anthro 13

Hunting-Gathering/Foraging

A type of food procurement, where the majority of food resources are wild and acquired from the surrounding environment. Can also include domestication.

Pastoralism

A type of food production with primary focus on herding domesticated animals for their meat, blood, milk, and other resources. It can be nomadic and semi-nomadic, transhumant, or otherwise mixed (agropastoralism).

Agriculture

A type of food production, specifically a reliance on domesticated plants. Anthropologists distinguish between low-input, shifting cultivation (horticulture) and high-input, intensive and continuous land use cultivation.

Market exchange

An exchange principle that puts the focus on the exchange of equivalent values within a mutually agreed-upon time frame (buying, selling, trading) and the relationships between exchange partners are deemphasized.

What do economic anthropologists mean when they say the economy is a cultural system? How does their perspective differ from that of economists?

Anthro looks at the why behind exchange and it is influenced by culture. Eco looks at the action itself Economics is a normative theory because it specifies how people should act if they want to make efficient economic decisions. In contrast, anthropology is a largely descriptive social science; we analyze what people actually do and why they do it.

A Rwandan proverb states, "A cow that goes down the hill must come back up. This proverb means that any gift received must be returned in kind. What kind of reciprocity is illustrated by this proverb and its meaning?

Balanced reciprocity

How do anthropologists understand consumption?

Consumption refers to the process of buying, eating, or using a resource, food, commodity, or service. Anthropologists understand consumption more specifically as the forms of behavior that connect our economic activity with the cultural symbols that give our lives meaning.

big idea

Culture shapes all aspects of economic life including the assignment of value, social relations like labor or property, and taste.

Which one of the following is an example an egalitarian society?

!Kung hunter-gatherers in the Kalahari desert.

Power

"The ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes" (Haviland). "A way in which certain actions may structure the field of other possible actions" (Foucault).

How does economic anthropology define property?

property is shaped by cultural taste

What are the three modes of exchange?

reciprocity, redistribution, market exchange

technologies of power panopticon

relationship between the state and people. panopticon; a guard could watch all prisoners without knowing if they are being watched supervision means control phones,ICollege, security cameras,

Homo economicus

the "economic human nature" posited by the science of economics as rational decision making, self-interest, and maximization.

hegemony

the domination of one state or group over its allies. rule by persuasion racism wealthy people work hard, poor people are lazy polluted air

political ecology

the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes

How is the exchange of goods and services central to creating and perpetuating social bonds? Give examples.

they show care and love, honor.

Hegemony

Rule through persuasion, the process by which the dominant social group's values become the "commonsense" values of all.

Foraging (hunter-gathers), herding (pastoralism), farming (horticulture and agriculture), and industrial capitalism are all:

Subsistence strategies

Homo economicus is:

The universal human imagined by economists in their analysis of economic behavior.

everyday forms of resistance

The theory developed by American anthropologist, James C. Scott, which describes the ways average citizens challenge hegemony indirectly.

panopticon

The theory developed by French historian, Michel Foucault, which describes the ways modern society exercises control 1. heresy through surveillance and established norms of acceptable behavior.

hegemony

The theory developed by Italian philosopher, Antonio Gramsci, which explains how a governing power wins consent from those it subjugates without resorting to brute force alone.

Redistribution

a form of exchange in which accumulated wealth is collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern

Stratification

a society organized in formal, hierarchically arranged strata or layers of unequal power and wealth, for example, social classes.

Anthro Economics

cultural system diverse scarcity is contingent focuses on everything

What are the three phases of economic activity? How does storage impact the circulation of goods and services?

distribution production consumption buffer effects of natural forces and debts

negative reciprocity

exchange conducted for the purpose of material advantage and the desire to get something for nothing. taking advantage of someone. i forgot my wallet and not buying back

agriculture

farming

weapons of the weak everyday forms of peasant resistance

finding ways the peasants rebel the state and what they use

What are the different rules tied to gift-giving and reciprocity? How do they vary across cultures?

gifts mean different things. ending a relationship.

generalized reciprocity

giving and receiving goods with no immediate or specific return expected hitchhiking, buying a coffee for a friend

Resistance

indirect challenges to power, domination, or hegemony through oblique practices

What are the primary characteristics of intensive agriculture and agricultural societies?

intensive: plows, fertilization, tools more land, large crops, large populations

How do general cultural values about, circulation of, and acquisition of material goods impact their meaning and value?

it is culturally constructed

What are the primary characteristics of horticulture and horticultural societies?

low-intensity: simple technology and moving intensive: plows,

What are the three primary types of agriculture?

low-intensity: simple technology and moving intensive: plows, fertilization, tools more land, large crops, large populations high-intensity: large-scale, tractors, markets,

What are the primary characteristics of foraging and hunter-gatherer societies?

low-labor collecting' moving diverse high sustainability smaller populations spread out

Technologies of power

mechanisms used to manage people; the relationships between the state, the individual, and the masses.

Econonmics

natural system universal human scarcity, competition are universal exchange

How diversified are people's economic lives in reality?

not really

hunting and gathering (or foraging),

obtaining food available in nature through gathering, hunting, fishing or scavenging

What is Cronk's main argument?

our generosity is not unconditional

Define subsistence strategies:

patterns to supply basic needs of a society

Materialism

preoccupation with physical comforts and things

agency

A person's ability to act, to exert power, or to effect change in their world.

Political Ecology

An anthropological approach that traces the relationship between ecology, economy and political power in producing particular social arrangements and their consequences.

Political Economy

An anthropological approach that traces the relationship between economics and politics in producing particular social arrangements, structures and practices of equality or inequality.

Buying yourself a cup of coffee at Starbucks is an example of:

Market exchange

bid idea

Most societies pursue a mix of subsistence strategies, but their primary subsistence strategy tends to correlate with certain specific social and cultural features.

big idea

Most societies pursue a mix of subsistence strategies, but their primary subsistence strategy tends to correlate with certain specific social and cultural features.

The exchange of Christmas presents among close family or friends is an example of:

O Balanced reciprocity

The penny cup at the register in some stores is an example of:

O Generalized reciprocity

Haggling over the price of lemonade at a child's lemonade stand is an example of:

O Negative reciprocity

In "Strings Attached," Lee Cronk argues that:

O gifts have the ambivalent power to unify, antagonize, or subjugate people.

What are the three main modes of exchange and circulation and what is their significance?

Reciprocity:Studying reciprocity gives anthropologists unique insights into the moral economy, or the processes through which customs, cultural values, beliefs, and social coercion influence our economic behavior Generalized Reciprocity:his form of reciprocity occurs within the closest social relationships where exchange happens so frequently that monitoring the value of each item or service given and received would be impossible, and to do so would lead to tension and quite possibly the eventual dissolution of the relationship. Balanced Reciprocity:without reciprocation within an appropriate time frame, the exchange system will falter and the social relationship might end

The potlatch among indigenous Americans from the Northwest Coast is an example of:

Redistribution

Negative Reciprocity

The attempt to take advantage of another in exchange or get something for nothing.

industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Balanced Reciprocity

The exchange or offering of something with an expectation that something of equivalent value will be returned within a prescribed time frame.

Generalized Reciprocity

The exchange or offering of something without an expectation of a return or any time frame for return.

Panopticon

The original panopticon was prison design where single guard could control hundreds of prisoners because they could not know when they were being observed. According to Michel Foucault, modern society is a panopticon where individuals are controlled because they are always watched and listened to.

balanced reciprocity

a mode of exchange in which the giving and the receiving are specific as to the value of the goods and the time of their delivery rule-bound. gift giving, giving crops for helping

How does culture influence perceptions of need? Give an example.

all good are culturally construction. we do not eat grasshoppers but other societies do. sneakers

What is an example of industrial foraging in the world today?

fishing

What are the primary characteristics of mechanized agriculture and industrialized agricultural societies?

high-intensity: large-scale, tractors, markets,

What is political economy and why does it matter?

his approach recognizes that the economy is central to everyday life but contextualizes economic relations within state structures, political processes, social structures, and cultural values.

What is the anthropological view of the economy? How does it differ from the discipline of economics?

humans adapt to their environments, more than meeting basic needs, household management

What are the four primary subsistence strategies?

hunting and gathering (or foraging), pastoralism, low-intensity horticulture, high-intensity agriculture, and industrialization,

Redistribution

the accumulation of goods or labor to a central location (person, group of institution) and recirculation back out based on a specific rule or pattern. It may be a force for equalizing (downward redistribution) or aggravating (upward redistribution) wealth disparities.

market exchange

the buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand

Pastoralism

the domestication of animals

What is an example of industrial pastoralism in the world today?

varied climates different levels of mobility all over the globe wealth and trade

What are the primary characteristics of industrial capitalism and industrialized societies?

wage labor large populations urbanization markets technology