anth final exam

Which of the following does not describe a sociocultural construction? a. norms relating to the roles of women b. the genetic relatedness of family members c. rules defining kinship relationships and obligations d. rules pertaining to individuals being assigned to racial categories

b. the genetic relatedness of family members

Which term describes the marriage of one woman to more than one man at the same time? a. matriarchy b. polygyny c. polyandry d. serial monogamy

c. polyandry

What theory did Claude Levi-Strauss use to analyze myth? a. hierophany b. communitas c. structuralism d. law of similarity

c. structuralism

Which term refers to the belief that god can't be known and therefore skepticism is appropriate? a. agnosticism b. atheism c. paganism d. shamanism

a. agnosticism

If Native American tribes don't change their current tribal membership requirements, what could happen in the future? a. They may no longer be eligible to receive federal aid. b. Some tribes may cease to exist due to decreasing numbers of full-blooded members. c. Some tribes may face challenges as more and more members move to reservations. d. The number of individuals claiming membership may increase sharply.

b. Some tribes may cease to exist due to decreasing numbers of full-blooded members.

Which individual could be described as a priest? a. a shaman conducting a healing ceremony b. a full-time practitioner of a state religion c. an ancestor spirit appealed to for good fortune d. a part-time practitioner of magic

b. a full-time practitioner of a state religion

Which of the following BEST describe the way gender is presented in the text? a. an outdated idea about human difference that has been replaced with contemporary understanding regarding individual differences b. a powerful sociocultural construct embedded in social practices and institutions c. a means of assigning roles and obligations that is remarkably similar across human cultures d. an imagined identity not recognized by certain cultures under certain circumstances

b. a powerful sociocultural construct embedded in social practices and institutions

What are petroglyphs? a. paintings found on pottery b. drawings that are carved into rock c. patterns of face and body painting d. traditional canoe-building techniques

b. drawings that are carved into rock

What were the "Fish Wars"? a. violent conflicts between different tribes over the right to fish in certain areas b. political and legal battles over whether Indigenous peoples had the right to fish in their usual locations c. a protest movement against the treatment of Indigenous peoples in the 1970s d. a series of over 700 lawsuits brought by tribal nations against the federal government

b. political and legal battles over whether Indigenous peoples had the right to fish in their usual locations

What is considered to be the most important source for understanding Native philosophy and traditions? a. ethnographic documentation b. visual anthropology c. origin myths d. the elders of a tribe

d. the elders of a tribe

Which statement is true regarding the role of kinship in solving problems in everyday life? a. in smaller societies with low populations, kinship plays a significant role b. kinship plays a larger role in larger societies than in smaller societies c. in smaller societies with high populations, kinship plays a minor role d. in large societies with high populations, kinship often plays no role

a. in smaller societies with low populations, kinship plays a significant role

What is meant by the term polytheistic religion? a. a religion that worships Earth spirits or guardian spirits b. a religion that recognizes multiple gods and goddesses c. a religion that recognizes only a single named god or goddess d. a religion that attributes power to a unifying, unnamed spirit or force

b. a religion that recognizes multiple gods and goddesses

Which term describes the belief that everything in the natural world has a spirit? a. polytheism b. animism c. anthropomorphism d. paganism

b. animism

Which term describes the marriage of one man to more than one woman at the same time? a. matriarchy b. polygyny c. polyandry d. serial monogamy

b. polygyny

Which of these groups of people would NOT be considered a family? a. a woman who never married who lives next door to her widowed mother b. two friends that share a home and co-own a business c. a married couple of the same sex who are raising a child d. a single woman with an adopted child

b. two friends that share a home and co-own a business

Which is meant by the term monotheistic religion? a. a religion that worships Earth spirits or guardian spirits b. a religion that recognizes multiple gods and goddesses c. a religion that recognizes only a single named god or goddess d. a religion that attributes power to a unifying, unnamed spirit or force

c. a religion that recognizes only a single named god or goddess

Which belief denies the existence of a god or multiple gods? a. agnosticism b. paganism c. atheism d. shamanism

c. atheism

What is the name for material value that a bride brings into her marriage? a. potlatch b. arranged marriage c. dowry d. bride wealth

c. dowry

Which of the following is NOT an example of othering? a. the growth of Native Studies programs at the university level b. not considering a job candidate because they come from a different cultural background than the interviewer c. police giving more attention to murder cases in which the victim is White d. women receiving less pay than men for the same job

a. the growth of Native Studies programs at the university level

Which of the following is an example of a blended family? a. two widowed individuals with children who marry b. a married couple and each of their in-laws c. a married couple who has six or more children d. a young adult who takes in and cares for their grandmother

a. two widowed individuals with children who marry

Which statement in NOT true in kinship systems? a. cultural definitions regarding specific kinship relationships vary widely b. cross-culturally, biology defines who one's closest relatives are c. all cultures have some system for determining kinship d. kinship creates a network of relationships between individuals

b. cross-culturally, biology defines who one's closest relatives are

Which statement is true of animism? a. it is a system of religion in which people choose a specific animal deity to guide their community b. it is a worldview in which spiritual agency is assigned to all things c. it is believed to be one of the newer forms of religion, developing after monotheism d. it is a form of spiritual healing in which humans are understood to take on animal characteristics

b. it is a worldview in which spiritual agency is assigned to all things

Which of the following is NOT considered a likely outcome of the loss of an Indigenous language? a. loss of tribal identity b. loss of permits to run casinos c. loss of traditional lifeways and customs d. loss of the ability for tribal members to communicate with their ancestors

b. loss of permits to run casinos

Which statement is NOT supported by recent findings of feminist researchers? a. the gendered division of labor in gathering-hunting societies is flexible. b. meat obtained by male hunters was the primary source of calories for members of preagricultural cultures. c. early hominids were omnivorous, eating a wide variety of foods. d. gathering contributes far more to the diets of contemporary gathering-hunting societies than hunting does.

b. meat obtained by male hunters was the primary source of calories for members of preagricultural cultures.

What did studies in the 1980s reveal about nonhuman primate social organization? a. that male competition is key to keeping nonhuman primate groups together b. that nonhuman primate females are at the center of their social groups c. that nonhuman primate females are generally passive and marginal d. that nonhuman primate females will mate only with dominant males

b. that nonhuman primate females are at the center of their social groups

What did anthropologist Michelle Rosaldo argue was one of the primary causes of the marginalization of women? a. the demands made on women's times and bodies by raising large families b. the division of sociocultural life into public and private spheres between the workplace and the home c. limited access to education d. lower average wages and being locked out of certain professions

b. the division of sociocultural life into public and private spheres between the workplace and the home

Sexual dimorphism is defined as which of the following? a. romantic relationships involving more than two individuals b. the exhibition of different characteristics by males and females of the same species c. gender systems that recognize only two identities: male and female d. cultures that hold individuals to strict gender-based norms

b. the exhibition of different characteristics by males and females of the same species

Which of the following would NOT likely be a cause for concern among tribal scholars? a. ethnographic field notes that are based on biased research practices b. the practice of collaborating with elders when conducting research c. the translation of oral traditions into written language d. a tendency for some anthropologists to alter their findings to fit stereotypical notions

b. the practice of collaborating with elders when conducting research

Which aspect of Native culture is believed to be under the most threat? a. oral traditions b. traditional dances and rituals c. hunting and fishing practices d. Native languages

c. hunting and fishing practices

Which description BEST defines sexual orientation? a. biological categories of male, female, and intersex b. erotic thoughts, desires, and practices and the sociocultural identities associated with them c. sociocultural identities associated with specific forms of sexuality d. cultural roles associated with the biological categories of male and female

c. sociocultural identities associated with specific forms of sexuality

What is meant by the term gender essentialism? a. the hypothesis that gender roles are universal and consistent across cultures b. laws that legalize the domination of one gender over another c. the idea that gender-based traits are deep and consequential d. the degree to which genders are or are not valued equally by a culture

c. the idea that gender-based traits are deep and consequential

How did anthropologist Clifford Geertz define religion? a. Geertz viewed religion as an evolutionary process that became more complex over time b. Geertz saw religion as largely governed by the mythologies and stories of a culture c. Geertz took an empirical approach that identified the structure and function of religion d. Geertz defined religion as a system of symbols that established powerful and pervasive emotions that united people who shared the same worldview

d. Geertz defined religion as a system of symbols that established powerful and pervasive emotions that united people who shared the same worldview

What claim has been made by archaeologist Marija Gimbutas? a. The original understanding of the Christian God included both male and female attributes. b. Matriarchal societies were dominated nu powerful women warriors responsible for the domestication of horses. c. Matriarchy is an ideology and not a practice. d. Matriarchy was an original form of human social organization later replaced by patriarchal societies.

d. Matriarchy was an original form of human social organization later replaced by patriarchal societies.

Which of the following is NOT an example of an extended family? a. a polygamous family with multiple spouses and children living together b. a person living with their aunt and uncle while enrolled in university c. three generations of grandparents, parents, and children living together d. a married couple living with their two children

d. a married couple living with their two children

Which description BEST defines health? a. a state of being free of disease b. adherence with social standards for wellness c. alliance with established metrics for biological fitness d. a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

d. a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

Which term describes the transfer of material and symbolic value from a groom to the bride's family? a. potlatch b. arranged marriage c. dowry d. bride wealth

d. bride wealth

Which description BEST defines gender? a. biological categories of male, female, and intersex b. erotic thoughts, desires, and practices and the sociocultural identities associated with them c. sociocultural identities associated with specific forms of sexuality d. cultural roles associated with the biological categories of male and female

d. cultural roles associated with the biological categories of male and female

What is NOT another term for Indigenous peoples? a. Native people b. tribal people c. First Nations d. immigrant populations

d. immigrant populations

What is the name for a sacred energy field that can adhere for varying periods of time to people, animate objects, and inanimate objects? a. laying on of hands b. shamanism c. spirit d. mana

d. mana

What did Margaret Mead observe in her research in New Guinea? a. that men were consistently more violent and aggressive than women in all societies studied b. that men were assumed to be happier and more powerful in all cultures studied c. that both men and women were passive and mild tempered in all cultures she observed d. the gender roles and expectations varied greatly from one culture to the next

d. the gender roles and expectations varied greatly from one culture to the next