ANTH EXAM 2

Based on the discussion in the reading and lectures, a reasonable synonym or synonymous phrase for "participant observation" might be:

"Immersion in a culture"

Which of the following statements about Whorf's ideas about plurality are TRUE?

"Real plurals" and "imaginary plurals" are blurred in SAE because our language has only one way of counting.

what are two spirit individuals?

"Two-spirited" or "two-spirit" usually indicates a Native person who feels their body simultaneously manifests both a masculine and a feminine spirit, or a different balance of masculine and feminine characteristics than usually seen in masculine men and feminine women.

what is a metonym?

"a human invention whose criteria for differentiation are neither universal nor fixed but have always been used to manage difference"

What is colonialism?

"political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time" (Griffith and Marion 2017: 3)

wut are the five major races?

"whites," "African blacks," "Mongoloids," "aboriginal Australians," and "Khoisans,"

what are neutral probes in unstructured interviews?

"yeah," "right," "great," "okay," and "mhm" -giving some form of neutral feedback to the interviewee and can help uncover important issues that interviewees dont usually talk abt

Lieberman

, these authors believe that our ancestors invented modes of communication that were compatible with the brain's natural abilities.

what are some of the methods humans used in order to get food to survive?

- Foraging (hunter-gatherer) - food production -

what are the economic solutions to the issues with bridewealth and dowry?

- Sororate (If the women dies after bridewealth the solution is that the sister of a deceased bride steps in and marries her brother in law) - Levirate (brother stepping in...same as above buts its just the brother)

what is animism?

- The belief that spiritual beings in the world - Seeing everything as having its own soul

what other evidence do we have that shows that humans and Neanderthals interbred?

- a child's burial in Arbrigo de Lagar Velho in Portugal -child had features intermediate between human and Neanderthal.

what is the cave man diet aka paleo diet?

- a diet that is more like what human ancestors ate -according to the diet ur supposed to eat lots of meat ad some fruit and veggies and nuts.

what is abu herrara?

- a site located in syria - one of the earliest known farming villages in the world.

Alexandria VA burial ground (newer quakers.. the beliefs they had abt burials were a lil diff)

- all burials have head to west and feet to east - some people interpreted this as "bad quakers" coz they were not burying correctly (not the case).. its more important to live a good life to go to heaven more so than how u are buried. -made it clearer that they were not trying to mark burials as a religious thing

what is the revitalization movement?

- an active attempt by religious leaders (handsome lake) to avoid change or direct it - usually a single charismatic leader - based on appeal to religious group identity - uses supernatural means or jusitfications

what is the princess of vix?

- burial in southern france - celtic society was extremely gender stratified -distinct male and female roles. - women did not have much status (coz couldnt join military and thats where most people wud get their status) - the person buried was a female but had a very high status burial

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

- called the sapir and whorf hypothesis - thinks different languages determine how different people think about things -fire examples -words for past and future influence how we are connected to our world and how we think about the world.

what are the steps of anthropological fieldwork?

- define a problem and choose a field site (something that interests the anthro) - do background research (learning abt the area they will study like the history, environment, politics, climate, customs, etc. and learn of legal restrictions abt working outside their home country) - going to the field to conduct research (the first thing they will do is find a place to live.. culture shock involved) - data collection begins

how did humans end up genetically modifying plants?

- gathering seeds from a plant (planting the plants they like and cutting down trees, they are giving some plants a greater advantage of others by planting them based on how those plants will benefit them)

what are some other ethnographic techniques other than observation, participant observation and interviews?

- genealogical method - life history - longitudinal studies

what are some example of supernatural beings (beings that are in a non material realm that cannot be verified or falsified by evidence)?

- god - ghosts

Joan Barrow and Mag Honkey critique

- looked at how archeology portrayed gender and work in history

what are the advantages of unstructured interviews?

- more complex issues cna be probed -Readability and Validity of the Unstructured Interview (can rephrase stuff so interviewee understands and when they dont remember smth, interviewer can come back to topic later) -Balance in Power Relationships (no one holds power over the convo)

agricultural food production

- more investment -more intensive -pays off after some time -only farm -clear bigger areas and stay put in on areas for long time -use a plow and can produce enuf food for trading

why is there an increase in infectious disease when ur a farmer compared to when u are a gatherer-hunter?

- more people living close together - rats coming into houses (domesticate themselves)

what are some other things that contemporary anthropologists of kinship address?

- new reproductive technologies - diverse families around the world - diverse marriage practices - procreation -gender -relationship between kinship a politics, economics, and religion

how is language connected to religion?

- not taking lords name in vain (dont say things that sound religious but are not

what are the three major ethnographic techniques?

- observation (recording what u observe without taking part) - participant-observation (take part in the culture) - interviewing informants

what is the negotiation that goes on between the parents and kids about healthy food at the dinner table?

- parents try to tell kids to stay away from sugary stuff like lemonade but if they wont drink milk they have other option and the kids negotiate to get gogurt (which is dairy but still a sugar filled product)

what is religion as identity and community?

- religion creates close social ties between people - rituals create a community of equal individuals who benefit from the community

Handsome Lake revitalization movement

- said he has a religious vision (a message from god to direct changes to Iroquois life) -wanted them to stop living in communal longhouses and live in nuclear families which was more similar to western families (allowed the Iroquois to live closer and more at peace with the colonial settlers that were coming in) -this was a religious solution to a bigger problem

What is the World Systems Theory?

- the way in looking at how the world connects

what are the disadvantages of unstructured interviews?

- time consuming - opportunity for bias -Perceived Difficulties in Comparing Data (data collected is unpredictable so we dot know if we can compare it to anything) -less generalizable coz small sample -expensive

what are the advantages and disadvantages of pastoralism?

-Advantages: animals are mobile so you can move them from one place to another ---- the secondary products revolution: you can get milk from cows and u can use cows for labor like pulling a plow -disadvantages: possible for someone to steal one or two of ur animals but not all

Homer Plessy

-African American arrested for sitting in the "white only" section on a railroad car (1/8 black_

what are the four overall areas on inequality that the gender gap index assesses?

-Economic participation and opportunity - outcomes on salaries, participation levels and access to high-skilled employment -Educational attainment - outcomes on access to basic and higher level education -Political empowerment - outcomes on representation in decision-making structures -Health and survival - outcomes on life expectancy and sex ratio. In this case parity is not assumed, there are assumed to be less female births than male (944 female for every 1,000 males), and men are assumed to die younger. Provided that women live at least six percent longer than men parity is assumed, if it is less than six percent it counts as a gender gap.[3]

what is another example of a creation story that is NOT adam and eve? (Puebloan religious practice)

-Hopi creation story: in the beginning there were two who were tawa (sun god) and spider woman (earth goddess). Both gods eventually divided themselves. Then they made other creatures and the earth etc.

Navajo animist religion

-Hozho- embraces wholeness completeness, and continuous generational animation (basically a powerful force in the world like karma, luck, etc --- Most important ceremonial symbol of Hozho is the mountain earth bundle

how is religion related to food?

-Jews and Muslims don't eat pork only kosher or halal - in different societies dogs are considered not food but in china dogs are food -Catholicism- eating fish on fridays

what were Labov's findings?

-a clear pattern was observed. It was seen that the staff at Saks, a higher-class store, were more likely to pronounce /r/, while employees at Macy's and S. Klein were more likely to omit the /r/ in "fourth floor" -age played a part in this difference too (Younger speakers favoured rhoticity whereas the older generation had a preference for the r-less pronunciation) -found that new yorkers are beginning to pronounce their R more

african burial ground in NYC

-african were not allowed to be baptized (black would be excluded from heaven) -when Africans died they couldn't be buries in sanctified land -so they were given land that no one wanted to bury the Africans -many people eventually began to move north and many were far from this burial ground, also many of the buried did not have headstone coz their family was too poor so eventually this burial ground as not longer a burial ground and it became lost -eventually people anted to build some stuff over it but they found 400+ burials under there

what are the problems with the caveman/paleo diet

-ancestors did not actually eat like this (ti was assumed that they ate mainly meat coz of gender stratification and many ppl today thought our ancestors got most of their food from men hunting which is not true) -most of their food was actually from plants -ancestors ate less meat and more plants -the meat from before was different coz today animals are domesticated and fed food they would not get naturally and spend most of their life just standing around and most foods today like plants have been modified to be more sugary and animals are modified to be fattier

what factors pull women home?

-being with their kids -less stress -sense of responsibility -nostalgia (give their kids an upbringing that they think is pleasant) -group support- more women leave work as they see other women leave work. -living within our means-

chomsky

-believes in universal grammar - from structure of human brain - highlights common patterns across languages.

what were the ideas of reconfiguring kinship?

-blood and procreation are prob not the only ways people cross culturally understand and decide who counts as kin -our way of understanding kinship is not universal

what is initiation into the hijra community like?

-called nirwaan which refers to the removal of the penis, scrotum and testicles.

what are the five "biological races"?

-caucasoid -negroid -mongoloid -austronesian -amerind

Some specific roles sometimes held by male assigned at birth two-spirits include:

-conveyors of oral traditions and songs (Yuki); -foretellers of the future (Winnebago, Oglala Lakota); -conferrers of lucky names on children or adults (Oglala Lakota, Tohono O'odham); -potters (Zuni, Navajo, Tohono O'odham); -matchmakers (Cheyenne, Omaha, Oglala Lakota); -makers of feather regalia for dances (Maidu); -special role players in the Sun Dance (Crow, Hidatsa, Oglala Lakota).

what are the goals of the archeology of african diaspora?

-counter excluded past and give a voice to africans -shed light on their living conditions (things not included in documents abt Africans) -explore the unacknowledged role in social and economic movement (biased documents-- salve owners dont tell u how they actually treat slaves) -uncover stories of resistance (incomplete documents)

why do the body types of the eskimo and dinkas differ?

-dinkas: tall and longer limbs more surface area on their body thus their body loses more heat (the area they live in is really hot and dry so this help them -eskimo live in a bit of an opposite climate so they are short and conserve more body heat since the surface area on their body is less.

what are the two markers of symbolic thought and human language?

-displacement -productivity

triangle trade

-enslaved people are traded here (most went to south America not north America) -spices, raw materials, clothing, ceramics, all manufactured in the new world, then go to Europe to be processed to final material then sold in Africa and caribbean

what is the difference between ethnographers and ethnologists?

-ethnographers focus on one culture while ethnologists focus on several cultures.

what are the two forms of nuclear families?

-family of orientation (the family u grow u in) -family of procreation (making ur own family thru marriage and reproduction)

Horticulture

-for horticulture, less energy was invested to in the food that was being grown -use a hose (ho) -small scale -usually clear land that is 10meters by 1meters (small) -clear the trees by hand -move on to a new area after a short period of time

what is generalized reciprocity?

-gift giving that creates social relationships -giving gifts to friends without expecting in return

what is balanced reciprocity?

-goods exchanged will be balanced in the long term -if you need an egg from ur neighbor, you might need to give the neighbor something back eventually -these balances exchanged will reinforce a strong social relationship coz u get to know them better

what is a potlatch?

-happens in northwest US and western Canada with the native peoples -lots of neighboring villages are invited -looks like a big party - feast would last for days to weeks -feed multiple villages and give gifts -even tho u are just giving in this event, the village will give u things when u struggle (creates strong social relationships)

what are aquatic foragers?

-have boat building skills - hunting animals form the ocean

what was one of Marx's explanation to why he thought poor people followed the rules of the wealthy?

-he said it was religion (coz powerful people were telling them they would go to heaven for listening to what they would do.. "if suffer now u will be rewarded in heaven") -rebelling meant they would go to hell so if they rebelled even their community would not approve of it and tell them they will be punished in the after life (also used as a way to keep slaves obedient) -so religion basically help sustain the hierarchy and social order

kinship in catalhoyuk

-in southern turkey -site dates back to 9k years ago -farmings first days -anthropologists want to study how farming changed things there -mud building that had paintings over them -human burials took place inside the houses (burial is not something that usually takes place in the home) -kinship studied by looking at teeth (similar teeth = family) -families are assumed to be nuclear families but this was not true (people who were buried together were not related by blood but they were still considered family).. had to do with where u lived and no who u are biologically connected to

how does the USA view race?

-in the biological sciences racial groups are seen as genetic and in the social sciences they are seen as a social construct -being white in America meansu have to be purely white

what was the Cargo Cult?

-live in small islands -not connected to much of the world like westerners and east asia -during ww2, these islands had war take place on them -lots of them got access to things like tobacco, alcohol, guns, can foods when the soldiers settled on the land for war.. but when they left all of these things were gone --- when these things came in they upset everything and got in the way of the traditional social and economic structures. --ran out of fish, had pollution, farming land was destroyed -this CULT came out to solve these things and solve the inequality that came abt coz of the war (when they saw technology of the outside world they realized how much richer other nations were) - Shrine and religious structures of the cargo cult took objects from the war like cargo and made them part of religious ceremonies. (shrines took the shape of planes) -they made this cult to take back the power they lost when the superior whites came in a way to drive out the power of the whites)

redistribution

-lots of farms that make food for themselves and a small surplus to trade with each other and trade outside of their area coz that area might produce something not in ur area. -the economic surplus that people make goes the to the chief or central political authority in the state (the chief knows what to do with these resources, they take these resources and do things with them to benefit the whole community but if chief id greedy, the people can get rid of the chief)

what is healthy for the family in the lecture example?

-milk is healthy while lemonade is not (sugary stuff is not healthy)

Early 17th century quaker burial grounds

-most burials are head to the south and feet to the north -the ones in coffins who are wealthier have their head to the north and feet to the south - they wanted religion to be a part of every aspect fo their life in the same way at all times so they did not want to mark one thing as religious coz it would just unsettle that (if u mark one thing as religious everything else becomes less religious) -heart symbols on coffin (NON religious symbol

what does occupation identity convey?

-one's class and status between individuals

hwo can we learn about gender roles by looking at bones?

-pressure placed on toe bones of female skeletons are visible which can tell us there may have been a gendered role that was placed onto women only (probably grinding corn with two stones to make it into flour)

how do foragers live a diff lifestyle from everyone else?

-size of group and the way they walk around the landscape -carrying capacity (how much of a particular type of animals can be sustained in a certain area) .. coz of this carrying capacity of diff lands foragers were nomads (moved around the land and caried all the things they had on their backs)

What is the genealogical method?

-studying someone's family history and understanding how kinship and family play into other relationships in a culture or society -grandmas and grandpas are very important in other cultures as they are prime decision-makers in the community and have lots of knowledge and experience.

what were the Quaker beliefs?

-that of god in everyone (all people have an immediate connection to god) -believe you should embrace religion in everything u do (like when u make breakfast, the way u do business)

what is the stereotypical idea of homosexual men?

-that they are small, flamboyant, fashionable and feminine

what was the result of the African burial ground in NYC?

-the remains were handed over to others and reburied them back in the ground -community voiced their concerns about the burial ground and left the burial mainly undisturbed -built a museum and burial area for them -its a national park

what are some American military registers?

-they refer to parachutes as aerodynamic personal decelerators - a tent is a frame supported tension structure -a zipper is an interlocking slide fastener -a pencil is a portable handheld communications inscriber

what were the three reasons people thought Neanderthals lacked language capacity?

-they were robust which meant they were really strong but at the expense of smarts -reconstructions of the fossil vocal tract suggested that they seemed to lack speech capacities, which meant they lacked language -there was a large gap between cultural products of humans and capabilities of neanderthals

what is negative reciprocity or barter?

-things are exchanged between people on the same level -things of equal values are exchanged (strong social relationship is not formed coz the farmers are even in their exchange) -exchanging things of equal value on craigslist

how is race viewed in france?

-try to remain color blind in their public policy -when targeting social inequalities it uses geographic and class criteria rather than race to target these issues. -focus on hate speech less than focusing on issues with discrimination in jobs, housing, and in the provision of goods ad services.

why is language important for humans?

-very important part of human experience and helps us make connections with others. -helps us identify the groups in which we belong -it helps us convey info from one generation to the next

what is the market principle?

-works with elements of social relations known as currency (money). -market system works on the assumption that people work to be economic self maximizers (try to get eh msot u can by giving up as little as posisble -supply and demand: as supply goes down demand goes up coz the item is more rare and scarce (and vice versa)

why were ppl getting more cavities coz of farming?

-you eat more sugar when farming (carbohydrates, bread, grains are literally sugars sprung together...processed and broken down as sugar) -bacteria from the food getting stuck in ur teeth with produce acid which will cause cavities and infections

Shandy, Dianna and Karine Moe study on which kinds of women are leaving work and why

-younger and older mothers approached motherhood, work and child rearing differently. -baby boomers/older women tried to balance work with taking care of kids -women in their early 30s and mid 40s (Gen Xers) thoughtt hey would be able to juggle work with caring for children but felt they were "blinded" and were wrong - women in their 20s and early 30s (millennials).. they go for top sport educationally but try to balance their education career with family. they were more likely to reduce their responsibility at work for family reasons

The length of participant observation sessions averages

1-2 years

how much genetic variation is there in humans? is it enuf to support the idea of races?

1-3% and not enuf to support the idea of race.

what percentage of their DNA do non-african adults share with neanderthals?

1-4%

what pushes women to go home?

1. 100 hour couple (working sm while having a 2 kids.. work avgs to nearly 100 hours a week.. usually the women who quits job coz the man is paid more) ----more couples marrying someone of same occupation (doctor marry doctor and working over 100 hours a week) 2. Finding child care is hard and some have bad shift hours, charge a lot, and will call CPS if parents dont come within an hour of closing time 3. the second shift: Women constantly work to make money and take care of the household 4. the glass ceiling: a form of discrimination that limits women's advancement at work (due to parental leave)

what are the two phases of European colonialism?

1. Extraction (18th century) 2. Exploitation (18th-21st century)

why do women opt out of work?

1. Generation- Members of the younger generation men and women are more likely to exit the workforce. 2. Gender issues that oppress women

whata re the 3 types of food produciton?

1. Horticulture 2. Agriculture 3. Pastoralism

distribution and exchange (the way in which we move food around)

1. Markey economy/principle (American thing). 2. Redistribution occurs in chiefly societies) 3. reciprocity (gift giving)

what are the two reasons for why there is variation in traits?

1. Natural selection 2. sexual selection (due to geographics)

Reciprocity (3 kinds)

1. Negative Reciprocity or "barter" 2. Balanced reciprocity 3. Generalized reciprocity

what are the two ways in which archeology unfairly and inaccurately portray gender?

1. dont show women working (which women def worked and farmed) 2. only looking at certain roles that were gendered today (like hunting.. hunting was not vvery common back then..farming was the sole way in which they god their food back then and farming was done by women)

what are the three markers of when language first arrived?

1. homo habilis and the possibility of increased development in the language center of the brain (it enlarged faster than other parts of the brain) (2.5mya) 2. hyoid bone indicates control of tongue muscles: development of FOXP2 (lets us speak) gene (500-150kya) 3. upper paleolithic revolution ca. 40-50kya

all economic systems have 2 sets of requirements. what are they?

1. mode of production: a set of social relations thru which labor is deployed to wrest energy (food) from nature (grocery store) 2. means of production: the major productive resources required to accomplish the modes of production, including material items (land, tools) and knowledge. ((literally the stuff and resources u need to produce)

what are the five reasons why race is a myth?

1. one breeding population so no genetic separation into subspecies 2. Differences is a cline, not categorical 3. features defining race are arbitrary and culturally determined 4. concordance (esp to culture) 5. genetics: variation is mainly intraracial and not interracial. (races are different within the same race and more similar between diff races)

what is the genealogical model of kinship?

1. relations of blood 2. relations of marriage (American view) OTHER PPL CAN BE FAMILY

what are the function of religion?

1. religion explains things (to explain how human got here, where things came from.. ex. adam and eve) 2. Allows for social control 3. religion as identity and religion as community

what are the two arguments abt language?

1. the way language works is connected to a fundamental part of what it means to be human 2. the language people speak controls the way we think and determine aspects of our culture

what are the other genders?

1. third sex 2. two spirit 3. berdache 4. Hijras

what percentage of their DNA do asian adults share with neanderthals?

10%

what is food production?

10000 or 12000 years ago people started manipulating the land around them to produce more food than would of been possible naturally. (beginning of farming)

when did colonialism first take place?

1172 -when king of England invaded and conquered Ireland

what is the percentage of nuclear families in American (parents living with their biological kids and no one else)?

20.(%

According to Shandy and Moe, the percentage of stay-at-home dads is rising, but is still limited to just ___% of couples (that is, when one parent drops out of the workforce to raise kids, it is the dad who does so this percentage of the time).

3%

what is the percentage of women in college?

58%

what percentage of their DNA do Europeans adults share with neanderthals?

6.4%

how many years ago did people start farming their own food? (stopped being gatherers and hunters)

8-12 years ago

Food production began approximately ________ BC/BCE in the middle east.

9,000

how often do women leave work in order to be stay at home moms?

97/100 times

how much of their dna do humans share?

99.9%

Colonialism... A. None of these answers is correct B. Ended in 1776 C. Was generally beneficial to all parties D. Does not include the conquest of the Inca, as this was a military conflict E. An economic system based on generalized reciprocity

A

The American Anthropological Association's Statement on Race shows A. All of these answers are correct B. It is a basic tenet of anthropological knowledge that all normal human beings have the capacity to learn any cultural behavior. C. Shows that the Holocaust was built on ideas about race from the 18th and 19th centuries D. That from its earliest invention, the idea of race has included more than biological traits E. That the religious idea of the "Great Chain of Being" was used to justify racism and slavery

A

Which is NOT one of the characteristics of horticulture? A. All of these are characteristics of horticulture B. varying periods of fallow C. human labor as the only means of working and fertilizing the land D. simple technology E. nonintensive use of land and labor

A

Which of the following is one of the advantages of participant observation, according to Shalinsky? A. All of these are advantages of participant observation cited by Shalinsky B. It moves a researcher from a position outside a culture to that of an insider (in some ways at least) C. It helps researchers refine skills in the native language D. It minimizes people's attempts to modify behavior from their ordinary routine E. It enhances research validity

A

While not on the same scale as human language, other primates have been taught to use elements of language in a way similar to humans. Which of the following has been done? A. All of these answers are correct B. A gorilla referred to her missing kitten, demonstrating displacement C. A gorilla demonstrated mourning behavior after receiving new of the death of an actor she liked D. A chimpanzee was taught to use American Sign Language E. A chimpanzee taught her son linguistic signs taught to her

A

Which of the following might be an example of what Griffith and Marion define as "glocalization"?

A corporation offering different holidays in different countries, based on local traditions

bimodal curve

A distribution in which there are two peaks.

What is communitas?

A feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness

Which of the following would be an example of "syncretism"?

A local religion incorporates Catholic saints but maintains elements of pre-conversion rituals

My article on Quaker archaeology traces what transition in religious philosophies about death in England and American between the 17th and 19th centuries?

A movement towards sentimentality and secularization

Which of the following describes "neoliberalism"?

A political and economic philosophy that emphasizes privatization and unregulated markets

What did Handsome Lake initiate among the Iroquois at the beginning of the 19th century?

A revitalization movement

What is polygyny?

A situation in which a man has more than one wife at the same time

What is the tragedy of the commons?

A situation where a commonly available resource is abused without anybody feeling a responsibility to protect it. -a common: a forest coz the whole village owns it -everyone works for their own benefit - only can solve this if the whole world works together at once

what is a species?

A species is a group of populations whose individual members would, if given the opportunity, interbreed with individuals of other populations of that group. But they would not interbreed with individuals of other species that are similarly defined.

Châtelperronian

An Upper Paleolithic tool industry that has been found in association with later Neandertals.

Which of the following is NOT a form of Reciprocity defined in this course?

Annual Reciprocity

Joyce suggests that ethnographies have had a particular role in archaeologies of gender. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Archaeological reevaluations of ethnographic sources have resulted in analyses of the exercise of authority and control by women obscured by androcentric analyses of state-level societies.

Third gendered people

Are often accorded special roles, and sometimes allowed to break cultural rules

Which of the following statements about extended families, as defined by Siegetsleitner, is NOT true?

Are the same as nuclear families

what are the different ways in which ethnographic info can be conveyed?

Articles, journals, statistical data, and documentaries

Which of the following statements is NOT a part of the American Association of Physical Anthropologist's statement on race?

As a result of the influence of culture, human populations are no longer subject to the pressures of natural selection, adaptations to the environment, and genetic mutation

A clan... A. Often has a mythical apical ancestor B. All of these answers are true C. Is usually permanent D. Is based on stipulated descent E. Is a type of descent group

B

In the article by Cordain et al, the authors argued that which of the following are sources of evolutionary discordance? A. Cereal Foods B. All of these answers are correct C. Salt D. Dairy Foods E. Sugars

B

The "diseases of civilization"... A. Are a result of evolutionary discordance B. All of these answers are correct C. Include infections from dental carries ("cavities") and diabetes D. Resulted from increasing populations living in close quarters E. Resulted from changing diets with the introduction of farming

B

The person known as We'wha was A. A "two-spirit" person B. More than one of these answers is correct C. A member of the Zuni tribe whose special status allowed the bending of some social rules, such as making permanent sand paintings D. A third-gendered person E. Not considered an outcast or an inferior member of society

B

Wallerstein's World Systems theory... A. recognized the negative effects of capitalism on noncapitalist peoples B. All of these answers are correct C. prompted many more political economic theories to emerged in the late 20th century D. examines colonialism, postcolonialism, and political discourse E. argues that the wealth of some nations cannot occur without the poverty of other nations

B

Jared Diamond shows the arbitrary nature of biological concepts of race by defining equally-valid (well, INvalid) groupings based on other biological traits besides skin color. Which of the following is NOT a trait he uses to divide human populations?

Basketball playing ability

What is polytheism?

Belief in many gods (hinduism)

What is monotheism?

Belief in one god (Christianity, Jewish, islam)

Which of these statements about Forensic Anthropology is INCORRECT?

Bones are usually analyzed without any additional information, such as where they were discovered, in order to avoid biasing results

Which of the following is NOT part of the work of preparing for a potlatch?

Burning down and rebuilding the town's main structures

What are creoles?

But these slaves' children, though exposed to these pidgins at the age when children normally acquire their first language, were not content to merely imitate them. Instead, the children spontaneously introduced grammatical complexity into their speech, thus in the space of one generation creating new languages, known as creoles.

A ritual... A. Can exist in secular forms B. Is often used to communicate information in a more immediate way than language C. All of these answers are correct D. Is set apart from daily life, for instance by being repetitive and formal

C

Which of the following is a goal of Engendered Archaeology, according to Joyce? A. To critique androcentrism in archaeology itself B. To find evidence that the public/domestic dichotomy cannot be projected into the past C. All of these are/have been goals D. To find evidence of differential treatment of people in the past along lines of sex, and of differences in the experiences and activities of people of different socially recognized genders E. To recognize the contributions of women in the past

C

Which of these is NOT a piece of information Nelson learned from his Koyukon informants?

Canadian Geese have the ability to knock a grown man down

What were blumenbach's 5 races?

Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, Ethiopian, and American

what is the difference between chomsky's view on language and Sapir and Whorf's view on language?

Chomsky believes that language is something inherent while whorf thinks that language determines how we think

who mapped the human genome in 2000?

Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health

Which of the following is an example of linguistic productivity?

Creating a new word by combining ideas

what ethnographers?

Cultural anthropologists who write ethnographies

Wesch attributes the depression he experienced early in his fieldwork to

Culture Shock

In his own "Introduction to Anthropology" class, Michael Wesch writes of being astounded to learn that which of the following phenomena is true? A. That the Moken of Thailand can intentionally control the pupils of their eyes to see more clearly underwater B. That Tarahumara of central Mexico can run 400 miles without stopping C. That Jenna Kuruba of India start making friends with elephants from the time they are small children D. He discovered that all of these are true E. That the Inuit of the Arctic track seals through several feet of ice

D

The site of the Pyramids at Giza was used in class A. As an example of a site NOT dated to 10,000BC B. To argue that, contrary to popular belief, it was not built with slave labor C. To suggest that religion is interconnected with political rule D. All of these answers are correct

D

Which of the following did Evans point to as evidence that Neanderthals may have had the ability for modern language and speech? A. Biological evidence in the thoraic vertebra that nerves were present to allow for control of breathing B. Archaeological suggestions that sophisticated stone tools, beads, and pigment use may date earlier than thought C. None of these answers is correct D. All of these answers are correct E. Biological evidence of auditory ability in the 1-6 KHz range, the range of human speech

D

Which of the following is part of the Koyukon tradition for butchering a bear? A. To turn the fur into an elaborate ceremonial robe to placate the spirit B. To slit the eyes so that the spirit cannot see the process C. to remove the feet so that the spirit cannot wander D. More than one of these answers is correct E. To be sure to waste part of the meat so that the spirit would be satiated

D

Which of the following statements about the "Ghost Dance" is FALSE? a. The dance was aimed at getting rid of all whites and bringing deceased Natives back to life b. It was an example of a revitalization movement, bringing back certain practices and adapting them to modern needs c. It was at a Ghost Dance event that the US Army massacred hundreds of Natives in what has become known as the Wounded Knee massacre D. None of these statements is FALSE E. It arose about 1870 in response to the incursions of Europeans into Paiute territory

D

Which of the following was mentioned by Brix as a way of determining the age at death of a skeletons? A. ossification between bone shafts and ends B. tooth development C. the condition of bone sutures D.. all of these answers are correct

D

Which of the following is one of the main differences between descent groups and nuclear families?

Descent groups are permanent, while nuclear families are not

Quakerism...

Developed in the mid 17th century in England

A "potlatch" is A. Is a gift-giving, multi-day celebration B. Is an economic exchange which is more about building social relationships than profit C. Was outlawed, for a time, by the US and Canadian Governments D. Is an example of generalized reciprocity E. All of these answers are correct

E

Which of the following is an advantage of globalization, as defined by Griffith and Marion? A. Individuals may now be linked through micro loans and crowdsourced fundraising B. It has facilitated the rise of solidarity movements C. People have become more aware of social injustices happening in other parts of the world. D. It promotes connections people in one location now feel with others (who they will likely never meet) E. All of these answers are correct

E

Which of the following was NOT one of the now-discredited "racial" classifications made by 19th century anthropologists A. Mongoloid B. Australoid/Austronesian C. Amerind D. Caucasoid E. All of these terms were part of the classification

E

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving

Which of the following statements about ethnography is NOT correct?

Ethnography is best conducted quickly, usually in less than a week, before one alters the culture one is studying.

What is milk kinship (happens in iran)?

Family tie created by women when they breastfeed babies that are not related to them

Which of the following countries scores highest (most equality between genders) in the Global Gender Gap Report?

Finland

Which of the following would be an example of the "Tragedy of the Commons"?

Fish populations in a lake plummet because many local start selling their catch rather than just taking enough for their own use

When considering occupation within department stores, Labov found that prestige-associated /r/ pronunciation was most associated with

Floorwalkers

What term refers to the specialized set of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups?

Focal vocabulary

Griffith and Marion argue that the Bretton Woods conference of 1945 initiated contemporary globalization by doing what?

Founding or laying the foundations for the International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, and World Bank

According to Immanuel Wallerstein, an example of an economically "core" country would be ____________________________ , while a "periphery" country would be ____________________________.

France/Nigeria

What term refers to the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes?

Gender roles

Food production or agriculture began in several areas independently. Which was NOT one of these areas?

Greenland

What rule automatically places the children of a union between members of different groups in the minority group?

Hypodescent

linguist George Lakoff

In contrast to Chomsky, for whom syntax is independent of such things as meaning, context, knowledge, and memory, Lakoff shows that semantics, context, and other factors can come into play in the rules that govern syntax. In addition, metaphor, which earlier authors saw as a simple linguistic device, becomes for Lakoff a conceptual construct that is essential and central to the development of thought.

Which of the following statements characterizes how "race" is considered in the European Union, according to Evans?

In many areas, the concept of "race" is strongly associated with laws promulgated by the Nazi and Fascist governments of the 1930s and 1940s and so it is avoided

Which of the following is a major difference between Brazilian and American racial classifications?

In the United States, social race is determined at birth following hypodescent, but in Brazil, racial identity can change and there are many gradations of race

what is intimate space?

Intimate space is less than a foot and usually involves a high probability of touching.

what are investigations like for forensic anthropologists?

Investigations often begin with a ground search team using cadaver dogs or a low-flying plane to locate a missing body or skeleton. As a meticulous examination of any death scene is imperative, forensic anthropologists are frequently involved at the earliest stages of investigating a human skeleton. After mapping, photographing, and labeling relevant items at the scene, the osteological evidence is examined at a forensic laboratory. Bone fragments are sorted according to size and shape and fitted together when possible.

The custom known as the "sororate"...

Involves a woman marrying her sister's widower

Barter...

Is the exchange of things and not currency

Which of the following statements about the world system is NOT true?

It depends on each nation producing all that is needed by its own population.

Which of the following statements about the idea of "mana" is TRUE?

It is an impersonal supernatural force

One of the hallmarks of ethnographic research is that

It uses detailed documentation of a culture in order to avoid accidentally fitting cultures into preconceived evolutionary frameworks

who first coined the term "gender role"

John Money in 1955

This person argued that religion is the "opium of the people."

Karl Marx

what are kothis?

Kothis are regarded as feminine men or boys who take a feminine role in sex with men, but do not live in the kind of intentional communities that hijras usually live in. Additionally, not all kothis have undergone initiation rites or the body modification steps to become a hijra

what are peripheral countries? (profit is accrued at the expense of these countries)

LEDC's that don't communicate as much with the outside world -africa

Jogappa.

Male devotees in female clothing are known as Jogappa. They perform similar roles to hijra, such as dancing and singing at birth ceremonies and weddings

When a bride and groom marry and then the couple continues to live with the bride's family, this group is

Matrilocal

An example of a secondary product of pastoralism is...

Milk

which religious group in the USA practices polygyny?

Mormons

In human beings, sexual dimorphism is

Most clear in the pelvis, especially the siatic notch

what is the status of hijras in society?

Most hijras live at the margins of society with very low status; the very word "hijra" is sometimes used in a derogatory manner.

In Native Hawaiian Language, there is no separate term for "aunt" or "uncle" because...

Native Hawaiian social relationships do not distinguish these as different kinds of relationships from those with what Westerners would call "mother" or "father"

which south asian countries have legally recognized the existence of hijra as a third gender?

Nepal, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh

We know that Neanderthals were probably capable of language because they interbred with humans but what is the second line of evidence Ernst they were probably capable of language?

New evidence that showed that they have articulately and auditory capacities (example human auditory capability are attuned to speech production and recent evidence found that the most recent ancestor of neanderthals and humans called heidelbergensis, has auditory capacity in modern humans range and fossils of ear ossicles of neanderthals were compared to humans and were found to be identical to humans meaning they prob have modern bearing capacity)

Is race biological?

No, Race is a social construct.

Which linguist has argued that all human languages have a common structural basis and that all humans have similar linguistic abilities?

Noam Chomsky

what happened in 1066?

Norman Conquest (Vikings who lived in France) -norman king decided maybe he should probably go after the english throne

what is the name for japanese bowing?

Ojigi

what are other forms of nonverbal communication?

Other forms of non-verbal communication include clothing, hairstyles, eye contact, even how close we stand to one another

A system of food production based primarily on herding cattle would be called

Pastoralism

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of pastoralism, according to Evans?

Pastoralism is characterized by intensive use of small areas of land. Animals are not moved to pasture; fodder is brought to them.

What is the name of the postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple is expected to live in the husband's community?

Patrilocality

who is personal space reserved for?

Personal space is reserved for friends and family, and queues, and ranges between two and four feet.

what is marriage like in the himalayas for Nayars?

Poly-angie (polygomy) -marriage between a woman and several men -for the nayars its a marriage with brothers

What's wrong with the so-called "cave man diet" focused on eating meat?

Pre-modern people ate far more plants than meat, and today's domesticated meat is very different from wild-caught

Which of the following statements about unstructured interviews is TRUE?

Probing questions are designed to be as open as possible

what is proxemics?

Proxemics is the study of cultural aspects of the use of space. (study of peoples personal and physical space)

The British profited from salt in India by what means?

Raising high taxes on it and outlawing independent production

what is the difference between a survey and ethnography?

SURVEYS -surveys work thru something called statistical sampling and you dont really care abt the individual responses of the small sample but more so about how their responses represent the overall population -survey give u averages and not much depth ETHNOGRAPHY -ask more open-ended questions to get richer and deeper info -not representative of population

how do the three stores price their items?

Saks: $90.00, Macy's: $79.95, Kleins: $23.00

This person erroneously defined five "biological races" and described them biologically and culturally.

Samuel George Morton

Rites of passage usually consist of what phases?

Separation, liminality, and incorporation

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex is biological whereas gender is culturally-defined

why do hijras renounce sexuality all together?

Sexual energy is transformed into sacred powers (conflicts with the fact that most hijras are prostitutes)

Which of the following is an example of kinesics?

Shaking your head "no"

Which of the following statements about social race is true?

Social races are groups assumed to have a biological basis but actually are defined in a culturally arbitrary manner.

How does survey research differ from ethnography?

Survey research generally focuses on a subset of a larger population.

which primatologists have reported beign able to have human like communication with bonobos, chimps and gorilla thru sign lang?

Susan Savage-Rumbaugh, Sally Boysen, and Francine "Penny" Patterson

To say that human biological variation is a "cline" means that

That physical variations in any given trait tend to occur gradually rather than abruptly over geographic areas

The anecdote about "small talk" and the question "what do you do" in Shandy and Moe is meant to show...

That prestige is often linked to work outside the home, so despite gains gender bias remains present in American society

In Linguistic Anthropology, displacement means...

The ability to refer to things that are not present

Most often, in cases of polyandry...

The biological paternity of her children are of no particular concern

What is concordance?

The degree of similarity for a trait between two people

What is Afrocentrism?

The emphasizing and promotion of African cultural patterns. (celebrating African heritage)

What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argue?

The languages people speak influence the way they think.

what is dowry?

The money that the wife brings to her husband when they get married. (women contribute to the economy but it's not socially recognized due to gender stratification) -women moves into the family home of her husband needs to pay coz she becomes an extra person they need to care for

(Wesch) What ia anthropology?

The study of all humans in all times in all places.

Which of the following statements about gender roles is FALSE?

The terms "gender role" and "gender identity" are interchangeable, both referring to one's internal sense of gender

why is port moresby such an unlivable city?

There are the normal struggles of an impoverished city: water rationing, intermittent electricity, lack of sanitation, and rampant corruption. But what really sets it apart is its crime rate -many unemployed and thus killing helps ppl survive

Aurignacian industry

This particular technology was a blend of the older Neanderthal technology and the more advanced techniques that were arising in the human populations at that time (not possible without language)

Szymanowicz and Furnham study

This study showed that females thought if they revealed their intelligence to a potential partner, then it would diminish their chance with him. Men however would much more readily discuss their own intelligence with a potential partner. Also, women are aware of people's negative reactions to IQ, so they limit its disclosure to only trusted friends. Females would disclose IQ more often than men with the expectation that a true friend would respond in a positive way.

Nelson's term "Eskimo Science" refers

To an intimate relationship between the natural world and Koyukon peoples.

which countries are the only countries t hat do not provide paid leave for new moms?

USA and austrailia

According to Nina Jablonski, skin color variation is present in human populations as a result of the competing influence of what two factors in the environment?

UV radiation exposure and vitamin D production

Which of the following statements about ethnicity is NOT true?

Unlike race, ethnicity derives from biological differences among human groups.

Nelson begins by describing a discredited theory from the 1800s which classifies all cultures. Which of the following was not one of these classifications?

Utilitarianism

As described by Siegetsleitner, Murdock's influential work "Social Structure"...

Was a useful starting point, but even some quite early ethnographic accounts attested to the fact that the nuclear family in the sense of the heterosexual conjugal family was not as ubiquitous as the dominant theories maintained

who was the first chimp to learn American sign language?

Washoe

What is the period of "reconfiguring kinship" in anthropological studies, as described by Prof. Wellman?

When anthropologists recognized that they were making assumptions about other cultures' ideas of kinship based on what was normal in their own

Immanuel Wallerstein argues that there have only been two different types of world-systems. These are:

World Empire and Capitalism

how do you groups a species into a hierarchy of distinctness? what is the problem with this?

You start by establishing the most distinct population as a race separate from all other populations. You then separate the most distinct of the remaining populations. You continue by grouping similar populations, and separating distinct populations or groups of populations as races or groups of races. PROBLEM: the classification depends on the type of taxonomist u are and many taxonomists disagree on how to classify species and much of the classification is biased and some will call a species a whole diff race coz they want credit for naming them

Which of the following is NOT a basic type of religion defined by E. B. Tylor?

Zoroastrianism

what is ethnology?

a comparative study of two or more cultures -sues data from ethnographic research and applies it to a single cross-cultural topic

what is a social construct?

a concept that was believed to correspond to an objective reality but which was believed in because of its social functions

what is pluralism?

a condition or system in which two or more states, groups, principles, sources of authority, etc., coexist. - Chinatown - Mexican town -middle eastern groups

what are clans?

a connection a group that claim descent from a mythical being (apical ancestor-Christianity and Judaism believe they were descended from adam and eve)

slash and burn horticulture

a cultivation technique in which the forest is cleared and burned to enrich the soil for planting (ashes are nutrient rich) -cannot farm like this all the time coz the land is not always nutritious.. this method only works for a few eyars

what is wolcotts definition of ethnography?

a description of "the customary social behaviors of an identifiable group of people"

What is unilineal descent?

a group of *kin* that is linked through descent, on one side of the family (patrilineal or matrilineal)

what is an empire?

a group of people conquering and colonizing another in order to expand their control

what is the paleo diet?

a joke of how we try to eat what our ancestors eat (says our ancestors probably tried to do the same .. just a joke tho)

what is a reconstructed language?

a language from the past reconstructed by comparing known languages and looking for similarities between them

Not Giza, and not 10k BC..

a large church building in Europe that took lots of money and labor (one the level of the Egyptian pyramids) being spent to build them (most of these people who build this building were not allowed into large parts of the building... mainly the rich were) -the people building the church did so because they saw it as a religious work (if they were true believers they saw that they were contributing the glory of god by building these)

what is evolutionary discordance?

a mismatch between the environment we live and the one in which we evolved. (we changed what goes into our bodies by domesticating and modifying animals) Result: more disease

what is neoliberalism?

a modified form of liberalism tending to favor free-market capitalism. (free economic market) -neo liberal view is against taxes, against govt regulation, against Medicare, welfare, social security, food stamps

what is the incest taboo?

a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives (people too close to u to get married to)

what was the Upper Paleolithic period?

a period of cultural explosion that manifested in human communities that resulted in art, jewelry, advanced stone tool technology, evidence of ritual system and social structures, fishing and boat building, the manufacture of projectile javelins for hunting, and other trappings of a relatively sophisticated material culture

What is a descent group?

a permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry. Descent groups members believe they all descend from those common ancestors. The group endures even though its membership changes as members are born and die, move in and move out. Determined at birth and life long

what is the situation negotiation of identity?

a person's ethnic identity may change depending on the context, where one ethnic identity is used in certain contexts and a different identity is used in another context (ethnic identity is tied to sociopolitical hierarchy)

Diseases of civilization

a result of evolutionary discordance ebtween being hunters and farms -infectious diseases -dental carried (cavities) -malnutrition - chronic degenerative diseases (diabetes, obesity, heart disease, hypertension)

what is the definition of biological species according to Ernst Mayr?

a species is one that can only successfully breed amongst its own members.

what are longitudinal studies?

a study that takes place over time -coming back to study them again after maybe like 5 years

what is a register?

a subset of language or the way u use language in a certain context (fish might mean something diff in poker) -CONTEXT

What is bridewealth?

a transfer of valuables between male heads of families to formalise a new marriage. (patrilocal families)

what is a deliberate understatement? who uses it?

a type of downgrader like "we are not there yet" -the British use this

Cargo cults are

a type of revitalization movement in response to new contact with industrial societies.

what is Durkheim's definition of religion?

a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set aside and forbidden.

The amount of genetic variation accounted for by race is about

about 6%

what did biochemistry and technology help forensics with?

advances in biochemistry and technology resulted in the discovery of unique gene markers in each person; these genetic differences allow for the DNA fingerprinting of hair, blood, semen, and tissue

what is industrial agriculture?

agriculture that requires the use of fossil fuels; involves mechanized farming technology, manufactured chemicals, and large scale irrigation

What is cultural relativism?

all cultures are equally meaningful to the individuals who participate in them -treat all cultures as equal -against ethnography

what is a theory?

an explanation based on lots of evidence and data

what is amusia?

an impairment of the brain that results in the inability to process musical cadences and recognise music (tone deaf)

what is globalization?

an interconnection/ideology (neoliberal), a way in which interconnections take place

what is the possible third gender?

androgyny

according to tyler where did religion and the idea of the soul begin (first form of religion)?

animism

Wallerstein's World Systems theory defines "core" and "periphery" countries and areas, and also "semi-peripheries." This latter group contains countries that are neither "core" nor "peripheral" because they...

are exploiting others while at the same time being exploited themselves

what are focal vocabularies?

are sets of words that pertain to important aspects of the culture. For example, the Saami, the indigenous reindeer hunters in Scandinavia, have numerous words for reindeer, snow, and ice

what are the sambia?

are well known by cultural anthropologists for their acts of "ritualized homosexuality" and semen ingestion practices with pubescent boys (young boys were believed to lack jurungdu found in smen which allows them the ability to develop muscle, stature, bravery, and other characteristics of successful warrior and they would obtain the semen thru sexual acts with adult men)

what is an unstructured interview?

asks questions are not prearranged and offer flexibility in an interview

what's the bow wow theory?

attributed to the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder. This contends that language may have arisen from sounds used to identify animals, perhaps based on onomatopoeia, which eventually became their names

what evidence supports Chomsky's theory of language?

babies seem to have predispositions to language when they are first born, they recognize some words and diff voices.

why did quaker ritual burials change?

because the broader religious ritual practice changed and Quakers changed with it to show that they did not mark one thing as religious coz that would make everything else in their relgiion less religious.

is the central topic of the interview chosen before or during the unstructured interview?

before

what is antemortem?

before death

what does it mean to be raised white?

being raised like white person (white lifestyle)

what is anthony f. c. wallace's definition of religion?

belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings (non-material realm that cant be verified or falsified by evidence), powers, and forces (karma and luck)

according to freud, what determines gender identity?

biology determines gender identity through identification with either the mother or father

what are nonverbal forms of communication?

body language, body modification, and appearance (what we wear and our hairstyle)

The great Cathedrals of Europe were compared to the Pyramids of Giza because...

both could be seen as political, but also as religious constructions which workers may have considered "holy work"

What is the common tradition in Christian burial practices (medieval period to 19th century)?

burying the dead in a certain orientation (head to the west and feet to the east -they did this because they believed that on judgment day the body would rise and that people buried this way would rise toward judgment (would be more likely to go to heaven)

hwo does the hijra community sustain itself?

by "adopting" young boys who are rejected by, or flee, their family of origin.[10] Many work as sex workers for survival.

The major difference between primate call systems and human language is

call systems can only encode one piece of information at a time, whereas human language combines concepts

The comparison of cognates in multiple languages

can be used to reconstruct a protolanguage

why is it important to pay attention to silence in an interview?

can show that the interviewee is probably resisting or withholding info, can reflect cultural mode of self representation, or may represent a topic or idea as unthinkable.

what are dental carries?

cavities

what does it mean to say race is fluid?

changes a lot (a black person might be black in america but white in Africa)

what are innovations?

changes to ancestral forms that were introduced in the past and they may occur in one language or be shared among languages. (most numbers in Hawaiian start with e so it must be an innovation coz not present in some other languages)

which fields help forensic science in solving crimes?

chemistry, toxicology, and photography.

where do the electronics that we dispose of go?

china and ghana wastelands

what is the minimalist program?

chomsky began to place less emphasis on something such as a universal grammar embedded in the human brain, and more emphasis on a large number of plastic cerebral circuits

how has the Norman Conquest changed the English vocabulary?

clear evidence presented by Lass (1975) shows that the Norman French did cause the structure of the English Language to change. With regard to when the influence took place, some believe that these changes took place immediately after the conquest where as others believe that the changes took place hundreds of years later.

what kinds of things did Neanderthals make?

clothing, stone tools, material culture, footwear, jewelry, decorated pendants, built huts, mined stuff two meters underground

what is the squiggly equal sign in kinship diagrams?

cohabitating but not married

what is hereditary inequality?

coined by Connie Spanier -lots of scientific publication depict fertilization in such a way in which sperms seems to actively compete for the passive egg even though in reality it is complicated (e.g. the egg has specific active membrane proteins that select sperm etc.)

The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is known as

colonialism

did studies that replicated labovs study confirm his study or disprove it?

confirmed it that people are beginning to pronounce Rs in new york

what is universal grammar?

consists of a set of unconscious constraints that let us decide whether a sentence is correctly formed.

what is clinal variation?

continuous, gradual variation in phenotype within a population across spatial environment -a difference that changes slowly in time.

what colors do a health spa use in order to create a relaxing atmosphere?

cool greens and blues rather than reds and oranges to create a relaxing atmosphere

what is quantitative data?

could be anything that can be measured statistically, e.g., mortality rates, birth rates, etc.

why is it not easy for women to go part time and care for kids at home?

coz bosses are reluctant and will pay them less per hour.

why do anthropologists call interviewees "cultural consultants"?

coz dont wanna view them as lab rats and instead as people helping them gain info abt smth

why did a german employee almost lose his job under a British boss when complaining?

coz he was really direct and thats how people are taught to give feedback in Germany, to be very honest so feedback gets thru easily.

why is it bad to agree, disagree, and give biased responses and probes to the interviewee?

coz it will introduce biased responses and topics

why were homo erectus incapable of producing language?

coz of air sacs (Homo heidelbergensis did not have this)

why had race become a problem?

coz of the issue of concordance -stuff picked at random that are different to classify humans into race (think that unimportant features like skin color and fingerprints concord with other features)

why is it hard to classify some species into races, like green winged golden whistler birds?

coz their features differ, from place to place. some green-winged males are big in some areas but small in others but nonetheless we cant say they are the same race coz there comes the problem that they're not completely alike.

in the 1970s why did scientists think Neanderthals were incapable of language?

coz they reconstructed the vocal tract and hyoid bone had not descended to its human like resting place making human like speech impossible.

why are men more likely to hire men and promote them instead of women?

coz they see the men to be more like them and believe men have more similar characteristic to them

why was it seen as incest for 2 two spirits to have sex?

coz they viewed each other as sisters

why did back people have an issue with anthropologists measuring the skull of dead bodies in order to figure out the bodies race?

coz this created race and created the idea that diff races look a certain way or have a certain skull

why are cows a lot smaller today?

coz when cows first started getting domesticated the larger ones got killed off first coz there was a fear they would escape or hurt the farmer so the smaller ones were able stay around longer and make children while the bigger ones died off

what can the ethnographic approach explain?

cross cultural variation in cultural elements such as marriage, religion, subsistence practices, political organization, and parenting, just to name a few

the concept of race is important in which different areas of the cultural anthropology discipline?

cross-cultural studies

what are typologies?

cross-languages features

what is culture?

culture captures why people think and act in distinctive ways

As described in my article, a fundamental tenet of Quakerism is that there is "that of God in everyone." Which of the following is a result of this idea in Quaker practice?

daily life for Quakers should be explicitly influenced by the tenets of Quakerism

what are the two kinds of lineages?

demonstrated or stipulated descent

what is bilateral descent?

descend from mom and dad (both sides of the family)

what is ethnocide?

destroying a culture in order to fit into another

what are core countries?

developed countries in which high margin profits, products and processes take place. (japan)

both horticulture and agriculture have to do with plants but what is the difference between them?

difference of scale and investment

how can race effect us if its not real?

discrimination coz of race effects our biology, health and well being.

What is sexual dimorphism?

distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to difference between the sexual organs themselves.

what is the crossed out = sign in kinship diagrams?

divorced

what is the key term that connects agriculture, horticulture and pastoralism?

domestication

how is race viewed in european union?

dont use race as category within the laws coz that would legitimize its existence -use ethnicity instead -they reject race but protect people who are discriminated against due to race

adopted relationships (kinship diagrams)

dotted lines

The gift that a wife's group gives to her husband's family is known as

dowry

when did people first start questioning the idea of race?

during the US civil rights movement and anti colonial movements worldwide

what is gender inequality?

efers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles.[

What are Pidgin languages?

emerge all over the world and are defined as "the attempted by the speakers of two different language to communicate and that is primarily a simplified form of one of the languages, with a reduced vocabulary and grammatical structure and considerable variation in pronunciation" -slaves did this since most of t hem had diff mother tongues and wanted to communicate.

how do ancestry tests misrepresent the history and pattern of human genetic variation?

equate current genetic variation with patterns with those that existed in the past (but they are not identical at all). It suggests more congruence between genetic patterns and culturally defined categories.

which group of humans is the most adapted group of humans to different environments?

eskimos because they have inhabited some of the harshest environments on earth

what is the research method that cultural anthropologist use?

ethnography

What are microaggressions?

everyday verbal, nonverbal, and environmental slights, snubs, or insults, whether intentional or unintentional, which communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative messages to target persons based solely upon their marginalized group membership -if u say KKK its seen as racist

how does eskimos science by nelson show holism?

example: hunting bears in order to eat, they have a religious ideology that bears have a spirit (animism) and that the spirit needs to be treated correctly, in order to survive, they had to kill bears and took steps to do so which is also related to economy/hunting

how do most hijras make money if there arent many job opportunities for them?

extortion (forced payment by disrupting work/life using demonstrations and interference), performing at ceremonies (toli), begging (dheengna), or sex work ('raarha')—an occupation of eunuchs also recorded in premodern times

what is a kinship?

family relationship by birth, marriage, or adoption etc (can be abt religious group)

What is pastoralism?

farming animals instead of plants -move less than foragers but will still move around when seasons change

circle on kinship diagram

female

what is economics speciliazation?

focusing on making on particular thing

When a dominant group compels a minority group to adopt the dominant culture, this is known as

forced assimilation

what was the prestige dialect during norman conquest?

french (english is low status) -word for pig developed from the lower class coz they were the ones farming not the upper calls French so its an English term.

in early colonial era, abt around 500 years ago or so, which power controlled abt 85% of the earth land mass?

french and England (mainly European powers)

patrilineal descent

from fathers side of family only

in the lactase positive race which race do the swedes belong with?

fulani

what are pedestrian foragers?

gatherer hunters that moved around on their feet

according to non freudians, where does one get their gender identity from?

gender roles develop through internalization and identification during childhood (based on how their parents interact with the kids based on their sex) -parents will buy feminine toys only for the girls

what is economics?

getting the things u need to survive

What is the Great Chain of Being? (race was modeled after this ancient theorem)

god, angels, humans, animals, plants, minerals

what is ethnographic fieldwork?

going somewhere and engaging wit a population in their everyday environment.

what did most natives think they coz get out of dating a two spirit ?

good luck, more masculinity, or magical abilities.

how did the view of homosexuality change in Africa? what was it like 50 years earlier?

got worse.. now if u are are homo u are subject to death penalty -50 years earlier, being gay was associated with being a warrior coz u gain strength from other warriors (zhan de)

what is a nation?

group defined on a basis of legal status within a modern nation state

What are equestrians?

groups that gather and hun most of the food and have horses to help them move it around

how is language connected to culture?

have different words from where we come from and language can be used to tell us what is ok and not ok in our culture

what is polygamy?

having more than one wife (plural marriage)

what did sir william jones discover in 1786?

he found that Greek, Latin and Sanskrit all shared a common ancestor

what is gender identity?

he internal sense of one's own gender, which may or may not align with categories offered by societal norms

what kind of sexuality was it see as if a two spirit dated a non two spirit?

hetero normative (Europeans saw them as homosexual)

what are the usual partners of hijras and kothis?

heterosexual men coz they are usually the ones who penetrate

what are the four sexual orientations?

heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, asexuality

In general, the status of women

higher in matrilineal societies than it is in patrilineal societies.

Griffith and Marion use a t-shirt as an example of what?

how in reality, Appadurai's 5 "scapes" are interconnected

what does physical anthropology focus on?

human evolution, human variation, and the biological bases of human behaviour

what is the empiricist view of the brain?

humans are born as a blank slate

what are the two ways in which humans classify other humans into separate groups?

identification of an individual's ethnicity or race

what was the hypothesis of labovs study?

if any two subgroups of New York City speakers are ranked in a scale of social stratification, they then will he ranked in the same order by their differential use of (r) -predicts the following result: salespeople in the highest-ranked store will have the highest values of (r); those in the middle-ranked store will have intermediate values of (r); and those in the lowest-ranked store will show the lowest values.

Which of the following is NOT one of the cases in which participant observation can be particularly useful, according to Shalinsky?

if one has a very large population to consider

according to linguists, how do children learn their mother tongue?

imitation, listening to and repeating what adults said.

religious rituals are common in which contexts?

in contexts in which one has very little control in the observable world so they seek control in the unobservable world.

Cross-cultural studies indicate that

in most societies women tend to be the primary child caregivers

how do inupiaq hunt seals?

in very similar ways to polar bears like using breathing holes and waiting atop springe ice

what is relatedness?

indigenous ways of acting out and conceptualizing relations between people (how other ppl view family and kinship)

what is an emic?

insider point of view

how do life histories differ from interviews?

interviews are directed while life histories are not coz ur just asking someone to tell them abt ur life and not really asking any questions to direct certain responses.

how is religion connected to colonialism?

invade to convert others to the correct religion (thought they were doign the right thing)

Smyntyna identifies several new developments in daily life as a result of the development of food production. Which of the following is NOT one of these developments?

invention of metal for tools

what is a race?

is a cultural construct that groups people together based on perceived biological similarities. -defined on the basis of perceived physical or biological differences

what is a gender role?

is a set of societal norms dictating what types of behaviors are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on their actual or perceived sex.

what are hijras?

is a term used in South Asia - in particular, in India - to refer to transwomen (male-to-female transsexual or transgender individuals).[1][2] In other areas of India, transgender people are also known as Aravani, Aruvani or Jagappa.[3]

What is a ritual?

is formal, repetitive, stylized and stereotypes practice (walked down the aisle to get married in a slow and stylized way.. something that is separate and a not a normal part of daily life) -the pope washing the feet of others is a ritual to create humility/modesty but it does not happen often so its strange to see.

Heteronormative marriage

is just one of many marriage practices

according to perry, how is race produced?

is produced by social arrangements and political decision making.

what is sexual orientation?

is the pattern of sexual and emotional attraction based on the gender of one's partner.

what is a morpheme?

is the smallest sound that has meaning (cow is a single morpheme) -if u break down the word "cow" into smaller sound units, then the word loses its meaning

what is kinesics?

is the study of communication through body language, including gestures, facial expressions, body movement, and stances.

What is linguistic anthropology?

is the sub-discipline that studies communication systems, particularly language -these anthropologists examine the interaction of language and cullture.

with better scientific technology we now that Neanderthals may have been, in many ways, the cognitive and linguistic equals of the new influx of early Homo sapiens, entering Europe for the first time. IS this T or f?

it is true

is human cultural behavior learned or is it a result of racial differences?

its learned

why did the natives stop using the word "berdache"?

its offensive as was derive from a french word that meant passive homosexual or male prostitute andlaos derived from a persian term that means slave

who is the father of physical anthropology?

johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840)

what is fictive kinship?

kinship relationships that are real but not based on marriage or descent (ties that are created like god parents, adoption) -however this phrase implies that some family ties are fake

how is kinship influenced by land in hawaii?

land was owned by a family (doesn't matter who is ur biological mother or father u would still inherit land from anyone in ur family in the same way)

what was Professor Robin Dunbar's hypothesis on how language originated?

language evolved to enable us to engage in gossip

what is the phase of extraction?

large European armies going around the world and taking what they can get -Conquest of the inca: Inca emperor was killed and spanish took over -there was a inca church that the spanish put their church on top of when they took control over incas (took cultural control over the area too)

according to inupiaq elders, are polar bears left or right handed?

left handed

were the black informants in the labov studies more or less likely to say the r sound?

less likely despite the store they worked in

what method can we use to establish a relationship between or among two or more contemporary languages based on supposed common ancestry?

linguistic reconstruction.

how did linguists reconstruct the Polynesian language?

looking at similarities between modern day languages to construct terms that might have been used back then.

why do we have a different views of race in north america and south america?

lots of intermarriage between Incas and Spanish coz it was forced upon the men to reproduce by the conquerors becoz they began to intermix

why do people think human like language is a recent evolutionary development?

lots of people assumed that language was absent in homo neanderthalensis. coz of this humans most recent ancestors, Homo heidelbergensis, must have also lacked language

how is religion connected to politics?

lots of political leaders dont get elected unless they are part of a religion (have not seen and atheist in office)

what is biophilia?

love of nonhuman life

triangle on kinship diagram

male

where do many hijras live in south asia?

many hijras live in well-defined and organised all-hijra communities, led by a guru

how do classification systems show that race is not real?

many of them end up placing race groups we think are less alike based on appearance together coz theyre actually quite alike.. thus race does not actually exist.

what is the = sign in kinship diagrams?

marriage -if a parent is dead just cross them out

is intelligence a feminine or masculine trait?

masculine

how can you determine the age of an individual from their skull?

may be determined by skull size, condition of sutures, and an examination of the teeth, as well as by the length of particular bones (e.g., the femur and the humerus) and the degree of ossification (bone hardening) that has taken place between the shaft of a long bone and its end caps

what is the essentialist approach?

medieval Europeans created an immutable, or unchanging, "great chain of being" to categorize the world, placing themselves near the top of the chain following only angels and God, with the rest of humanity categorized below.

according to friedl, who controls most of the food and hunting?

men

what sit he mode of production in the gatherer hunter society?

men hunt, and women process and maintain food and households

what is a rapid anonymous survey?

method used to study the speech patterns of sales people of different social classes. -He went up to random salespersons at each store and asked, "Excuse me, where are the women's shoes?" or "Excuse me, what floor is this?"

what is qualitative data?

might include information gleaned from interviews or participant observation

Martrilineal Descent

moms side only

marriage as an alliance

monarchs in Britain's marrying rich ppl from other nations to create alliances and bring more money to the family. -arranged for political reasons

what is the longest empire that has ever existed?

mongolian genghis khan

is their a greater variation between racial groups or within them?

more variation within a racial group

how did farming lead to malnutrition?

most farms grow the same crop in one area (but lets say the year is too dry to produce rice, then you will have no rice = famine and less food) -humans are not evolved to eat one kind of food

what are nuclear families?

mother, father, and children

what could've caused the difference in which we say the same word "soda"?

movement from one state to the other

what is an exogamous group?

must marry outside of ur own group (marrying outside of family or clan)

are our teeth evolved to eat processed food?

no

do high prestige stores pay their workers more?

no

does religion change?

no

is animism a simple religion?

no

is class and wealth the same?

no

is marriage about love everywhere?

no

according to research, are aphasia and amusia related? how did this prove Darwin's theory of language wrong?

no -this proved darwin wrong coz people can have no ability for language but still recognize music.

is Lesotho wealthy?

no -core country

were pyramids built by slaves?

no (the people who built the pyramids were people paying taxes...basically payment of taxes was done thru labor and putting their time into things for people of higher power)

do different patterns in fingerprints have any function at all?

no but some ppl may try ti classify human into races using this even tho its unimportant and have 0 function

are there two genders?

no but we perceive it as two in western culture

can you say for sure if a skeleton is male or female based on the size of bones?

no but you can tell for sure from the pelvis (pelvis wider for women coz to facilitate birthing a child)

does Chomsky think that our ability for language is a result of natural selection?

no he thinks its random or due to neuronal reorganization (recursivity-- needed this to solve problems so language was pretty important)

what is relative objectivity?

no human can be 100% objective because we always have a way of seeing the world that is effected by culture -we can become relatively objective by being aware of our own cultural categories and trying not to project these onto other people

do we live longer today because of food production? (life expectancy)

no its coz of developments in medicine and transportation of food resources.

does body language mean the same thing across cultures?

no its interpreted differently.

is colonialism in the past?

no its still present today but in different form

does race refer to ancestry?

no only appearance

do geographically variable traits effect survival?

no the just reflect mutations that happened and can spread in an area but these can happen anywhere else.

are rituals the same as religion?

no they are just part of it

what is the difference between the human primate communication system and the non-human primate communication system?

non human primates use a call system which is a form of oral communication that uses diff sounds in response to different things in the environment like a predator approaching.

is there a wage gap between men and women with no children?

nope

were homosexuality and heterosexuality opposed in sambia?

not opposed, but were understood to be stages in a single sequence of normal male development

What is reflexivity?

not projecting ur culture on others

what is direct observation?

observe public events and photograph it and write abt it and also observe normal everyday stuff

what is marginalization?

occurs on an individual level when someone feels as if they are on the fringes or margins of their respective society. (young girls advertised with easy bake ovens which promote being a housewife)

what is polyandry?

one female, many males

what is polygyny?

one male, multiple females

what is heteronormative marriage?

one man and one women -if we look around the world there are many other diverse types of marriage practices

what si the percentage of men and women with children if they are employed as professors of engineering?

only 17 percent of the women who are full professors of engineering have children, while 82 percent of the men do.

what are the three types of ethnographic unstructured interviews?

oral history, creative interviews (an unconventional interview in that it does not follow the rules of traditional interviewing), and post-modern interviews.

what is language?

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

what is an etic?

outsider point of view

~ (kinship diagrams)

parents not cohabitating or married

Taking part in the events one is witnessing and studying is known as

participant observation

what kind of research method do ethnographers usually use?

participant-observation

what does race continue to exist if its not real?

people discriminate based on appearance, which includes not only skin color, but language, social behavior, etc.

what are some of the gender roles performed by two spirit people?

performing work and wearing clothing associated with both men and women

What is the looking glass self?

person's sense of self develops through perceptions of how others perceive us

what is culture shock?

personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life/culture

what are the drawbacks of unstructured interviews?

potential drawbacks is the loss of reliability, thereby making it more difficult to draw patterns among interviewees' responses in comparison to structured interviews

what is the exploitation phase of colonialism?

present today -British in India: Did not invade but they did lots of trading settlements and began to make alliances between certain sets of Indian rules in order to pit some leaders against each other -treated Indian as a marketplace and took advantage of this marketplace -ex: salt taxes (salt if vital to keep humans alive and it used for a variety of things like preserving meat since some countries are not wealthy enuf for refrigerator)..taxing everyone the same amount so its more expensive for poorer ppl ----british taxed salt in india which raised the price of salt in all of india -----british made it illegal in india to mine salt or collect naturally produced salt so that everyone would be forced to buy salt from people/companies that the British licensed. (money goes to british and USA) -------------Gandhi resisted this (called salt march) and all went to beach and all bent down a picked up salt which meant they broke the law but the British only arrested Gandhi coz they couldn't arrest thousands

How old is language?

prob half a million years and prob started with Homo heidelbergensis

what is assimilation?

process of becoming part of another culture (the larger culture) -changing what u do in order to fit in in society

what is the ta ta theory by sir richard paget?

proposed that language may have arisen as an unconscious, vocal imitation of specific body movements, for instance, the way my tongue sticks out when I attempt a task that leaves my thumbs-for-fingers confused, for instance trying to thread a needle, or play the guitar.

what are the seven supposed survival functions of skin color (these are not true and dont ensure survival)?

protection against rickets, frostbite, folic acid deficiency, beryllium poisoning, overheating, and overcooling

why do people in hotter areas have darker skin?

protects them against skin cancer

what does melanin help the skin against?

protects us against the sun

where did non-directive/unstructured interviews originate from?

psychotherapy

are unstructured interviews qualitative or quantitative?

qualitative

what are the two forms of data that anthropologists can collect in the field?

qualitative and quantitative data

what was race like in 20th century brazil?

race was biologized (there werent limited categories of race like in the USA)

what else did race justify besides colonialism?

ranked people and justified social, economic, and political inequalities among people.

what does the gender gap index rank countries based on?

ranks countries according to calculated gender gaps

The "second shift"

recognizes that because of gender roles, many women who work still take primary responsibility for most household chores

what are protoforms?

reconstructed words or parts of words (preceded by an asterisk to separate it from actual speech)

The Omaha tribe's system of linguistic terms for family

refers differently to maternal and paternal relatives, not making distinctions between generations on the mother's side

what is ethnicity?

refers to an ethnic group that a person identifies with or feels a part of to the exclusion of other groups

what is the environment?

refers to everything from the uterine environment to things like diet or air quality during growth and development, and throughout the life course

what is personal territory?

refers to the "bubble" of space we keep between others and ourselves.

what is the one drop rule?

refers to the convention of defining a person as racially black if he or she has any known African ancestry (if u were mixed black u were automatically black)

what is heterosexuality?

refers to the emotional and sexual attraction between men and women. (the only sexuality that is legally and socially recognized in the USA but other parts of the world are flexible with sexualities)

what does holism mean in ethnography?

refers to the fact that a culture can be best understood through the understanding of as many aspects of the cultural context as possible

what is generative grammar?

refers to the set of rules that enables us to understand sentences but of which we are usually totally unaware

where do physical and phenotypic variation come from?

reflects interactions between an individual's genome and their environment (diff head form, nose form, and dental traits)

Marx's phrase, "religion is the opiate of the people" can be interpreted to argue that

religion can be used to keep large groups out of political power and docile

what causes chronic degenerative diseases?

result of eating bad food

what often jumps to mind when people think of religion?

rituals

what is syntax?

rules that govern how words should be combined (sentence structure

how does the pronounciation of r differ by age in labovs study?

s Klein's showed no correlation with age and in macys, older participants pronounced the r, which was not expected.

what different things does Japanese bowing communicate?

s used as a greeting, a way to apologize, and a way to show respect. (how low u bow indicates the amount of respect)

which kind of newspapers did each store in labovs study advertise and why? who were they trying to attract?

sakd and macys were more likely to advertise the new york times since they were more sought out by the middle class while s klein was more likely to advertise daily news since it attracted working-class people. Saks however is the only store that does not advertise daily news coz they're trying to attract middle and upper class.

what is the difference between how saks and s klein look?

saks is more spacious and ceilings are higher and s klein is the opposite.

What is ethnocentrism?

seeing your owns belief's and values as the only truth and right way (everyone else is wrong but me)

what is probing?

seeking additional information from a speaker by asking questions -This nature of conversation allows for spontaneity and for questions to develop during the course of the interview, which are based on the interviewees' responses

what lead to the discover of different blood types?

serological research

what is the difference between sex and gender?

sex is the anatomy of an individuals reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics while gender refers to either social roles based on the sex of a person or their gender identity.

what are skin, eye and hair color important for if they are not important for survival?

sexual selection

what si an ethnic group?

shares similar values and norms defined by such things as language (e.g., Hispanics), geography (e.g., Somalis), religion (e.g., Jews), or race (see discussion of race below)

which skeletal features do forensic anthropologists mainly focus on when trying to identify a body?

skull features, dental characteristics, and subcranial bone sizes and shapes, that vary from individual to individual and from population to population

In horticulture, "shifting cultivation" is also known as

slash and burn

what is an agglutinative language?

so the word hóabãsiriga means "I do not know how to write." Hóabãsiriga has multiple morphemes each of which contribute to the word's meaning.

What is the World Health Organization's (WHO) definition of gender roles?

socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women

what is public space defined as in the US?

somewhere between twelve to twenty-five feet, and is generally adhered to in public speaking situations

what are retentions?

sounds that go back to the common ancestor of related languages

how does darwin think language originated?

speculating that spoken language may have arisen from our ability to produce song

what is a protolanguage?

spoken reconstructed language from which modern languages derived

When seals rise chest-high in the water, snout pointed skyward, not going anywhere in particular, it indicates _______________ weather (according to the inupiaq

stable -But if they surface briefly, head low, snout par allel to the water, and show themselves oniv once or twice, watch for a sudden storm

what is the archeology of African diaspora?

studies people of african descent - the deliberate use of material culture to interpret african American life

What is entomology? how does this help u figure out the time of death?

study of insects -this helps us figure out time of death coz it looks at the relationship between decompositions and insects.

what is statistical sampling?

studying a small sample of people that can represent the whole population

what does forensic anthropology focus on studying?

studying the human skeleton and uses techniques of physical anthropology in order to analyze human remains in order to solve crimes.

why should we strive to be anti-racist instead of striving to be not racist?

supporting organizations against equity -not racist is a term of denial

what are attested languages?

surviving records of a language

eventually, humans evolved to become lighter like twice. t or f?

t

registers come with focal vocabularies. what are focal vocabularies?

terms unique to a certain context

according to chomsky, what is the reason why children can easily master language at a young age?

that they have innate knowledge of certain principles that guide them in developing the grammar of their language. In other words, Chomsky's theory is that language learning is facilitated by a predisposition that our brains have for certain structures of language.

many argue that race became a thing around..

the 18th century

what is productivity?

the ability to create an infinite range of understandable expressions from a finite set of rules

what is productivity in language?

the ability to create new elements of language and yet be understood

what is displacement in language?

the ability to talk about things that are not present

What is acculturation?

the blending of two or more cultures

An examination of racial classifications from around the world indicates that

the classification of racial types is an arbitrary, culturally specific process.

what differences was William Labov trying to look at in his experiment with pronunciation?

the difference in pronunciation and speech patterns among people from different social classes. -conducted in new york at three diff department stores: Saks, Macy's, and s. klein

Chomsky's argument against a behaviorist view of language and for a universal grammar centered on

the fact that every new sentence can be a completely new combination of individual words and yet be understood

who is frank Hamilton cushing?

the father of participant observation -studied zuni people and did participant observation for many years -the zuni were not accepting of him coz they often did not have good experiences from white people coz they often wanted smth from them

how did the norman conquest change the english language?

the french took many English people out of power so much of the English language became pretty similar to french

What is participant observation?

the hallmark method of anthropology. We do not just observe other people in our attempts to understand them. We join in. Only then can we move closer to their experience and understand them with depth and detail

what is holism?

the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of the individual parts

what is aphasia?

the loss of language

in most relationships, who has more power? Male or female?

the male

what is the ego in a kinship diagram?

the person that the kinship diagram is centered around

What is cultural relativism?

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards and not the standards of your own. the opposite of ethnocentrism

what is multiculturalism?

the presence of, or support for the presence of, several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society. -people seek out opportunities to be and experiences other cultures in their area.

The surprising results Labov reported about age, he suggested were based on

the rise of midwestern r-ful prestige dialect over New England r-less prestige dialect

what is eugenics?

the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics

what is anthropometry?

the science of recording measurements of various parts of the human body (looks for general biological traits in a population and morphological differences. -dna and fingerprints

what is ethnography?

the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures. -This genre of writing uses detailed first-hand written descriptions of a culture based on first-hand research in the field -reflects holism

what is one mutation that helped adapt human to their climate in order to help them survive malaria in a certain area?

the sickle cell gene (no present in places without malaria)

What is semantics?

the study of meaning in language

What is the White Man's Burden?

the task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the black inhabitants of their colonies coz they are better at governing so they feel obligated to govern others

what is gender stratification? ex

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women -womens job are less valued coz they are associated with domesticity -EX- UNEQUAL PAY

according to Neiteler, what is speaking English fluently associated with?

the upper class, thus people may be shy and more polite around u

what does it mean to marry white?

the way that white people marry

what are patrilocal families?

the women moves into her husbands family home and his family will obtain her labor that her initial family would lose thus bridewealth is necessary of the man taking her away

can a person be racist or is it their action?

their actions

how does language start fires?

there are some words like "empty" leave people thinking that cigarettes can be thrown on the floor coz they are not explosive or hazardous but they are and can cause fires.

gender is dichotomous and hierarchical. what does this mean?

there is a gender binary and one gender is seen as better than the other or more superior.

why do men rarely receive benefits of paternity leave?

they are assumed to be the primary breadwinner

what are cousins to Hawaiians?

they are like siblings while to us we are not as expected to be close with our cousins

what is the financial cost of a women leaving work to care for kids?

they become financially dependent and becomes hard to leave their husband if they need to.

why are opened ended questions beneficial?

they encourage the interviewee to bring in unanticipated info

if couples do not purposely divide house chores the way they do why are they divided the way they are?

they rationalize and make excuses like: women are better at household work, and another excuse is that men's jobs are more demanding.

what was the purpose of the pyramids? (giza)

they were tombs/burials for the pharaoh (for one person) -built by about 13 million people and took several days -pyramids are a symbol of social power and a religious element and a sign of religious power *basically u have to have a lot of money and power to get so many people to go along with building these pyramids)

how do women who left their job maintain their status?

they would associate their status with their husbands (so if ur husband has a good job then u become of higher status)

why did marx comes up with marxism?

thought it was weird that poor people were ok with being control by a small number of wealthy people coz no one was forcing them to and they would not be shot for not doing what they were told

how do people in iran view family?

thru blood, marriage, milk kinship, and by eating together (eating together fixes family problems and builds healthy relationships)

what is perimortem?

time of death (u can actually figure these things out by examining a skeleton)

why was race invented?

to justify colonialism, enslavement and belittlement of certain groups of people.

what are polygenic traits?

traits controlled by two or more genes

what does ethnosemantics anthropologists understand?

understand how people perceive, define, and classify their world

why does hiring other women to take care of a child a stressful thing for working moms?

ur putting them in the hands of a stranger and some do not feel it is right to hire women to take care of ur own kids while leaving their own behind.

Whorf argues that the fact that in SAE nouns referring to times or cycles are treated the same way as any other noun, and this causes

us to think about time as objectified and treat it as linear, like space

what is social space?

used between business associates and social space such as bus stops, varies between four and ten feet.

how do we reconstruct languages of the past that we have no documentation of?

using modern language and looking for similarities between them

every language has lexicon. what is lexicon?

vocabulary

sand paintings

were believed to hold healing powers. (Hopi) -made of diff colors of sand -not permanent and only exist for ceremonies.. blown away by the wind

What were British virgin island marriages like in the 18th century?

when 2 people marry, two people become one person and that person becomes the man legally (women see to exist when they are married) -women who didn't marry were ostracized and seen as witches -marriage brings family connections -marriage not about love.. the place was economically difficult

what is hypodescent?

when 2 people of diff statuses in a society have a child, there are questions abt what the status of the child will be (child would have lower status in hypo descent by higher status in HYPERdescent)

what is domestication?

when plants and animals are modified on a genetic level thru their interactions with humans

Koko, a western lowland gorilla has demonstrated linguistic displacement. what does this mean?

which is the ability to talk about things that are not present or even real, by signing for her kitten when it was not present. **She also displayed mourning behavior after being told that actor and comedian Robin Williams died**

what is a morphology in language?

which is the grammatical category of analysis concerned with how sounds, or phonemes, are combined.

Anthropologists are particularly interested in ethnosemantics. what is ethnosemantics?

which is the study of semantics (meaning of language) within a specific cultural context

do two spirit men often have sexual relations with men or women?

women

how many hours of housework do women do a week on avg compared to men?

women: 27 hours men: 16 hours

most of the growth that came after world war 2 is because of..

womens participation in the labor force

what are upgraders? (direct cultures in criticism)

words preceding or following negative feedback that make it feel stronger, such as absolutely, totally, or strongly: "This is absolutely inappropriate," or "This is totally unprofessional."

what are downgraders? (indirect cultures in criticism)

words that soften the criticism, such as kind of, sort of, a little, a bit, maybe, and slightly.

what kinds of people do forensic anthropologists work with?

work closely with individuals in law enforcement and medical science—and especially with specialists in ballistics, explosives, pathology, serology (the study of blood and bodily fluids), and toxicology—and are often expert witnesses in murder trials.

what has linguistic data been used to examine?

worldview, migration patterns, origins of peoples, etc.

is biology baised?

yah its supposed to be fully objective but some biological concepts of race have cultural stereotypes, biases and ethnocentric view embedded in them.

Did Neanderthals bury their dead?

yes

Neanderthal fossils, like modern humans, provide evidence of an enlarged canal, suggesting that Neanderthals were also capable of the voluntary control of breathing, a pre-requisite for speech is this statement true?

yes

are immigrants raciliazed?

yes

are many women today leaving work in order to become at home moms?

yes

are probe questions open ended in unstructured interviews?

yes

are there lesbian marriages in Bantu?

yes

can you change your race?

yes

darker skin-colored people staying away from uv b radiation end up with less vitamin d

yes

did early humans interbreed with neanderthals from Europe?

yes

do hijras face violence and discrimination?

yes

does biological diversity decrease in populations located further from Africa?

yes

does language change with time?

yes

does the idea of race origin assume that human beings can be separated into biologically distinct races?

yes

is language related to social roles in society?

yes

is productivity habitual?

yes

is race associated with economic status?

yes

language is a marker of our identity and where we grew up.

yes

was washoe able to teach her children sign language with any human assistance?

yes

are different cultures taught to give negative feedback differently?

yes -The Chinese manager learns never to criticize a colleague openly or in front of others, while the Dutch manager learns always to be honest and to give the message straight. Americans are trained to wrap positive messages around negative ones, while the French are trained to criticize passionately and provide positive feedback sparingly.

can other things have spirits or souls according to animism?

yes -bears -plants -mountains -trees -forests (beliefs of animism vary tho so not all believers of animism believe all these things have a soul)

is it hard for women to return to work after taking time off to care for kids?

yes -if u dont practice long enuf cant go back to same job and some women end up wanting to start their own business of go into childcare.

is religion connected with other aspects of our life like food, gender, kinship?

yes (Egypt paying taxes thru labor, handsome lake changed their lives, iroquois)

did hunter-gatherers spend less time getting enuf food for their families compared to farmers?

yes (like 15 hours a week) while farmers do more work

are Singaporean English speakers beginning to pronounce their Rs now?

yes (linked to higher education and socioeconomic status)

is there hierarchy in kinship?

yes and violence

can the size of pelvis tell us ones sex?

yes bigger pelvis usually is for men esp with a narrower subpelvic opening

did many scientists back then try to connect skin color with temperament?

yes but they are not related at all

do people in France welcome immigrants?

yes but they want u to be French and not to retain ur culture or ethnicity

did teosinte change over time?

yes coz of how humans interacted with them (its legit corn) -changed to grow larger than it used to

is asexuality seen as a disorder?

yes its been seen as a disorder for the longest time even today -a drug named sprout came out at one point to create sexual desire in asexuals

have women gained more power in the USA over time?

yes many of them do men's jobs now and also have positions in govt

did Neanderthals produce material culture?

yes there is some evidence of it which cud suggest that they were also capable of speech

can you change ur ethnicity?

yes u can become a diff type of community

Are farming practices connected to religion?

yes u cannot take something from the land without thanks (objects have their own spirit and its rude to just steal them) -not cutting down all the trees -not littering

is ur health a result of individual choices?

yes u choose what u put into ur body

what is an endogamous group?

you must marry inside the group (marrying in religion)

did the younger or older people at saks pronounce their R more?

younger

what are lineages?

your connection to a de\scent group is based on demonstrated descent

how did people try to explain the concept of dreams?

your in a landscape probably gathering resources and all of a sudden u wake up in ur bed and find out u were sleeping the whole time and not gathering resources. this is explained thru the concept of the soul which originated in animism.

what are some technologies that eskimos made?

—kayaks, harpoons,skin clothing, snow houses, dog teams