ANTHRO #1

inherit rank from mom, youngest to oldest ranked, dominance among females

"Youngest Ascendancy rule"

explicit reconciliation used by stump-tail macaques to reconcile

"hold-bottom ritual"

hypothesis by Aureli and De waal 1997; function is to repair relationships, and importance of relationships quality and valuable because important positive fitness benefits they are more likely to reconcile

"valuable relationship"

study of responses of animals to their evolutionary perspectives, combines interest in proximate and ultimate cause; primary theoretical framework used in field primatology

Behavioral ecology

the area where the animal is usually confined to

Home Range

form of research done in large provisioned colonies/ open movement patterns, often provided with food

Semi-free ranging studies

color variations between male-female

Sexual Dichromatism:

size differences between females and males

Sexual Dimorphism

one of the founding fathers of biological anthro, stressed studying them in their natural habitat, can trace riley back to him

Sherwood Washburn:

baboons in Kenya, important female roles, not all about aggression, importance of friendships

Shirley Strum

size, composition, dispersal patterns

Social Organization:

pattern of social interactions and resulting relationships of group members

Social Structure:

how ecological variables shape social organization and structure

Socioecology:

depth perception, overlapping fields of vision, depth perception

Stereoscopic vision:

What is the primary theoretical framework used in field primatology? (Behavioral ecology)

Study of the responses of animals to their environment from an evolutionary perspective by studying the effect of ecological/environmental variables on behavior 1) Ranging Behavior: how they move across space 2) Activity Budgets: how they allocate time across activities 3) Food and Behavior: effects of diet on activity 4) Social Behavior: being with others, social organization and social structure

owl monkey

The nocturnal monkey

under tree branches, slow quadrumanual, brachiation, long forelimbs and fingers are long and curved

Suspensory locomotion:

"eye shine", cleaar layer in the eye to see better at night, allows them to see at night

Tapetum Lucidum:

means orderly biological diversity, rationale used to classify, analyzes evolutionary relationships; carl linnaeus

Taxonomy:

identifies all primates as social organisms that greatly depend on learned behavior for their survival, set of traits and general tendencies and include 3 categories= morphological traits, life history patterns, and sociality and flexibility

The Primate Pattern

How has the field of primatology developed over time?

-1930s-20s: (rich description and catalog behavior) robert yekes, Great Apes, in captivity but saw need for field research & Ray Carpenter 1st long term project with howler monkeys - 1930s-1940s: hiatus -1950s-1960s: natural history phase, growing interest in anthro with Washburn and Leakey -Late 60s-early 70s: beyond description, first look unto ecology and behavior with crook & Gartlar -1970s-1980s: method and theory phase with major transformation, systematic sampling, incorporation of theory and why

British paleontologist, human evolution, studied great apes to better understand human evolution

Louis Leakey :

What do primates feed their bodies?

1) Insectivory 2) Gummivory 3) Frugivory 4) Folivory

How do primates move about their environment (locomotion)?

1) Quadrupedalism: 4 legs most common, terrestrial, limbs equal length, long limbs and short fingers, variations= Digitigrade, knuckle walking, fist walking, arboreal quadrupeds 2) Vertical clingers and leapers: long powerful hindlimbs 3) Suspensory Locomotion: under tree branches, slow quadrumanual, brachiation, morphology= long forelimbs and fingers are long and curved

how primates spend their energy

Activity Budgets

physical act(or threat of action) that could or does cause harm, 1) no physical contact 2)chasing 3) physical contact and possible injury, mechanism of control include dominance hierarchy and reconciliation

Aggression:

any activity related to aggression, ex: retreat, submission, displacement

Agonism:

that the natal coat color of a baby, encourages the females to care, makes them more attractive to other females and elicit protective behavior

Alloparental hypothesis

cluster of related females

Matriline

similar structure and share a common ancestor

Analogous

trait that was passed down from a common ancestor

Ancestral Trait

goals of anthro primatology 1) elucidate human origins using a comparative approach(anatomy, physiology, and behavior) 2) human=primate interface 3) Applied primatology

Anthropological Primatology

is the scientific study of the origins of humans, how we have changed over the years, and how we relate to each other, both within our own culture and with people from other cultures., study of human condition

Anthropology

not a research goal necessarily, but it used by many primatologists to study behavior and informs the about captive management and conservation

Applied Primatology:

tree living

Arboreal:

common in old world monkeys

Bilophodont Molar Pattern:

coordinating both eyes to see one thing, forward facing eyes, allows for depth, haplorhines

Binocular vision:

reproductive capability, if organisms breed naturally and produce fertile offspring=same species

Biological Species Concept

studied orangs in tanjung puting reserve

Birute Galdikas:

the scapula(shoulder blades) are angled in a what that allows the primates to move in a way that resembles a human child playing on the monkey bars

Brachiation:

zoos, breeding, facilities, laboratories--->controlled environment, form or research used by psychologists and biologists; Pros= observability, control environment, manipulate, easier access; Cons= observing what they are capable of, not what's typical

Captive Studies

Where do we study them? (3 research settings)

Captive studies: zoo, labs. And field setting. Semi-free ranging: large provisioned colonies; open movement patterns Field setting: Native habitats, free-ranging

Swedish botanist(binomial nomenclature= given two latin names, genus and species ex: homo sapiens); invented the tradtional system

Carolus Linnaeus

active during the day

Cathemeral:???

colobines store food for later and possibly break it down white it sits, cercopithecines, pre digestive role by amylase concentration, retrieve retreat feeding pattern by reducing feeding competition

Cheek Pouches:

analyzes evolutionary relationships using homologous traits that show shared ancestry, modern taxonomy system

Cladistics

mental representation of environment

Cognitive Maps:

lace where they spend the most time at

Core Area:

categorize primates based on group size, activity, habitual, first to look at link between ecology and behavior, 1966

Crook & Gartlan:

on-going and un-finished, largely quantitative, qualitative problem oriented, seeing interactions between humans and apes

Current Primatology State:

how far they travel in certain paths

Daily Path Lengths:

range that primates spend their day

Day Range

found in lemurs and lorises; used for grooming; derived trait

Dental Comb:

2.1.2.3; NW Monkeys= 2.1.3.3; general mammalia= 3.1.4.3, number for each kind of tooth in one quadrant of the mouth

Dental formula: Humans

traits that were not passed down from a common ancestor

Derived Trait:

can only see blues and greens, ex: lemurs

Dichromatic vision

teeth & guts

Dietary adaptations

Why do we see variation in coat color?

Different ages and differences between the sexes

walking on digits/fingers, variation of quadrupedalism

Digtigrady:

"selfish herd" one of many

Dilution effect:

how individuals move between groups, form of social organization

Dispersal:

active during the day

Diurnal: ????

a pattern of differential access to resources

Dominance

individuals are ranked relative to others, shows who is the alpha and beta in both females and males

Dominance Hierarchy:

Rigid vs. Relative?

Dominance Style:

the region that gives species is native too

Endemic:

behavior is also subject to natural selection, selected and is subject and impacts ability to survive and reproduce

Evolutionary Theory:

conspicuous behaviors, rarely used in other contexts, ex: stump-tail macaque with hold-bottom ritual

Explicit Reconciliation:

still existing; surviving not extinct

Extant

form of research done in original/ native habitats, free-ranging; suitable topics for ecology, feeding, behavior, ranging, and social behavior; Pros= they are being observed in their natural habitat so their behavior that is exhibited allows for higher generalization about the species as a whole; Cons= human primate disease transmission is very dangerous for non-human primate, dangerous terrain, civil unrest int eh area, human effect on primate behavior

Field Studies:

eats plants, diet of foliage, high in protein but not easily accessible, teeth high cusps and sharply angled blades

Folivory:

patchy, evenly dispersed, randomly scattered

Food Distribution Spatial:

affects food availability, just after raining season food= abundant

Food Distribution Temporal:

eats fruits, orangutans, high in calories but low in protein, leaves and seeds, teeth long incisors and low molars

Frugivory:

period from fertilization to birth, amount of time in the womb(pregnancy) longer for primates than other species

Gestation:

Chimps, gorillas, orangs

Great Apes:

form of predator detection and protection

Group Mobbing

diet of tree gum like saps, high energy, teeth strong elongated incisors

Gummivory:

similar structure in an animal but does not have an common ancestor

Homologous

more recent goal of anthropology, observing how humans and primates interact with eachother; ex: macaques in Malaysia picking coconuts for humans

Human-Primate interface:

affiliative behavior used in other contexts; ex. grooming, body contact, proximity

Implicit Reconciliation:

adaptive significance of leaving a natal group

Inbreeding Avoidance:

eats insects; small bodied primates, quick energy teeth high and pointed cusps

Insectivory

Began in social anthro, saw them as models of human ancestry, key findings was male dominance hierarchy= binding force of social system was later criticized

Irven DeVore:

butt pads, seen in baboons

Ischial Callosities:

Chimps in 1960 Gombe, TZ. Notices them using tools and provisions can result in aggression

Jane Goodall:

systematic sampling of behavior, 1974, behaviors defined and observations periods set by time intervals and allowed for minimal bias and comparison across individual groups

Jeanne Altmann:

common in gorillas

Knucklewalking:

three women sent out to do research Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey, Birute Galdikas

Leakey's Angels:

traits that are associated with the biological life cycle

Life history patterns:

body form and structure; Big 3 = Hands and feet, definition, sense and brain

Morphological traits

he color coat a NHP is born with

Natal Coat coloration:

group they were born into

Natal group:

an essential part of a primate's brain used for problem solving, in primates more complex 50%-80% of the brain, determines complexity of the brain

Neocortex

active during the night

Nocturnal:

dependent on sense of smell

Olfaction

generalized diet, many items

Omnivory:

CORE, one male unit

One-male units(OMUs):

tip of thumb can touch all four fingers

Opposable thumb

light detectors; color receptors, most mammals only have two types

Opsins:

primate forage in a way to max the rate of energy intake

Optimal Foraging Theory

who stays, ex: macaques females are this

Philopatry:

bony ring that separates the eye orbit from back of the eye

Postorbital bar:

the plate in the back of the eye socket; seen in apes and humans; haplorhines

Postorbital septum

grasping tail; ability to grasp branches with tails how they move from place to place

Prehensile Tail:

ability to grasp; ex: opposable thumbs in humans

Prehensility:

What is a primate? (3 major categories of traits useful in characterizing the primate order)

Primate Pattern 3 categories: 1) Morphological traits: hands and feet(5 digits, prehensility, opposable thumb, nails instead of claws) Dentition/teeth(4 types of teeth, tooth comb, reduced number of teeth) , senses and brain(enhanced vision, forward facing eyes, overlapping fields of vision, stereoscopic vision, post-orbital bar, color vision 2) Life History Patterns: traits associated with biological life cycle(longer gestation/pregnancy, reduced number of offspring, longer infant dependency, long life span) 3) Sociality and Flexibility

walking on all fours, terrestrial, long limbs equal in length

Quadupedalism:

physiologist who was the first to do long term research, created the first semi-free ranging sites

Ray Carpenter:

control mechanism, friendly and postconflict reunion, across all primate order, through implicit and explicit

Reconciliation:

when unable to retaliate they redirect aggression towards another

Redirected Aggression:

primates have longer gestation and maturation period, reduced number of offspring, longer infant dependency, longer life-spans

Relative to other mammals:

primitive trait found only in lemurs and lorises; wet nose

Rhinarium:

used by males, warnings to prevent aggression towards another ex: yawn threats, teeth grinding, charging display

Ritualized Threats:

1929, the great apes, saw the need for field research, gorillas and chimps

Robert Yerkes

2nd digestive tract in the gut to allow folivorous primates to break down cellulose in leaves, microbial action, foregut ferementers

Sacculated Stomachs:

the bone nose as the shoulder blade, in primates like apes it is at an angle that does not allow for the amount of arm mobility that we see in ourselves and monkeys that locomote using brachiation

Scapula:

Why do anthropologists study the nonhuman primates?

To better understand human biology. Evolution: looking at past life, fossil records, and primates. 2 sources of insight: fossils, other primates.

can see blues, reds, and greens; ex: human, apes, owl monkeys

Trichromatic vision

the primates who move liken they have longer hind legs because this allows them to propel themselves vertically, powerful and long hindlimbs

Vertical clinging and leaping:

teeth common in humans and apes

YS Molar Pattern:

How do we study sociality? (behavioral ecology & socioecology; think back to in-class exercise on making predictions)

na

How is aggression controlled? (2 ways) Dominance—among females & males and Reconciliation

na

What behavior do we study (4 categories)? Ranging, activity, food & behavior, social behavior

na

What different forms of sociality do we see among NHPs? Examples?

na

What is affiliation?

na

What is aggression?

na

What sex differences do we see in the expression of aggression?

na

Why be social? (costs & benefits)

na

ground dwelling

terrestrial