Anthro Exam 3

interpretive drift

"the slow, often unacknowledged shift in someone's manner of interpreting events as they become involved with a particular activity."

birth

In the U.S., gender assignment begins at _____ (or sometimes earlier) with the announcement that it's a girl, or a boy, which is usually based on interpretation of an individual's external sexual characteristics.

fundamentalism

In the U.S., there are two prevailing ideas of what ________ is, and both are problematically biased and too narrowly defined:

resist overt changes in their beliefs

In sum, despite the tendency for some to _ __________ they can and do change as cultural and personal values change.

sexual orientation

In the U.S., concepts of gender are often conflated with _________ and/or with biological sex. These are both limiting views that ignore the gender flexibility present. These categories are not solely constructed based on sexual orientation or biology!

global economy

In the ____, labor, goods, and services are bought and sold on the global market under the premise of open trade conditions.

Asia

Interestingly, there was a similar rise among Jewish and Muslim religious conservatives in the Middle East and in _____.

contagious principle of magic

power comes from contact (i.e., spitting alcohol, blowing smoke, hot peppers held in mouth)

cultural hybridization

persistent cultural mixing that has no predetermined direction or end-point.

fundamentalist

In some churches, ______ preachers have been utilizing media resources like television since the 1980's and have become very active in elections and politics in the U.S.

marriage

Endogamous laws like the 1691 Virginia Colonial law prohibited ______ between blacks and whites. 28 states had similar laws aimed at prohibiting the mixing of assumed racial types in terms of formal social recognition of these relationships (legitimization).

totems

In some populations, _____ may only be used as surnames. In others, people may recognize a descent relationship, and/or have taboos preventing certain actions, like the eating of the natural totem.

fluidity of ethnic groups

Ethnic groups can vanish as people move between ethnic groups, and new ethnic groups can emerge.

localized

Ethnographic fieldwork focused on the _____ communities can reveal this resistance. For example, in Malaysia, the mixing of sexes at work and male dominated management of female workers has increased the spirit possessions by angered local spirits who dislike these violations of moral and cultural taboos

natural biological categories

If racial distinctions truly were _____________, we would expect populations to be physically homogenous. They are not.

two-spirit

In Native American cultures, _____ individuals adopt dress, tasks, family roles and other personality and behavioral aspects that are atypical for male and female gender identities.

mana

In Polynesia, ____ pollution could sicken commoners. This differs Melanesian beliefs where ___ can be equally obtained by chance and through hard work

New Mexico

In ______, some could trace their lineages to Spain and Portugal and had assumed that they were descended from predominantly Catholic explorers.

diversity

In exploring gender identity construction, it is important to recognize the _____ present in all gender and sex categories and to clarify commonly used (and misused) terms.

emasculation

In many cases, the androgynous blend of masculine and feminine traits are the valued traits of the Two-Spirit individuals as opposed to the concept of _____ (physical and/or social removal of the masculine).

interpretive approach

Critiques of the _interpretive approach_ argue that: It assumes people seek meaning and order in the world. It may not distinguish religion from other domains (science, aesthetics, common sense, or law). It may not pay adequate attention to power relationships and institutions that create religious meaning. It pays too little attention to the _social behaviors_ and actions the give power to beliefs.

status

ownership of resources and the control individuals of any gender have over the distribution of products of labor influences their

binary male-female gender model

Cross-culturally, not all cultures subscribe to a binary __________, and even those who think that they believe this model find that they recognize more flexible notions of gender upon further reflection

gender

Cultures do not construct _____ in the same ways.

snake bite

Despite the recent death of his father Jamie Coots from a ______, Sam Coots is now taking over leading the church services including snake-handling rituals.

racial classifications

Different cultures develop different ________ of people.

biological extinction

Disappearance of an ethnic group seldom means _____, in many cases the members of one group are absorbed into the population of a larger group.

genocide, ethnocide

In order to stop the physical destruction (____) and cultural destruction (_____) of populations, some anthropologists actively help groups like Amnesty International USA (AIUSA).

hypodescent

Due to social classification systems and practices of ________ (automatic assignment of children from mixed unions, such as differently ranked ethnicities, or differential socioeconomic classes to the subordinate group) people tend to misinterpret and misclassify themselves and others.

helio-centric

During the Middle Ages in Europe, the idea of a _____ cosmos was considered heretical.

Figapa

Elderly men -feminized _nu_ has been transferred to them throughout their life.

Kakora

Eligible to live in the "men's houses" and to obtain the secret "male" knowledge gained during initiation ceremonies.

totems

In some populations, these rites of intensification might be associated with _____, and connections may be maintained by particular lineages.

Psychological, Cognitive, and Social

3 possible purposes for beliefs

blood groups

A racial classification of the world's people based on ________ would yield a different classification than one based on skin color.

western

A useful tool in understanding gender in some _____ cultures is to visualize a series of continua that overlap. At the ends, imagine the polemic versions of females and males.

illness and death

Accusations of sorcery (and witchcraft) may flourish when competitors experience misfortune, including ______________. Individuals (or groups, such as families) may be accused and be retaliated against.

hijras

Among the ____ of India, biological males and hermaphrodites who undergo rituals to change their gender identity (including modification of their genitalia), are at times denying both male and female genders and roles, and are best described as neither or as both!

supernatural forces

Anthony Wallace realized that not all societies conceptualize gods or spirits, some feature _____ which are known by their effects

fundamentalist communitites

As with all forms of religious belief, the group membership and a sense of belonging to a congregation or denomination is an important feature in ________.

spiritual powers

Belief that common misfortunes are caused by

phenomena

Beliefs and practices may reflect, reinforce, and directly inform interpretations of ______ that describe of our general view of the world.

biological sex

Binary categorizations of _____ ignore the _1-2_% of known births in which the infant has both male and female characteristics, as well as other sexual development differences that might emerge later around puberty or only be recognized with more in depth genetic testing (i.e., these may have less established prevalence rates).

changing the world

Changing Perspectives=

Figapa

Children of both sexes - been in recent intimate contact with their mother.

worldviews

Clifford Geertz recognized that religions went further than just describing the supernatural, but include deeply held and motivational beliefs that help create __

coincidences

Cognitive interpretations of witchcraft and sorcery. Explain unfortunate events as directed and intentional. There are no _____

witches and sorcerers

Cognitive interpretations of witchcraft and sorcery. ______ can (sometimes) control their powers, which most often are viewed as doing harm. Therefore, when a person experiences bad luck or even death, these may be viewed as desired or willed by witches or sorcerers.

scapegoats

Cognitive interpretations of witchcraft and sorcery. witches and sorcerers serve as _____

biological populations

Concepts of race have been centered on false ideas involving the construction of a few distinctive _____.

geocentric

For centuries, Europeans believed in a _____ cosmology that placed the earth at the center of the universe, with the sun, planets, and stars circling around it.

African

For instance, if we were to use assumptions based on skin color, one might incorrectly assume that this young girl is _____ (or of _____ descent); however, she is not.

changes, Jim Crow

Further evidence of the culturally constructive nature of racial categories lies in the _____ seen of these categories within populations over time. Under the ______ laws in the American South, people who had "one-drop" of African blood were considered "black." This notion is absurd to many North Americans today.

family histories

Furthermore, _______ tend to be inaccurate records of our biological past. Sometimes these are purposeful misrepresentations to protect individuals and families (e.g., _Crypto-Judaism_) and sometimes this knowledge is lost over time.

cultural creation

Gender, like race and ethnicity, is a ______

decreasing gender stratification

Generally, the greater the perceived contributions a group or individual makes to the welfare of a group, the higher their status, and the fewer inequalities they may experience.

exceeds

Genetic studies show that genetic variation within a given race far _____ the variation between races.

orthopraxy

Group members construct boundaries around correct forms of each ritual

biological sex

However, it is important to note that gender and ______ are not equivalent terms, though they can inform each other.

handle poisonous snakes. holy spirit

In some Southern Appalachian, Pentecostal communities, religious participants ______ because they believe Biblical Scripture tells them to do so. Specifically members believe themselves to be imbued with the _______

bissu

Interestingly, they are conceptualized as having been blessed by both male and female spirits. The same is true among the _____ among the Burgis in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. They also recognize the categories: male, female, woman who acts like a man, and man who acts like woman.

food

Iroquois women's control over cultivated ____ and their distribution gave them relatively high status.

problematic

It is ______ to assume that even if a belief or behavior appears similar (or even identical) that there is a connection between the belief systems or in how that belief or behavior is specifically understood and contextualized.

hunger

Kwakwaka'wakw Metaphor: ______ Commonly pronounced: kwock-KWOCKY-wowk

cannibal birds

Kwakwaka'wakw- in this religious ceremony, dancers portray _____ with long beaks; notice the totem pole includes faces with gaping mouths

Kakora

Males in their early teens through the prime years who have been _initiated_.

fusion

Members of two or more ethnic groups fuse, forming a new ethnic group.

150

More than ____ Native American cultures have multiple gender identities available, inclusive of a Two-Spirit identity (includes males, females, and intersexed). Most cultural groups see these variations as beneficial. They are valid and revered members of society (_not deviants_).

biological differences

No single culture's constructions are based entirely on _______ between sexes.

multivocal

Often are _____ experiences; that is that they carry multiple voices (perspectives) and multiple symbolic meanings (_multivalent_).

evolutionary models (e.g., E.B. Tylor, J. Fraser)

Often, ____________ were used to arrange/order religious traditions based upon their assumed complexity. These were always described from the perspective of the explorer, missionary, colonist

third genders, other genders

Outside the U.S. worldview, concepts of "_____" and "_____" are widespread. These include the Two-Spirit folks (berdache in various Native American groups), nadle (Navajo), hijras (India), bissu (Indonesia), and many more!

global economy

Over the past _60_ years or so, the processes of decolonization and globalization have led to the development of a _____

variations

Over time and in local contexts, you might see _____ in the details of what makes individuals more or less feminine/masculine.

fission

Portion of an existing ethnic group splits away and forms a new ethnic group.

Figapa

Post menopausal women who have not had at least 3 children.

Kakora

Postmenopausal women with 3 or more children.

changes

Problematically, Wallace's ideas were limited because: They could not account for _____ to beliefs. They could not explain how _____ impacted daily life. They depicted deeply religious people as intellectual inferiors. They do not explain why people hold on to their beliefs passionately.

flagellation, crucifixion events

Purification events during the Lenten season in the Philippines includes _____ and _____.

fire walking

Purification in India and Pakistan sometimes include ______. In Pakistan, this may clear accusations if the accused is unharmed by the act.

social construct

Race is a _______ not a biological fact.

social responses

Racial constructions are extremely problematic because of the assumptions that they are based on and the ________ of injustice they create.

privileged

Racial ideologies were used to justify the selection of who would be _____ in society and those who would experience the negative results of the social, economic, and political inequalities.

integral segregation

Racialized thinking was seen as important in the U.S. to justify economic and social differences that were reinforced by institutions like the plantation system in the American South and were further encouraged by _______ throughout the U.S. that persists even into modern times.

male, female, and intersexed

Recognized biological sex categories include

rites of intensification

Rituals that are structured to _reinforce the values and norms of a community_ and to strengthen group identity.

totemism, totems

While exploring ______ in Australia, Emile Durkheim found that _____ were symbols often constructed as an element of nature that served as a key symbol for a group or clan (i.e., the bear clan, the eagle clan, the sun clan, etc.).

DNA analysis

With modern _______, researchers are finding that the genetic make-up of individuals often varies greatly from what is expected based on phenotypic traits like skin color.

Figapa

Women in their child-bearing years.

the psychological purpose for beliefs

_Help to reduce anxieties by increasing sense of control over events_. Rituals, prayers, and sacrifices are used to influence the unpredictable. The less predictable an event the more likely that people will try to control its outcome using enactments like prayer and other rituals.

misfortunes result from

_Witchcraft/Sorcery_ Violation of taboo(s) Dishonored/angered ancestral spirits Punishments for transgressions _Luck_ Lack of prayer or sacrifice

the cognitive purpose for beliefs

Searching for order and meaning. It provides the framework to interpret events and helps to give life meaning.

the social purpose for beliefs

Searching for order and meaning_. May do so by defining _good and evil_. May use sacred stories to support the social order. Gives social values sacred authority. May intensify cultural cohesion (social solidarity). May act as an _educational institution_.

transportation and media

Significant changes to _______ technologies can result in speeding up the rate of integration.

binary

Since genders are not just ____, these processes apply to all gender constructions (not just male and female).

1960's

Since the _____ in the U.S., religious organizations have become increasingly involved in the public sphere.

weak

Since there is more genetic variation within rather than between populations, race as a biological notion is _____.

baptism

Some Christians believe that through symbolic purification like _____, sins, including in some cases, original sin or individual transgressions, may be removed. This is often seen as a necessary step to access heaven after death

deny gender categories

Some _______ and structures, while other embrace multiple genders influences.

fundamentalist

Some conservative churches, for example, have called themselves ________, meaning that they advocate a return to fundamental or traditional principles.

_explain mistaken beliefs about death_

Some early writers (like E.B. Tylor) approached topic by viewing the belief of "others" as an attempt to __________, dreaming, and other basic unexplained phenomena.

anomie

Some have argued, following Durkheim, that with the rise of _industrialism_, that a sense of ____ (the ease for individuals to feel anonymous) might be increasing, and so activities that help to bring people together, as many religious organizations do, will help provide support networks and give a sense of identity through membership.

biological sex

Some incorrectly assume ______ to be binary (female and male) because they are focusing on sexual reproduction. As such, they place significant value on the reproductive sexes at the exclusion of individuals who do not "fit" into female or male categories. Problematically, this focus excludes some of the natural biological variation that exists in our species.

belief system

Sometimes a seemingly small change can have a profound impact on a ______

social, economic, and political

Sometimes the changes in the meanings that people assign to their experiences are triggered by ____, ____, ___, upheavals, as in the case of various revitalization movements. In these cases, the old ways of looking at the world are no longer satisfactory and changes are seen as necessary.

interpretive drift

Tanya Luhrmann suggests that changing one's beliefs often involves a process of what she calls __________.

myths

___ often include stories and narratives to: Explain how the world was created. _Explain how humans, plants, and animals were created and their role models_. Define or prescribe _how to live morally_. Explain what happens to us when we die.

race

____ and culture vary independently because members of different

conflate

people tend to ______ terms of race, ethnicity, nationality, and languages spoken

Figapa, Kakora

The Hua concept of gender- Instead of male/female genders based on interpreting biological sex, genders are comprised as:

nu, genders

The Hua concept of gender- Unique gender constructions based on concept of ___. They believe that ____ change over time.

totems

The Kwakwaka'wakw see the _______ as created by an ancestor after obtaining the ______ from an adventure with an animal. The animal is made into the _______, and is eventually transformed into the clan crest (symbol).

cannibals who must be socialized and tamed

The Kwakwaka'wakw view humans as ______________. Through swaddling, ritual fasting, denial of food, and other actions, parents transform their children from cannibals into moral human beings.

totems

The Tlingit see their _____ as protectors.

biological reality

The Western concept of race as a _______ gained popularity in the late 1500's -1700's (particularly during the 18th century) as a result of historical events like the interactions between the indigenous populations and Europeans during their expansion period and during the African Slave Trade.

mythos

The _Cannibal Dance_ is a ritualistic enactment of part of the Kwakwaka'wakw ______.

cannibal dance

The _______, a four-day ritual that serves as the highlight of the Kwakwaka'wakw Winter Ceremonial—a period of celebration and ritual in which all worldly activities cease.

biological realities

The cultural constructions of _racial_ categories are often mistaken as ________.

Christianity, Islam, Zionist Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism, and Sikhism.

The fundamentalism project in the 1990's explored fundamentalism in many religions including:

genotype, phenotype

The idea is centered on concepts of _____ (your genetic potential) versus ______ (your expressed genes).

judged harshly

The more distant from one's own beliefs, practices, or knowledge systems a symbolic action seems, the more likely it will be ______—this "distance" is a flexible boundary defined by the group...

gendered divisions of labor

The patterned ways in which tasks are allocated to different members of a society based on gender.

sorcery

The performance of rites with the intention of altering reality.

cultural cohesion

The power of totems lies in the constraints that people feel are imposed on them and in the special power people feel (________) when groups come together in celebration (or during enactments of beliefs).

ethnocide

The purposeful destruction of ethnic groups is called ______.

multiple gender identities

The recognition, present in cultures of more than two genders, with the third gender identities often called by such terms as man-woman or woman-man exist.

gender roles

The rights, duties, and expectations one acquires by virtue of one's gender (and/or sex).

witchcraft

The use of psychic powers, or the result of bodily substances, which alter reality.

gender hierarchies

The ways in which gendered activities and attributes are differentially valued.

internet, digital world

The widespread access to the ______ and to the _____ in general has changed how the world connects to socialize, share ideas and information, and conduct business. BUT, the effects are not all economic and people include material goods differently in their cultures (e.g., Warlpiri filmmaking)!

Figapa

Their bodies contain substances symbolically considered feminine.

convergence models

____ have been widely rejected by most anthropologists, though more balanced representation in the global sphere is certainly seen as important.

hindus

_____ also believe in purification, and believe bathing in the _Ganges River is a pilgrimage important for all practitioners to seek. However, the motivations of this action is not the same--achieving Moksha and release from the birth/rebirth cycle is part of their motivation.

racial

_____ categories can share the same culture and vice versa.

divisions of labor

_____ on the basis of gender is found in all cultures, although the specific tasks performed vary.

21, 8

There are ___ distinctive Mayan languages recognized in Guatemala today, another ___ are officially recognized in Mexico.

type

There is great flexibility in genders and in personalities which often causes individuals to further describe their "___" within gender identity, sexuality, and biological sex categories.

the life cycle

These symbolic actions are deeply embedded with the Kwakwaka'wakw beliefs of ______

myths

These texts are deeply entrenched in the worldview of followers that it frames their perceptions, and renders all other mythos irrelevant and unbelievable.

religion as a system of social action

Things (beings, powers, forces) _more powerful than humans_ exist. Beliefs and behaviors support this reality. Symbols make this reality seem intense and genuine. People share these experiences

globalization

This process is facilitated by development of _transportation and media technologies_ enabling communication and movement (temporary and permanent)

coping mechanisms

This rise in fundamentalism seems to be deeply related to ______ for groups to make sense of and confront changes in societies that were no longer viewed as satisfactory.

religion as a system of social action

This view of religion builds upon the previous theories—academics build upon previous ideas

Islam

Those who participate in extremism, acts of violence and terror, and are associated with _____.

bible

Those who take literal interpretations of sacred texts, such as the ____

Western

Though ___ cultural constructions of gender are different now than they were even a decade ago some stereotypes and issues in terms of access and opportunity persist today.

cultural convergence, clash of civilization, cultural hybridization

Three Different Models of the Results of Globalization

one's own beliefs are seen as reasonable

Time and again, religious researchers have found is that _______ and appropriate to other believers. Furthermore, it is important to recognize that people understand and explain the world through their own perspectives which are reciprocally informed by other social institutions (e.g., kinship, politics, identity structures, etc.).

is not supported by cultural nor biological data

Today, ideas of 3-5 "pure races" have been abandoned by most academics, as it ____________, but this racial ideology prevails in the public sphere.

genetic package

Traits such as blood type, nose width, eye color, skin color, eye shape and more, vary independently. They are not inherited as a _______.

- An origin myth or history - Ethnic _boundary makers_ like clothes, language, foodways, and more!

Two attributes that help define and identify an ethnic group.

highly revered and celebrated

Two-Spirits individuals are often ______ members of society.

distinctive ideas

Ultimately, what we see is that different cultures have ______ about males and females and use these ideas to define manhood/masculinity and womanhood/femininity.

academia

Understandings of race have changed greatly in _____, though sometimes these changes occur more slowly outside of that context. This is problematic as there are multiple dialogs using overlapping terminology but in distinctive ways.

skin color

Using ______ (or other physical traits) to try to assign ancestries can be problematic

racial populations

Various historical and scientific attempts to classify __________ have consistently fallen short of the diversity present.

global integration

What is interesting is that this _____ process does not automatically signal a death knell for the presence of cultural diversity and the myriad ways of being.

not universal

What this demonstrates is that the Western assumed binary construction of gender is ___. It further demonstrates that the criteria used to construct cultural understandings of gender vary cross-culturally.

they often reproduce the totemic symbol

When the community comes together ______________. This ensures that the tradition is passed on to future generations. Often this will involve telling the origin story of the _totem(s) and there may be a reenactment of the time of the ancestors. There are often additional private symbolic actions.

earn income

Where women commonly _____ for themselves, including participation in market activities, as seen in Jamaica, their overall status tends to be relatively high.

clash of civilizations

_____ suggests that cultural differences (primarily religious traditions) have not disappeared but that we are becoming increasingly aware of these differences, and that people tend to band together with those who have cultural, not ideological similarities (i.e., divisions are based on religion and cultural differences rather than competition between monarchies or nation-states).

ethnic group

______ a social group based on perception of shared ancestry, cultural tradition, and common history that culturally distinguish that group from other groups.

witches

______ are often are viewed as lacking control of (or even awareness of) their powers.

DNA analysis

______ suggest that some families lost knowledge of their Semitic roots after forced conversions to Catholicism.

container shipping

_______ has greatly lowered the cost of shipping of manufactured goods and has played a key role in the continued development of the global economy over the past 30 years.

snake bites

_______, and even the deaths that occasionally result from the handling, _reaffirm followers beliefs_.

women

_____tend to have higher status in matrilineal and/or matrilocal societies compared to women in cultures that are patrilineal and/or patrilocal.

transexualism

a behavior where an individual has undergone hormonal treatments and/or genital reassignment surgery (permanent marking). This transition does not need to be binary, some individuals emphasize a hybridity in their sex and gender identities and may express this physically.

mana

a sacred impersonal force residing in people, animals, plants, places, and objects

Animism

an early theory to explain the beliefs encountered in non-industrialized societies

enculturation, naturalize

an infant then begins to be engaged in the _____ process by giving it: a gender-appropriate name, dressing it in "proper" clothing, and speaking to in gender-appropriate manner. This process helps to _____ gender categories.

spiritual beings and/or forces_

animism refers to a belief in ______. Specifically, it is the notion that natural objects, animate and inanimate, are imbued with spirits.

myths

are sacred texts. They may be transmitted as written texts, communicated orally, or embedded into various socially recognized symbols, and/or include performances.

totems

are sometimes worshiped and are considered sacred and holy by adherents (often maintained by kin groups such as a clan).

fluid

concepts of gender are sometimes ___ even within an individual's lifetime.

greatly variable

cultures may share boundary makers (use the same goods like clothes and foods, or share languages, etc.), however, they may not see them in the same manner. Cultures are plastic and _____

rituals

dramatic renderings or social portrayals of meanings shared by members of a group. They play a role in organizing and making concrete a particular view of the world.

rituals

embody beliefs, sentiments, and communal ties. They are organized, stereotyped, symbolic behaviors associated with social, political, and religious activities and are flexible in localized expressions and performances.

gender

encompasses the roles, relationships, values, and positions in society that are allowed to members of each gender category.

fission, fussion

ethnogenesis occurs one of two ways

biological sex

frequently refers to the reproductive forms and functions of the body.

Voice Physique Hairstyle Dress Behavior Body Movements Spatial and touch preferences Language Use Occupations Hobbies

gender boundary markers may include

cultural convergence

in the 1960's, the idea emerges that the world was becoming a "global village." This theory underlies concepts of "McDonaldization" and "Coca-Colonization," which focus on powerful culturally influential nations imposing culture (products and beliefs) on others.

transgender

individual who identifies with a gender role and identity of a gender category less common for their biological sex at birth. May include temporary or permanent marking of preferred identity association.

cisgender

individual who identifies with gender roles and identity considered common for their biological sex at birth. May include temporary or permanent marking of preferred identity association.

monotheism

is the belief in one supreme being. Common examples include: Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.

gender stratification

is the degree of inequality based on culturally defined differences between genders. May be based on social status, and/or on access to resources, wealth, power or influence.

politics,

key thing that fundamentalism project identified- Willingness to engage in _____ and even military battles to defend their views.

"fighting back"

key thing that fundamentalism project identified-Sense of "_______" against corrosive, impure, secular changes to promote a "Godlier" future.

cause

key thing that fundamentalism project identified-They are passionate/impassioned by their ____

negatively

key thing that fundamentalism project identified-Work against others who are viewed _____ (e.g., as modernizers, infidels, or moderate insiders).

imitative principle of magic

like produces like (i.e., voodoo doll, animal skull used to transfer a headache)

race

many North Americans do not distinguish ______ from language, national origin, or cultural background when describing Native American and Hispanic populations.

cultural cohesion

rites of intensification rituals help communities maintain continuity with the past, and may act to enhance the feeling of social unity in the present, and ultimately may renew the sentiments on which ________ (social solidarity and connectedness) depends.

rites of passage

rituals may include _____ like Rites of Intensification, Rites of Catharsis, Rites of Purification, and more.

witches and sorcerers

sociological interpretations of witchcraft and sorcery. People could monitor their behavior in fear of

accused of witchcraft

sociological interpretations of witchcraft and sorcery. Social deviants or competitors could be suspected and ____

social order

sociological interpretations of witchcraft and sorcery. They are a mechanism for controlling the _________

repressed agression

sociological interpretations of witchcraft and sorcery. They provide an outlet for _________, perhaps lowering conflicts overall in a culture.

norms and values

sociological interpretations of witchcraft and sorcery. they reinforce social ______. helping people live harmoniously together.

discrete

some equate Native American and Hispanic with _____ racial categories. This is problematic for a variety of reasons, but especially since individuals who identify as Hispanic and/or as Native American are both _culturally and biologically diverse populations_.

women

still hold far more jobs as receptionists, secretaries, and file clerks than men do.

men

still hold more jobs in construction and utility work, as CEOs and corporate managers compared to women.

transvestism

the behavior of cross-dressing can be a non-permanent marking. Interestingly, this is not a behavior exclusive to transgender individuals. Many cross-dressers are individuals who identify as cisgender individuals (and some will further specify their sexuality--demonstrating that it crossing sexuality boundaries).

polytheism

the belief in multiple deities. Common examples include: Hinduism, Ancient Greek and Roman pantheons of gods.

the _hamatsa

the cannibal dance centers on the taming of a cannibal spirit, _____, who has an unquenchable desire for human flesh.

ethnocentric

the clash of civilizations model is both inaccurate and _____, and it is not supported by cultural nor historical evidence.

global economy

the creation of a global market and the integration of peoples and communities into this market.

gender congruence

the degree to which individuals feel genuine, authentic, and comfortable within their external appearance and accept their genuine identity.

ethnogenesis

the emergence of new ethnic groups.

wheat and oil

the price we pay_ for a loaf of bread or a gallon of gasoline is _determined by the world price_ for ____

atheism

the rejection of the belief in deities.

Imitative principle of magic and contagious principles of magic

the two kinds of logical principles sorcery is based on

biological racial hierarchies.

the western concept of race was used to justify cruel and inhumane practices with false ideas of _______.

globalization

the widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries.

intersexed

there are multiple variations in the _____ category (i.e., not all are "hermaphrodites").

race

there are no cultural constructions of ____

biological trait or gene

there is no single _______ unique to any group of people, much less to any group that has been designated "a race.".

religion as a system of social action

this views religions as the social enactment of beliefs, daily life experiences, and symbolic meanings (expressed through rituals and other aspects of social life).

supported by concepts of kinship

totem beliefs-These beliefs are often _________ and/or include relationships between individuals/groups with supernatural or spirit-beings that are part of their _mythos_ (myth system of a population).

sexual orientation

typically describes which biological sex individuals are attracted to for the purpose of intercourse.

racial classifications

will continue to change as the interpretations of populations change.