ANTHRO Chapter 7

how many slaves into US each year

14,500

who came up with theory of takers vs leavers

Daniel Quinn in Ishmael

theory of takers

Developed with the neolithic revolution, when people began to domesticate animals and plants. Theory of "The world is made for man". View that "if the world was made for us, then it belongs to us and we can do what we damn well please with it". Feel that everything in the world can be owned, - lakes, land, goods, knowlegde and other people. Owners have a claim/isolate/prevent others form using.

examples of generalized reciprocity

putting money in peoples meters, stopping to help someone whos car ran out, contribute to charity

commodity money

refers to any objects or goods whose value people generally agree on, which can be pressed into service for use as money

risk of market exchange with fixed prices

since both sides probably never have to see each other again, there is more room for fraud and deception

chattel slaves

slaves that earn no money at all and are forced to work by violent threats

currency

some form of money that we both agree can temporarily "hold the value" of what i get from you until you find something else you wish to exchange the money for, often with a different trading partner

common premise regarding current slavery

some individuals are not fully human -- usually due to ethnic/religious minorities and established by majority

can you own genes?

sorta, its a debate

intellecutal property

specific ideas, inventions, knowledge, creative output like writing, music, intangible resources

recent trend in world in regard to families and value

starting to have smaller families, and regarding goods as more important

are majority of poeple today leavers or takers

takers

do leavers or takers believe that nonhuman animals can be owned?

takers, leavers do not believe they can

western system of fixed prices is based off of what underlying belief

that goods and services have some intrinsic value based on their quality

if the two parties in balanced reciprocity have equal resources, what is expected?

that the value of goods and services they exchange will work out to be approximately equal, but no one is keeping close tabs

balance reciprocity in Mali

the Fulani people trade with the Bambaran millet farmers and Bozo fisherman for millet or fish, but not actually at the same time beacuse the resources arent all readily available at the exact time of exchanges

how does the number of children relate to wealth in western societies?

the more children the families has, the more wealthy they are because the resources are spread thin within the amount of children it is split between

in non western cultures, the more children a family has....

the more resources they have to share, more hands to help out and provide more, the more resources the child will receive

how does balanced reciprocity differ from market exchange

the two partners have ongoing social relationship, resources flow back and forth at different times and no one keeps an exact accounting of the balance on either side

benefits of market exchanges with fixed prices

they are impersonal, efficient, dont need to bother with social interaction

why were indigenous people caught off guard with invaders?

they didnt believe in owning land - thought of it like air and water- and when asked, responded that no one owned the land, invaders took that as saying no one does, but you can

what is reciprocity

three forms (generalized, balanced, negative) - means doing things for others, giving resrouces/time/labor/knowledge, with no exepctation of payment or any form of return directly from the recipient

at what age in Mali are children expected to be able to sent off to the market to navigate the streets and bargain?

three to four

at what age are children expected to start contributing to the family in non-western societies

three to four years

modern day social prestige

throw the best sweet 16

why was money created, for what circumstnace?

to facilitate transactions whenever two parties to an exchange didnt have resources of equal value, or mutual exchanges couldnt take place simultaneously.. needed a common measure of value

how is money transferred as electronic data?

when people agree that the electronic data has value, people can be paid in accounts online through direct deposits, and can forward that money on to mortgage bills, etc.

problem with underground rights

when someone owns the land above an oil/water sources, but that source spans for miles, how much of the resources do they get? how much do they have to leave for other people? what happens if they taint that souce?

leveling mechanism

when the collections of redistribution is sent out to those who cant afford to contribute to the system... spreads out the wealth and reduces disparities in standard of living (way of reducing economic differences between people)

what is expected of children in non-western societies

while one or both parents contribute to economic base, children are expected to as well from a very early age

can a society use more than one economic principle at once?

yes

do people often spend more than they earn

yes

does slavery still exist?

yes in Europe (prostitution), West African countries (child trafficking) and Brazil

is the US becoming more free regarding intellectual property?

yes, beacuse of the internet

in Japan, can mothers kill their children?

yes, because viewed as extension of them and is doing them a favor if she commits suicide

do low class people try to show of their stuff too?

yes, by buying knockoffs

in a democracy, can the government sell land

yes, leaders may sell/lease land to other entities

in any societies, does it make economic sense to have more children?

yes, non-western and any circumstance where children contribute to the household economy

is there always some measure of risk and uncertainty with economics?

yes, one can never 100% know the future

examples of how very young children contribute to the family

young boys may be assigned to look over a pig/cattle, young girls 4 to 5 years old may be assigned to babysitter younger sibling, may contribute directly to labor, may take over safer/easier tasks to free up parents

private property

a single individual has full control over whatever is owned, including selling/destroying it... person purchased, found, made, inherited it

in non western markets, how are prices set

at whatever the people are willing to pay for it

what are young girls in Mali expected to do?

chop firewood, haul water, pound millet, sweep, cook

government ownership

different levels of goverment may serve as property owners... may own land or the economic righst over resources of a land - limitations depend on the type of government

most people in the world do or dont believe in slavery

dont

in pizza metaphor of non western, what is end moral

each person contributes more than they can consume, so some of it is left over

in order to be most efficient, what should money be

easy to transport/measure, always in demand, and easy to divide into smaller units

markey exchange definition

exchange of resources between two parties where the two parties agree that the exchange involves resources or currency of equal value

advantage of electric money

fast and efficient

every part of a federal employees salary and resources at work are paid by what

federal taxes

foraging people practice what kind of reciprocity - what example?

generalized- whoever went hunting will share what he has caught (may be rules about who gets what part first, but everyone gets some and no one goes hungry)

is more expected of young boys or girls in Mali?

girls, but boys do a lot of productive labor as well, and often gather their own protein out hunting for small game

who usually is the authority that organizes, ect. in reciprocity

government, local/regional leader or an organization

corporate ownership

group or corporation is understood to have an existence above and beyond the specific indidvuals who belong to it at any one time

how is favor bank different from balanced reciprocity

in balanced reciprocity, both sides mutually participate in an ongoing basis.. in favor bank you are maximizing the debts others owe you and stocking up assest for the future... gives you a large network of resources if ever needed

ascribed status into high society

inherited or born into it - how primates are, depends on parnets

in non-western cultures, children need care for how long?

just the first few years, and then are expected to start helping

value of livestock in East Africa

livestock often have an agreed upon value, no matter their condition/size/health/age, and a perosn would not trade 5 fat goats for 10 skinny ones

three types of economic principles

market exchange, redistribution and reciprocity

in US what kind of people can have their rights taken away?

mentally ill, retarded, cognitive problems

what do most slaves work as in the world today

mining, agriculture, food service, garment industry, sex slaves, domestic slaves

wealth

money, goods, knowledge, services

in non-western societies, does it make sense to have more or less children?

more, because it maximizes the standard of living everyone can enjoy because each person contributes some

examples of negative reciprocity

never has money to pay the bill at dinner, always asks for rides, always gets out of actually reciprocating

is currency necessary for an exchange to be categorized as a market exchange?

no

does having lots of money automatically put you in high society

no you have to let me people know you have lots of money

do all market exchanges involve commoditites?

no, a lot of market exchanges are of sex

is the value of a person determined by their amount of stuff in all cutlures?

no, some dont care about it

are Euros and Us dollars only accepted in their own countries?

no, sometimes accepted in other places around the world

are children a drain in non-western cultures?

no, they contibute heavily

does evveryone have the same goal when engaging in economic activities?

nope, ranges, but usually one goal is paramount

what in some society determines a persons value, other than money,

number of children/sons ... for both men and women

what are CFAs

official currency of the 8 countries of west africa

what is usually the consequence of negative reciprocity?

other partner might break of the relationship completely by telling the person they are inconsiderate, or by reducing numbers of favors given or stopping

potlatch of northwest coast indians

participate in social prestige by having wealthy leaders distribute stuff throughout the village for respect

redistribution

particular form of economic exchange that involves, first, the gathering together of resources from many and varied sources in a central location and second, some publicly recognized authority is charged with collecting/storing/organizing/processing and repackaging these resources, THIRD, product is redistributed to a number of recipients

in what two types of societies in particular do non-western patterns of wealth flow

pastoral and horticultural socieities

what are examples of types of resources in market exchange

people (slavery), livestock, food, water, alcohol, cigarettes, natural/manufactured products, services, labor, knowledge, rights to do things in the future

functions of charities examples

- collect money and some pays overhead costs, but most goes to the cause 1. medical charities: grant research funds 2. girl scouts- cookies to troops 3. seamens center of wilmington- provides services to the crew 4. insurance: gathers money for peace of mind in case of accident 5. university tuition: pay professor salaries, grounds, electric bills, food, sports, band, research facilities 6. pot-luck dinner: each person brings a dish, but then every takes some of everyones dish

what are examples of local municipality, business, organizations using their own currency that can only be spent in restricted places/ares

1. Disney dollars - bought with US dollars, but only used at disney 2. Time dollars in small towns - exchange for one hour worth of a persons time to do some sort of labor/knowledge

what amendment abolished slavery

13

what are some examples of redistribution

1. can be that everyone contributes but only those who need it benefit 2. resources can be used to build a public building welcome to everyone, but only a fraction of the population chooses to use it 3. US federal taxes - roads, dams, electrical power plants, social programs, homeless, poor, federl employees 4. state taxes- income tax/sales for DMV, education, state-level criminal justice system, state highways, state hospitals, state social programs 5. county/local taxes - local road maitenance, local fire/police, parks 6. local property taxes - used to fund school systems (better schools, teachers) 7.

what are the beliefs that the culture of non-western society regarding children are based off of

1. childhood doesnt exist, and it not separate phase of life 2. main job of children is to help their parents/extended family 3. children only go to school if it is available and affordable, and can be spared 4. it is everyones responsibility to contribute to needs of house 5. children will be repaid for their labor by their own children one day when they are parents/elderly

the patterns of wealth in domestic society is based off of what beliefs

1. childhood is a special time for playing/enjoying yourself 2. child's main job is to go to school and educated 3. its the parents responsibility to provide for the children 4. children will remain financially dependent on their parents until they finish formal education 5. children do not have to pay their parents back, but pay it forward

examples of commodity currency

1. cowrie shells in Africa/Asia 2. venetian trade beads in Africa/Asia 3. Cigarettes - given out as pay during WWII and became currency in the army, and in invaded countries, used in prisons 4. alcohol, legal/illegal drugs, gold, ivory, cloth, livestock

three most common forms of moeny

1. currency (coins, bank notes) 2. commodities 3. electronic data inside computer networks

concept of the favor bank

1. do in addition to minimzing or maximizing risk 2. idea is that you do favors for people here and there when its convenient, such that they will feel obliged to help you out when you need them

disadvantage of electric money

1. easier to spend money electronically than valued in paper/commoditites 2. credit cards allow people to spend moeny they dont actually have, so they easily get into severe debt 3. certain electronic funds are not accepted in certain places/stores 4. so much variety causes frustractions - like when people dont accept bills over 100 etc.

who can own land?

1. governments/nation-state (national parks, monuments, cemeteries) 2. small governments (states, cities) 3. businesses, educational institutions, charitable organizations 4. private individuals own a home, assuming mortgage paid off

disputes over owning land

1. hard to decide if a person just owns the surface, or do they own the resources underneath

minimizing social relationships

1. main priority is efficiency and lowest price 2. or is to avoid social interation, like youll pay more at a line in order to avoid someone

aspects of the western pattern of wealth

1. one or two parents provide economic base of family 2. children do not contribute 3. parents pay for the children 4. parents do majority of domestic labor 5. sometimes kids contribute domestically, but not usually until teenagers 6. sometimes teens get a job, but its usually money for their own wants, not the family's food/housing 7. children are CONSUMERS

what is the cultural logic behind generalized reciprocity

1. people who have resources that others can benefit from help out when they can because that is what their culture says to do 2. if enough people participate in paying it forward, then the world will be a better place and eventually each person who contributes something will get something in return

prices are set on the basis of what?

1. supply - how many there are of an item 2. demand - how many people want the item and how much they are willing to pay

reasons people do things to help others

1. their own self-esteem, just makes them feel good about themselves 2. brownie points - a religious person may donate money to their church, for a hidden beilef that will help them in supernatural world 3. tax breaks - donating something reduces your tax bill 4. donate money to noncontroversial cause in order to improve corporation reputtaion

goal of minimizing risk

1. usaully the goal when the person knows that taking a risk would mean their family would starve if they fail 2. idea is to spread out resources, to minimize risk if one area fails it wont impact everything 3. more important to have a steady, modest income than risk making it big and losing 4. dont assume that everything will always go in a way to maximize profit

maximizing social relationships

1. usually in smaller towns were economic activity is not anonymous, and people place a higher value on their friendships than on making money 2. gather customers by offering initial low prices and being friendly 3. valuable bc people cut you slack and treat you better because they know you 4. sometimes you pay a little more for something becaus you know the person and appreciate the chat with them

goal of maximizing profit

1. when the goal is trying to increase the total value of their material sources 2. trying to make a profit 3. exchange A for B, when B has more value 4. common in industial societies 5. high profit usually carries high risk

types of restrictions on a persons land

1. zoning laws, cant put up a new buisness in residential zones 2. cant raise domestic animals (pigs) 3. type of house you can build/noise 4. how far you can go in defending you land

examples of corporations

1.chief of village can assign land to an individual to cultivate, but still belongs to village 2. lineage can own a group of livestock 3. fish people may own a processing center but each own their own boats 4. universities may own the land the place sits on, buildings, etc. but students pay for the right to use the facilites... cannot sublet them

having over ____ kids means your wealthy

2 -- trophy kids

how many slaves still in world

27 million

at what age in Mali are most young girls able to do most household tasks? what benefit does this give them?

8 or 9, great upper body strength

example of bodies of water serving as boundaries

In the past, the Duke of York gave all of Delaware river to delaware, up to NJ. NJ tried to build a facility that would span into the river, and cant because that land is delawares

theory of leavers

Including all hunter/gather people and foragers, from beginning of humans, who believe "Man belongs to the world". People cannot claim OWN resources/isolate them/prevent others from using them. A group may traditionally hunt/drink in a particular area, but wouldnt tell another group that they cant hunt there too.

in non-western societies, are all children expected to do similar tasks and similar ages?

No, it varies greatly within cultures

does balanced reciprocity always have to be of equal monetary value?

No, when the two groups are knowingly of different status, it is more about the thought/feeling (parents give kids better gifts than kids give parents)

in generalized reciprocity, the giver does not expect to ever be paid back by the recipient (indirectly or directly) but expects that person to do what

a good deed for someone else in the future

how does money act as an reposity of value

a way to measure value, to store value over time and to easily transport value over space

examples of balanced reciprocity

birthday gifts, taking care of a friends dog, babysitting exchanges

bonded labor/indentured servants

borrow huge sums of money to pay to be smuggled into another country, then work for years at menial jobs to pay off debts

what are the conditions of money?

both sides must agree that the units of money have specific value and be willing to trade a good for the moeny

is redistribuation usually voluntary or required?

both, can be in the form of donating to charity or like paying taxes

how do people vote with their wallets?

by buying things, they confirm what is popular, at what price, and what is considered not worth buying, no matter the price

negative reciprocity

cases where one partner to the exchange tries to cheat the other partner by offering something of lesser value, by failing to repay the favor in a timely mannor or by contributing less than 50% to the relationship

acheieved status

changes over the course of a lifetime - can be someone in sorta high society just getting higher or someome from the bottom

in non-western civilzations, children ______ more resources than they _____

contribute, consume

any group may have a

corporate ownership

western pattern of wealth

flows down the generations... as in the parents are supposed to wholly provide for the children, who are not expected to pay them back.. but are expected to pay it forward with their own children

exclusive economic zone

from coast extending 200 nautical miles - state controls all political economic resources, oil drilling/mining, fishing, pollution problems/trespassing

Territorial waters

from low water mark on land for 12 nautical miles - considered soverign territory, including airspace above and seabed below

contigous zones

from outer edge of territorial waters for 24 nautical miles, states have more limited control

what scale does redistribution take place on?

from very small scale, to nation-states, international

what type of of reciprocity is a one way street, also known as paying it forward?

generalized

in non-western cultures, are children of higher or lower birth order usually better provided for

higher (8 or 9 child)

what do people get in return sometimes for what they give/exchange

higher social prestige

in Thai, woomen with more children were regarded more highly than who

the chiefs, royals

usufruct rights

the rights of a person in a corporation to use whatever the thing is -- but they dont have the right to sell or destroy the resources

how to minimize debts to others

try to be as independent as possible - people will call on you less

balanced reciprocity definition

two people who know one another and have a positive social relationship (relatives, friends, acquintances, trading partners) provide resources to the other when needed as money, goods, services, and recipient is not expected to pay for this help or to reciprocate in kind within a specific time frame... but that eventually both parties will benefit and help each other out

how is parent/child relationship slavery

until 18, parents make all decisions for a child, including health

in nonwestern socities, in what way does the wealth usually flow

up and across the generations - from children to parents and grandparents, across siblings and to cousins

value of a cow vs a goat in East Africa

usually 5 or 10 goats a to a cow

in most western markets, who sets the prices involved in a transaction? does the seller have flexibility to change the price?

usually someone other than the two involved in the exchagne... no

who sets the prices in non-western markets?

usually the seller, because they grew/produced the product and will negotiate the price

how do redistribution systems usually organize, etc.

varies; can be moved one location to another, stored/processed/packaged, transported to different place

are market exchanges usually forced or voluntary?

voluntary