Anth&206 Final

Fields notes are

1. An essential tool when doing ethnographic research 2. The primary record of ones ethnographic observations 3. Commonly worked on by an anthropologist for several hours a day when conducting ethnographic research.

All humans were forager until approximately

10,000 years ago

A comparative study of many cultures is called

Ethnology

Focal vocabularies are found only in non-western societies True or False

False

Horticulture makes intensive use of

1) Land 2)Labor 3) capital 4)NONE OF THESE ARE CORRCET

The standard variety of a language is typically the language

1) Taught in the educational system 2) That is associated with the upper-class group of the society 3) Is used as the "normal" way to communicate in the media

The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologist because

1) The are economically significant in market-based economies 2) the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies 3) Reciprocity is deeply embedded in social relations

According to anthropologist, economies are shaped by which factors?

1) the decisions people make 2) Social relationships 3)culture and morality

An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize.

1. A commitment to doing no harm 2. the rejection of clandestine research 3. responsibilities toward the host country and the people you are studying.

____ is a diet based on a wide range of food resources

Broad spectrum diet

The insider view of a culture is called the _____perspective

Emic

Viewing a foreign culture as savage and primitive is an example of.

Ethnocentrism

Anthropologist only rely on formal interviews for data because informal conversations are so important or part of the official ethnographic record. True or False

False

Focal vocabularies describe general words and phrases that are NOT specific to any particular group. True or False

False

Redistribution is an economic exchange system based on equitable exchange between individuals closely related to each other True or False

False

The culture evolution paradigm argued that is was important at the diversity (such as gender, race, class) of each society in its own particular context True or False

False

nonhuman primates call systems demonstrate linguistic productivity, combining calls to produce new expressions. True or False

False

Agriculture intensification is not associated with

Greater ecological diversity

Redistribution

Is a type of exchange system that include examples such as taxes or the national blood bank.

The style of ethnography in which the anthropologist puts his or her personal feelings and reactions to the field situation into the text is called a reflexive ethnography. In this type of ethnographic work the feelings, background, and experiences of the ethnographer is referred to as their

Positionality

Foods that form the backbone of the subsistence systems by providing the majority of calories a society consumers care called

Staple crops

______is the term used to describe how colonialist often saw their mission as civilizing "savages" or in some cases classifying groups into their perceived hierarchy, including those individuals thought by colonialist to be biologically intended for servitude (to be servants).

The whites man's burden

An environmental determinst perspective views all human adaptation and innovation as being created from the need to respond to environmental conditions. True or False

True

Anthropologists often rely on both unstructured, casual conversations, as well as formal interviews for ethnographic data. True or False

True

The economic system of reciprocity shows not only economic exchanges but also highlights the importance of social relationships. True or False

True

_____ is a language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two speakers-children grow up speaking this complex languages

a creole

Animal call systems

can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli

The human diet is

omnivorous

_____ refers to the structure of speech sounds

phonology

What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argue?

the languages people speak influence the way they think

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologist is to

the people or species they study.

One of the significant contributions of Margaret Mead was

Her research documenting that variation ideas about men and women cross-culturally.

In generalized reciprocity

The individuals participating in this type of exchange give something to someone else but expect nothing in immediate return.

Using life history interviews, researchers are able to.

Understand how a persons age affects his or her role in the community

In which of the following locations would you find an anthropologist doing field work

1. A factory 2. a mental institution 3. A New York City neighborhood 4. The amazon rain forest

The sub field of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition is called.

1. Biological anthropology

Which of the following is contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language

1. Colonialism 2, globalization 3. immigration

Traditional ecological knowledge is not well known in the West because

1. It is often Shared in logical languages some species and ecological interactions exist only one place 2. Westerners often don't value this type of knowledge 3. Some species and ecological interaction exist in only one place

Ethical guidelines for an anthropogosist incude

1. No harm 2. To ensure the privacy of research participants when appropriate 3. To make their results accessible to their informants and other researchers.

Enthocentrism

1. Presents a major problem for anthropologists 2. means you think your culture is superior to others 3. is a common feature of culture

What kind of data might anthropologist gather from doing interviews

1. terms for biological species 2. details about court cases 3.Life histories

A key principle of the holistic perceptive developed by Franz Boas is

A goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience.

Classic ethnographies, like those of Malinowski, tend to focus on

A holistic view of all aspects of a culture

Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned

American Sign Language

A close friend helped you move your resident last year. This year , your friend calls you to let you know they are moving houses and would like your help. This is an example of.___

Balanced reciprocity

The subfeild of anthroplpgy that studies human diveristy, beliefs, and practices is called

Cultural Anthropology

This theoretical school was known to have organized societies along a scale of complexity ranging form savage to civilized:

Cultural Evolution

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is.

Cultural Relativism

Which of the following is a characteristic of most foraging societies

Egalitarianism

Agricultural societies are typically egalitarian. True or False

False

All human nonverbal communication is instinctive and thus not influenced by culture True or False

False

Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologist understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do. True or False

False

The Culture Evolution paradigm put forth the concept of neoevolution, whereby societies progress through a series of set stages called bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states. True or False

False

The practical use of anthropological knowledge to address real-world problems is known as engaged anthropology. True or False

False

Anthropological fieldwork (ethnographic research) is not impacted by the researchers theoretical orientation True or False

Fasle

Cultural rules against the preparation and/or consumption of certain foods are referred to be anthropologist as.

Food taboos

Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?

Foraging

Which anthropologist is credited with highlighting the importance of Cultural Relativism and Historical Particularism in American Anthropology

Franz Boas

Which method would be heavily utilized when doing a study on the genetic propensity for cancer in a giving population.

Genealogical method.

When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in

Generalized reciprocity

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety and understand the interconnections is called

Holistic

The US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in India schools has contributed most profoundly to

Language death

When there are a variety of single word forms to express the same or a very similar concept (such as multiple words to describe different types of seals). That concept has been

Lexicalized

Which method is important for understanding past social institutions and how they change, as well as the major changes and events that have impacted the community

Life histories

Which of the anthropologist listed below was part of an anthropological paradigm that focused on the relationship between individual development of personalities and the culture context and enculturation of identify formation

Margaret Mead

The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent diversion of those goods among members of society is called.

Redistribution

In negative reciprocity

The individuals participation in this type of exchange do no know each other and attempt to get the best deal possible from the exchange.

In balanced recipocity

The individuals participation in this type of exchange give something to know relatives or kin members and expect something equivalent in return relatively soon thereafter.

Transhumance is

The type of pastoral economy in which only part of the group moves seasonally with the animals.

Nomadism is

The type of pastoral economy in which the entire group moves with the animals throughout the year

Which of the following is a characteristics shared by most present -day foragers

They are often impacted by government decisions and regulations

The concept that cultures need to be described in as much detail as possible so that readers can create their own interpretations of events is known as

Thick Description

In a materialsit perspective of society the econmic base( how you feed yourself) is seen to strongly influecne (or in some cases determine) how cultures organise their groups socially and politically and their ideological views. True or Fasle

True

The process of learning culture from a very young age and throughout life is called

enculturation

Standard language ideology is

the variety or dialect of a language that is considered proper or correct and affords its speakers greater overt prestige