ANTHRO 1102 STUDY SET 1
An anthropologist studying the evolution of human-bacteria interactions would be most interested in all of the following except
what doesn't sound like bacteria
The practical use of anthropological knowledge to address real-world problems, sometimes called anthropology's "fifth field" is
Applied Anthropology
The most successful life form on earth is thought by many to be
Bacteria
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because
Complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture
Collective definitions of proper and improper behavior that "build" meanings through common experiences and negotiations are cultural
Constructions
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
Enculturation
A social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea was that
A new group of "big men" came along and made lots of money, more accessibility to goods, and almost all land was planted with coffee
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities
Archaeology
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition
Biological Anthropology
Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?
Bronislaw Malinowski
How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?
Claims from Native American POV doesn't mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue
The peppered moth is a classic example of how environmental factors
Contribute to natural selection--> part of interaction between genotype and phenotype
"Owning" culture means
Controlling symbols that give meaning
Anthropologists believe that analyzing human cultural phenomena by comparing those phenomena across different societies, called the ___ approach, is necssary to appreciate how "artificial" our beliefs and actions are
Cross-Cultural
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice
Cultural Anthropology
The unilateral decision of one social group to take control of the symbols, objects, and practices of others
Cultural Appropriation
The method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observation of everyday life and is a hallmark of cultural anthropology
Ethnographic Method
If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would most likely focus on
Everyday interactions
refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations
Evolution
The refinement of Darwin's Theory has shown that
Evolution can only be measured or seen across generations within a population
According to the extended evolutionary synthesis, parents who teach their young a particular behavior that aids in their evolutionary success are participating
Extra-Genetic Inheritance
T/F: Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans.
FALSE
T/F: All humans are born with some culture.
FALSE
T/F: Non-random mating among the Hutterite sect in Canada is a good example of how genetic drift works.
FALSE
T/F: People rarely hold conflicting values.
FALSE
T/F: The scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths.
FALSE
T/F: Variation in genes acts as the sole source for biological change of traits in an organism.
FALSE
What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?
Industrialism
The practice of anthropologists explaining their research to participants and being clear about the risks involved
Informed Consent
Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
Integrated
An ___ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Clifford Geetz, Victor Turner, and Mary Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings.
Interpretive
Michael Ames developed exhibits with native Canadian communities at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia because he believed in
Interpretive Theory/Collaboration
Many anthropologists are wary about traditions because, while they may feel antiquated to some people, they are often
Invented
One of the more important ways that anthropology contributes to the development of evolutionary theory is that
It challenges the biological reductionism of much evolutionary theory
The influence of figures like Issac Newton, Francis Bacon, and Galielo Galilei on the intellectual history of evolution is that they showed the importance of q
Observing nature and using evidence to build knowledege
Examples of social instutions are
Patterns of Kinship and Marriage (domestic arr., children, sex), Economic Activities (farming, herding, trade), Religious Institutions (rituals, religious groups), and political forms
T/F: The physical characteristics of any organism that can be seen are known as the phenotype.
TRUE
T/F: There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly.
TRUE
Domesticated and wild animals may differ in morphological traits listed below except
Tameness
Gregor Mendel's findings about inheritance among pea plants stemmed from what key ability that he possessed?
The ability to observe closely
One of the useful results of a phylogeny is to show that
The ancestral history of a species or group of related species
A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal
The artificiality of taste, cultural construction of insects as food, eating insects can be adaptive
What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differnces among people?
The enlightenment/age of reason
If you observed gradual changes in environmental temperature and, at the same time, observed that there were changes in the phenotype of a butterfly species over 15 generations, which theory might best explain what is going on?
The modern synthesis/natural selection
The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture
Through systematic connections of different parts
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?
To observe indigenous ways of life and collect information before societies die out
The primary ethical responsibility anthropologists have is...
To people, species, and artifcates they study
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
Tradition
When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?
19th century (1800s)
The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as
A way of explaining how the world works
An evolutionary perspective on variations in physical traits reflects
Adaptive changes
The Human Terrain System, a program of the U.S. military in Iraq and Afghanistan, used anthropologists to
Advise about the possible social consequences of their decisions; helps soldiers understand village politics and translate information
Comparing DNA sequences allows us to understand whether organisms are connected through common
Ancestors
When cultural anthropologists live in societies for one or more years observing social life, they are doing
Anthropological Fieldwork
A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in
Building and testing hypotheseses by collecting, classifying, and measuring data
When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activist, and political leaders
Challenged her right as a foreign anthropologist to study maya culture
THe thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the 19th century
Charles Darwin
The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is ___ and was a driving force in anthropology
Colonialism
The comparative method is
Derives insights from comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies
One of the central ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution was the idea that
Descent with modification via natural selection--> changein organisms was related to their adaptability to a particular environment
The ability of African chiclids, a popular pet fish, to develop highly similar body shapes despite coming from two different and geographically distant environments is an example of
Developmental Bias
Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution?
E.B. Tylor
T/F: Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields.
FALSE
T/F: Contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced."
FALSE
T/F: Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do.
FALSE
T/F: Gene flow is the movement of genetic material across different ecosystems.
FALSE
T/F: Historical archaeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation exists that porvide an accurate description of the way that people actually lived.
FALSE
Sickle-cell anemia, a blood cell mutation, takes a toll on those afflicted, but is an example of a mutation that may also be useful because it
Fights / Has resistance to malaria
Loss of genetic variation occuring when a small population creates a new, usually isolated, community is known as the
Founder Effect/ Gene Flow
The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was
Franz Boas
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of a society
Functionalism
The theory that posits that cultural practices and beliefs serve purposes for society
Functionalism
Individuals migrating from one country to another can fundamentally alter genetic variation in all members of both populations because of
Gene Flow
___ emerges when genetic variation within a group grows so large that its members begin exhibiting important genetic and physical differences
Genetic Drift
The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in its entirety
Holistic Perspective
Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study
How people communicate through language and how it shapes group membership and identity
A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research is
Hypothesis
A taxonomic structure is one that
Implies suggestive ancestral connections; names and classifies all organisms according to a system
The defining feature of historical particularism is
Individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change
During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists
Learned the language, studied community aspects (economics, religion, politics, and families)
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use
Lingusitic Anthropology
Ethics, which are ___ are important to anthropologists
Moral questions about the right and wrong standards of appropriate behavior
The work of Russian geneticists over forty years, selecting for tameness among foxes, resulted in changes in animal
Morphology/Variation/ Phenotype
The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring becuae they are better suited to the environment
Natural Selection
Speciation, when considered as an outcome consistent with Darwin's idea of descent with modification, supports the idea that
New life forms originate as a result of previously existing ones
In terms of the extended evolutionary synthesis, large-scale agriculture, which produces massive amounts of both food and pollution, can be understood as a form of
Niche Construction
A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is
Putting everything under one category-the sacred bundle
Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a ___ study
Qualitative
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing
Quantitative Method
The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is
Renato Rosaldo
"Survival of the fittest" is taken to mean competition for
Reproductive Success
The Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that all life was arranged in
Scala Naturate--> Great Chain of Being--> Heirarchal Order
Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by
Seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as
Soical Evolutionism
Ethnocentrism is
The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people's practices or views as wrong and ignorant
A symbol is
The basis of human behavior, includes numbers and the alphabet, something that conventionally stands for something else
An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism as
The natural abilities of more civilized people to contol less civilized people
The controversy between Native Americans and National Collegiate Athletic Association schools using mascots illustrates
The power of tradition
The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals
The process of cultural appropriation
The application of the comparative method in his research in Papua New Guinea led coauthor Robert Welsch to focus on
The societies each used similar masks and carved objects but the differing decorative styles suggested different social purposes.
The term diversity, when defined anthropologically means...
The way of doing things around the world-multiplicity and varierty because is both differences and similarity
If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that
This way of teaching people promotes shared cultural goals
A relativist perspective on the meanings of Coca-Cola in Tzotzil Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico would emphasize
Those meanings are only sensible within a culturally specific set of ideas about religion and spirituality
One of the important ways that genetic material is moved between different populations, such as through gene flow, is
Through migratory movement and who people choose as their mate
The core idea of Darwin's and Wallace's ideas-descent with modification via natural selection-is intimately tied with which larger force?
Variation
While the behaviors selected for by Belyaev and Trut in their work with foxes have some genetic basis, it remains true that
Variations in behavior and morphology are expected because genes don't always shape such variability
A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize what?
conducting interviews, observing social activities, and interacting with people more
Plasticity can be understood as not being Lamarckian because
most changes happen before genetic changes appear that keep the change in place for generations
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices
Cultural Relativism
A key feature of ___ concept is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural
Culture
One problem with the argument that chimpanzees and humans are similar because they share so much __ in common is that humans also share a significant percentage of it with daffodils
DNA
Why was the discovery of penicilin in 1928 useful in our understanding if evolution?
Demonstrated bacteria coulf quickly develop ability to resist antibiotics
The 19th century British anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective
Edward Burnett Taylor
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is
Ethnocentrism
The experience of feeling that the way your culture does things is the right way and any different way of doing things is wrong is
Ethnocentrism
The success of simple life forms such as bacteria challenges one of the early ideas about evolution because
It demonstrates the oversimplification that comes from thinking humans are more highly evolved
Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because
It explains all human action as the product of culture alone, justifies atrocities, denies the influence of factors like physical environment and biology on humans
The idea of biological evolution was first proposed by
Lamarck in the late 1700s
Culture is (includes what characteristics)
Learned and shared based on symbols, integrated, and dynamic
Norms are stable because
People learn them when they are young
The structuralist approach to culture theorizes
People make sense of the world through binary oppositions
A __ charts the evolutionary history of a particular taxonomic brance and yields information about its ancestry
Phylogeny
What U.S. food-policy ideas might emerge out of Andrea Wiley's research on lactase persistence?
Policies should promote non-milk food products that are also high in calcium, fat, and protein
Biological anthropologist Andrea Wiley's work with lactase persistence is important to public health because it draws attention to
Policies should promote non-milk products that are also high in calcium, fat, and protein
If you wanted to study genetic drift in Hutterite colonies such as those in which Michael Park studied gene flow, you would be interested in?
Population records that suggest a dramatic reduction on population
The idea that embraces dynamic culture change processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent
Post-structuralist
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
Primitive and Savage
An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize
Protecting those they are studying by being ethically responsible to who/what they are studying and the host country they are in
The extinction of the dinosaurs provides us an example and opportunity to
See evolutionary change over time
The example of dogs and wolves being able to breed even though they are different species underscores what important aspect of our approach to evolutinary theory?
Speciation-->process by which new species arise
T/F: A change in DNA sequence leading to variation is known as mutation.
TRUE
T/F: A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."
TRUE
T/F: Anthropologists like E.E. Evans-Pritchard and Renato Rosaldo do not see cultural anthropology as a science.
TRUE
T/F: Clyde Kluckhohn argued that both biological and cultural aspects of humanity must be seen as a continuum of small changes.
TRUE
T/F: Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power.
TRUE
T/F: Culture can be transmitted virtually through the Internet in addition to face-to-face interaction.
TRUE
T/F: Culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural.
TRUE
T/F: Culture is uniquely human.
TRUE
T/F: Diversity defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference."
TRUE
T/F: Genetic drift can occur because of an intentional change in health policies in a particular country.
TRUE
T/F: Humans and chimpanzees share 98% of their genes.
TRUE
T/F: Many evolutionary processes interact to affect the organism.
TRUE
T/F: Most anthropologists believe in a single unified theory of culture.
TRUE
T/F: Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research insturment.
TRUE
