and they had larger snouts and smaller orbits tahn the omomyids had. The shape of their teeth suggests that they fed on fruit or leaves. Adapids likely looked similar to lemurs of today. true or false?

nocturnal; night

Animals with large eye sockets are generally _______________, which means that they are active mostly at ________________.

65 (during the Paleocene epoch--65 to 54 Ma--the climate was warm and wet enough that broadleaf evergreen forests extended very far north. Furthermore, angiosperms began to radiate and create new niches for mammals to move into and evolve)

Approximately how many millions of years ago did the common ancestor of fossil primates evolve? -65 -23 -15 -50 -34

reduced

Climatic changes in the late middle Miocene ______________ hominoid diversity in Asia and Europe. reduced or increased?

continental drift causes barriers; continental drift is connected to climate change

Continental drift, or the movement of the continents, is significant in human history for various reasons. Identify the reasons why continental drift is important to human history. -continental drift has caused the world to become warmer and wetter in the last 20 million years -continental drift causes barriers -continental drift causes evolution to progress toward a fixed goal -continental drift is connected to climate change

false (although apes flourished during the Miocene, all but a few genera and species eventually became extinct. Today there are only gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees.)

During the late Miocene and early Pliocene, there were more ape species than monkey species. true or false?

grasping hands and feet; forward-facing eyes

Fossil evidence of the common ancestor of primates suggests that ________________________ evolved before ________________________.

true

Given strong resemblance and DNA evidence, it is unlikely that the Old and New World monkeys evolved separately. true or false?

oligopithecids

Match each taxonomic group of early haplorrhine primates to the description that fits it. These primates share many primitive features with the Eocene strepsirrhines. However, they also share some derived features with contemporary haplorrhines. Only some members of this group have a 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3 dental formula. Members of this group may have ranged beyond the Fayum into North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. -oligopithecids -propliopithecids -parapithecids

parapithecids

Match each taxonomic group of early haplorrhine primates to the description that fits it. This is a relatively diverse group of fossil primates, the largest of which were the size of a guenon, the smallest were the size of a marmoset. They had a 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3 dental formula and unspecialized, primitive teeth. -oligopithecids -propliopithecids -parapithecids

propliopithecids

Match each taxonomic group of early haplorrhine primates to the description that fits it. This is a somewhat diverse group of fossil primates. Although they were larger in body size, they still showed signs of arboreal quadrupedalism. They had a 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3 dental formula and ate mainly fruit. -oligopithecids -propliopithecids -parapithecids

Cartmill

Match the following authors to their theories about why the traits that are diagnostic of primates evolved in early primates. Forward-facing eyes, grasping hands and feet, and nails on the toes and fingers all evolved together to enhance visually directed predation on insects in the terminal branches of trees. -Cartmill -Rasmussen -Sussman -Szalay and Dogosto

Rasmussen

Match the following authors to their theories about why the traits that are diagnostic of primates evolved in early primates. Grasping hands and feet allowed early primates to forage on angiosperm resources in the terminal branches. Later, the eyes shifted forward to facilitate visually directed predation on insects. -Cartmill -Rasmussen -Sussman -Szalay and Dogosto

Szalay and Dogosto

Match the following authors to their theories about why the traits that are diagnostic of primates evolved in early primates. Grasping hands and feet and flat nails on the fingers and toes all coevolved to facilitate a form of leaping locomotion. -Cartmill -Rasmussen -Sussman -Szalay and Dogosto

Sussman

Match the following authors to their theories about why the traits that are diagnostic of primates evolved in early primates. The suite of traits that characterize primates were favored because they enhanced the ability of early primates to exploit both angiosperm resources and insects. -Cartmill -Rasmussen -Sussman -Szalay and Dogosto

they do not have tails; they do not have fleshy sit pads; they have arms and shoulders fit for suspensory locomotion

Match the following morphological characteristics to the primate groups they describe. Shared by apes and apelike primates: -they do not have tails -they do not have fleshy sit pads -they have arms and shoulders fit for suspensory locomotion -they have fleshy sit pads -they have arms and shoulders fit for quadrupedal locomotion -they have long tails

they have fleshy sit pads; they have arms and shoulders fit for quadrupedal locomotion; they have long tails

Match the following morphological characteristics to the primate groups they describe. Shared by contemporary monkeys and early fossil primates: -they do not have tails -they do not have fleshy sit pads -they have arms and shoulders fit for suspensory locomotion -they have fleshy sit pads -they have arms and shoulders fit for quadrupedal locomotion -they have long tails

electron-spin-resonance dating

Match the following radiometric methods with the materials they are used to date. apatite crystal, which is found in tooth enamel -thermoluminescence dating -electron-spin-resonance dating -potassium-argon dating -uranium-lead dating -carbon-14 dating

carbon-14 dating (aka radiocarbon dating)

Match the following radiometric methods with the materials they are used to date. dead plants and animals -thermoluminescence dating -electron-spin-resonance dating -potassium-argon dating -uranium-lead dating -carbon-14 dating

thermoluminescence dating

Match the following radiometric methods with the materials they are used to date. rocks that were previously burned, such as flints from campfires -thermoluminescence dating -electron-spin-resonance dating -potassium-argon dating -uranium-lead dating -carbon-14 dating

potassium-argon dating

Match the following radiometric methods with the materials they are used to date. volcanic rock found in association with fossil materials -thermoluminescence dating -electron-spin-resonance dating -potassium-argon dating -uranium-lead dating -carbon-14 dating

uranium-lead dating

Match the following radiometric methods with the materials they are used to date. zirconium crystals found in igneous rocks -thermoluminescence dating -electron-spin-resonance dating -potassium-argon dating -uranium-lead dating -carbon-14 dating

frugivore

Match the primate feeding pattern to the teeth that are best adapted to it. Large canine; large incisors; parallel ridges on molars -insectivore -folivore -frugivore

insectivore

Match the primate feeding pattern to the teeth that are best adapted to it. Sharp-pointed incisors; three-cusped triangular molars. -insectivore -folivore -frugivore

folivore

Match the primate feeding pattern to the teeth that are best adapted to it. Shearing blade on premolars; slicing crests on molars. -insectivore -folivore -frugivore

true

Omomyids were small primates that fed mainly on insects, fruit, or gum. They likely looked similar to modern galagos or tarsiers. true or false?

Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene

Place the following Cenozoic epochs in chronological order (oldest to most recent). -eocene -miocene -oligocene -paleocene -pliocene

true

Proconsul had a larger brain to body size ratio than living monkeys of the same size. Proconsul also did not have a tail. true or false?

Proconsul had a grasping thumb; Proconsul shares derived traits with humans and living apes; Proconsul was frugivorous

Proconsul was one of the early Miocene apes. Proconsul is known from sites in Africa dating from 27 Ma to 17 Ma. Identify the characteristics of Proconsul. -Proconsul occupied a small ecological niche -Proconsul had a grasping thumb -Proconsul shares derived traits with humans and living apes -Proconsul was frugivorous

radiometric methods have large margins of error; sites may not contain material that can be dated using radiometric methods

Radiometric dating methods are some of the most important methods for dating fossils. However, these methods can be problematic as well. Identify some of the cons of using radiometric dating methods. -radiometric methods have large margins of error -sites may not contain material that can be dated using radiometric methods -radiometric dating does not provide date ranges like other dating methods -radiometric methods cannot be used to date sites that are older than 40,000 years old

true

Relative dating does not provide more exact dates. Instead, it provides equally exact dates (based on the radiometric dates of associated fossils) or less exact dates (based on the date ranges apparent from the stratigraphic layer a fossil is found in). true or false?

false (the origin of New World primates--aka platyrrhines-- is currently explained by three competing hypotheses. It is not clear how monkeys got to South America.)

Scientists are certain that the ancestors of the New World primates reached South America and the Caribbean islands from Africa by rafting across the sea on islands of floating vegetation. true or false?

false (there are no clear candidates for the ancestors of humans or any modern apes, except perhaps orangutans)

Scientists have a very good idea of which Miocene apes are the direct ancestors of humans, as well as of all the other modern apes. true or false?

paleontologists

Scientists who recover, describe, and interpret fossil remains are called __________.

Tab Rasmussen proposed that grasping hands/feet allowed early primates to forage on fruit, flowers, and nectar. Later, the eyes shifted forward for predation on insects

Several ideas have been presented to explain the early evolution of primates. However, most of these ideas have been brought into question by findings in the fossil record. Which of the following ideas is the most likely to be correct? -Matt Cartmill argued that forward-facing eyes, grasping hands/feet, and nails evolved together to enhance predation on insects -Robert Sussman hypothesized that good vision, precise eye-hand coordination, and grasping hands/feet enhanced the ability of early primates to exploit fruit, nectar, flowers, and gum in addition to insects -Fred Szalay and Marian Dagosto suggested that grasping hands/feet and flat nails coevolved to facilitate leaping locomotion -Tab Rasmussen proposed that grasping hands/feet allowed early primates to forage on fruit, flowers, and nectar. Later, the eyes shifted forward for predation on insects

true

Sivapithecus fossils most closely resemble modern orangutans. They had long fingers and toes, a strong big toe, and a flexible elbow, which indicate that they were suspensory locomotors. Additionally, they had a skull and facial structure that is reminiscent of modern orangutans. They also had a large brain and a pattern of tooth development reflecting a long juvenile period. true or false?

colder

The Earth's climate has not always been the same. Over the past 20 million years, the Earth has become much ____________ and drier.

mesozoic

The Earth's history is broken up into various eras, periods, and epochs in a geological timescale. Match the era to the notable events that occurred during that time. Appearance of first mammals, birds, and dinosaurs -cenozoic -mesozoic -paleozoic -precambrian

cenozoic (65 Ma - present; humans arrived on the scene during the Pleistocene epoch.)

The Earth's history is broken up into various eras, periods, and epochs in a geological timescale. Match the era to the notable events that occurred during that time. First primates -cenozoic -mesozoic -paleozoic -precambrian

precambrian

The Earth's history is broken up into various eras, periods, and epochs in a geological timescale. Match the era to the notable events that occurred during that time. Primitive marine life -cenozoic -mesozoic -paleozoic -precambrian

paleozoic (began with the cambrian period 570 Ma, during which time there was an abundance of marine invertebrates. Later, the first amphibians, insects, and reptiles appeared.)

The Earth's history is broken up into various eras, periods, and epochs in a geological timescale. Match the era to the notable events that occurred during that time. first reptiles, amphibians, and insects -cenozoic -mesozoic -paleozoic -precambrian

hominoids

The first apelike primates belong to their own taxonomic group, called the __________________.

plesiadapiforms

The group of fossil animals that scientists think most closely resemble the common ancestor of all primates are called ____________________.

Pangaea, Laurasia/Gondwanaland, transition, current

The positions of the continents have changed relative to each other and to the poles. Place the following pictures in order, showing how they moved over time (oldest to most recent). -Laurasia/Gondwanaland -Pangaea -current -transition

true

The primitive dental formula 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3 has been retained in New World monkeys but modified in Old World monkeys and apes. true or false?

false

The same radiometric dating techniques used to date fossils from the distant past should also be used to date the recent past. true or false?

Fayum

The site where the earliest known monkeylike haplorrhine fossils were found is called the __________ Depression.

Oligocene

To what Epoch are the earliest South American fossils of New World monkeys assigned by paleontologists? -Eocene -Miocene -Paleocene -Oligocene -Pliocene

flowering plants (appeared and spread at the end of the Cretaceous; they were important because they created an entirely new set of ecological niches, which led to the evolution of the common ancestor of all primates and the earliest groups of primates.)

What are angiosperms? -an early primate predator -an early mammal, closely related to primates -the common ancestor of all primates -a type of insect that early primates ate a lot of -flowering plants

warm, wet, and somewhat seasonal (the warm and wet climate of the Fayum is what made it so hospitable for a diversity of species to live and prosper there. Although the climate was also somewhat seasonal, it was not seasonal enough to drastically restrict resources for the species that lived there.)

What was the climate of the Fayum Depression like during the beginning of the Oligocene? -void of pooled or standing water to drink from -warm and wet part of the year, and extremely dry the other part -one of the driest places on Earth -warm, wet, and somewhat seasonal

miocene (which began about 23 Ma)

When did the first apelike primates evolve? -pliocene -paleocene -miocene -eocene -oligocene

cooler; terrestrial

When the first apelike primates began to arise, the climate became ____________ and species became more _____________.

Africa

Where did the first primates to reach South America most likely migrate from? -Africa -North America -Australia -Antarctica

longer arms than legs; long fingers; shortened lumbar region of the spine

Which of the following are morphological characteristics that are associated with suspensory locomotion? -longer arms than legs -long fingers -locking wrists -deep and narrow rib cage -shortened lumbar region of the spine

developed sense of smell, quadrupedal

Which of the following characteristics did plesiadapiforms share with early fossil primates? -developed sense of smell -quadrupedal -claws -nonopposabble big toes -eye orbits that are protected by bone -eyes placed on the sides of the head

sivapithecus

Which of the following middle Miocene fossil primates are thought to be closely related to modern orangutans? -pierolapithecus -oreopithecus -sivapithecus -nacholapithecus

to reduce costs; to narrow the margin of error present when using absolute dating methods; in areas where materials cannot be dated directly

Which of the following reasons why scientists use relative dating methods? -to reduce costs -when they want more exact dates than radiometric dating can provide -for older sites and radiometric techniques for recent sites -to narrow the margin of error present when using absolute dating methods -in areas where materials cannot be dated directly

a species starts off somewhat less populous, and as it reaches extinction it again becomes somewhat less populous

Which of the following statements about the primate fossil record is correct? -a species starts off somewhat less populous, and as it reaches extinction it again becomes somewhat less populous -the primate fossil record is almost complete -all fossils of a given species are found by scientists -the fossils that we do have provide us with an extremely accurate representation of when species arose and went extinct

the forests of North America and Europe shifted from evergreen to deciduous; Africa and South America remained mainly warm and tropical

Which of the following statements regarding the geography and climate of the Oligocene epoch are correct? -the forests of North America and Europe shifted from evergreen to deciduous -Africa and South America remained mainly warm and tropical -the climate of all places on Earth was relatively similar -South and North America were connected -Temperatures spiked upwards and the world became very hot for a short period of time

cheek bone

Zygomatic arch is a scientific term for the __________ ________.

radiometric

__________________ dating methods are based on the fact that the isotopes of certain elements are unstable and spontaneously change. radiometric or relative?