Anthro Test 3

Matrilocal Residence

Pattern for residence in which the couple lives with or near the wife's family post-marriage

Bilocal Residence

Patterns of residence after marriage in which the husband and wife alternates between living with the wife's kin or the husband's kin

Unilineal Descent

People define themselves in relation to only the mother or father's side

Affines

People related by marriage

Consanguines

People that are genetically related

Incest Taboo

A ban on sexual relations within the nuclear family and a rule of exogamy forcing people to marry outside of their families

Elman Service

A cultural anthropologists who majorly studied the Tobati in Paraguay and developed his four-part typology of political systems: bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states

Tribe

A decentralized society structured around a village and inter-village council whose members meet regularly to settle disputes and plan activities. They can be egalitarian or ranked. Munda of Idia

Confederacy

A form of political organization in which tribes and bands come together and form a common leadership to fight an external threat

Moiety

A group of linked clans in which all members of a society are apportioned into two groups. It is usually exogamous

Polygyny

A marriage arrangement between a man and two or more women

Sororal Polygyny

A marriage arrangement between a man and two or more women who are sisters

Fraternal Polyandry

A marriage arrangement between a woman and two or more men who are brothers

Polygamy

A marriage arrangement in which the marital unit consists of three or more people

Sororate

A marriage between a widower and his deceased wife's sister

Levirate

A marriage preference rule in which a woman marries the brother of her deceased husband

Monogamy

A marriage rule that stipulates a union between two people

Brideservice

A period of time in which the bride's husband perform's labor for the wife's parents after marriage

Serial Monogamy

A practice in which a person may be married more than once during their lifetime, but to one person at a time.

Morton Fried

A professor of anthropology who created the three categories of culturally valued resources and the three systems of inequality categorized as stratified, egalitarian, and ranked societies.

Prestige

A social resource reflected in others' good opinion, respect, and willingness to be influenced

Egalitarian Society

A society in which all members have equal access to valued resources, land, social prestige, wealth, and power. Everyone can achieve a position of respect and no one can exert control over someone else. Hunters and Gatherers

Matrilineal Descent Group

A system in which kinship inheritance passes through the female line

Patrilineal Descent Group

A system in which kinship inheritance passes through the male line

Bilateral Descent

A system in which people believe themselves to be descended from both their mother and father's kin

Class

A system of grouping people in a hierarchal order based on income, education, and occupation. It is an achieved status.

Sexual division of labor

A term referring to the specialized gender roles of the male who is typically known for bringing in income, food and involvement in warfare, versus the female associated with domestic duties

Nuer Ghost Marriage

An arrangement among the nuer of sudan that occurs when the brother of the deceased husband and his wife have kids. Those kids are still the legal children of the dead husband.

Associated Polyandry

An arrangement in which a woman is married to two or more men who are unrelated

Caste

An ascribed status that is endogamous, hereditary, and unchanging while assigning people an order of prestige from lowest to highest.

Age Grade

An assigned sociopolitical association that groups people based on age and assigns them specific social functions

Sodalities

An association that unites various communities into social groups. Sodalities can be derived from kinship or not.

Age Set

An identifiable group of individuals based on the sociopolitical association with their current age

Genitor

An individual's biological father

Pater

An individual's legal father

Patrilocal Residence

Arrangement in which the married couple lives with or near the husband's family post-marriage

State

Centralized social and political system with a hierarchal structure of authority. The central government has the power and the ultimate authority typically belongs to a head of state. This is a stratified society. United States

Nuclear Family

Consists of one or both parents and their children and another relative may reside in the house at a time

Decentralized System

Contains leaders that lack the power and organization to control the members of its society

Parallel Descent

Descent and inheritance followed gender-linked lines so that men considered themselves descended from their fathers and women from their mothers

Wealth

Economic resources that can be land, money, or goods

Nuer People

From Southern Sudan (which is the largest country in Africa) and also are the 2nd largest ethnic group in Southern Sudan totaling more than 1 million. Refer to themselves as "Naath" which means "the people" Live in the open savannah and swamps that surround the Nile River They hold a unique place in the history of anthropology bc ethnographer E.E. Evans-Pritchard conducted extensive fieldwork there in the 30s Economy is a mixture of pastoralism and horticulture, their staple crop is millet (consumed as porridge and beer) They build settlements and homesteads that last about 5 years then they relocate, also forced to build villages for protection against flooding rain and protect horticulture Cattle are the focus of their life and a large part of their culture.. they have disdain for neighboring people with little cattle. used as rite of passage, politics, allegiances, language etc. Kin-based society

Dowry

Gifts given by the wife's family to the married couple or husband's family before, during, or after the wedding

Kindred

Group consisting of known bilateral relatives with whom people interact, socialize, and rely on for economic assistance

Phratry

Groups of linked clans and don't marry someone belonging to a clan associated with theirs (exogamous) 3 or more

Two-spirit

Hermaphrodites in Native American societies considered a third gender and treated as a special part of society. The males adopted some of the social and economic roles of women, and females adopted some of the social and economic roles of men

Polyandry

Marriage arrangement between a woman and two or more men

Exogamy

Marriage principle in which people cannot marry members of their own lineage clan but must forge alliance with members of other groups

Endogamy

Marriage principle in which people marry members of their own group

Clan

Named groups of people who believe they are relatives even though they may not be able to trace their actual relationships with all members of their group. Usually have corporate functions

Descent Group

kin groups who are lineal descendants of a common ancestor

Martilineage

kinship related to the female line.

Patrilineage

kinship related to the male line

matriarchy vs. matrilineage

matrilineal: form of descent in which inheritance is passed down matriarchy: female dominated society

characteristics of each lineage

matrilineal: usually associated with horticulture patrilineal: nomadic foragers and pastoralists

Tiwi People

occupy Melville and Bathurst islands in Australia (3k square miles) both islands are heavily forested characterized by large mangrove forests They are hunters and gatherers and foragers They live in a varied environment that provides them with dietary abundance. I.e. generous supple of fish, game, vegetable foods. Polygynous society Modern day live in 2-4 bedroom houses built by contractors with kitchens, electricity, and plumbing. Each man and woman owns land, which they call "countries" "Tiwi" literally means people -- like "real people" or "primary beings" A key feature to their history is their isolation, they were very hostile to outsiders They belong to their mother's matrilineal descent group which they call their "Skin" Traditionally believed all women MUST be married, until Catholic missionaries came and put an end to the majority of polygynous marriages and unions between ppl of vastly different ages,

avoidance relationships

patterns of behavior between certain sets of kin that demonstrate respect and social distance

joking relationships

patterns of behavior between certain sets of kin that involve reciprocal joking, teasing, and playfulness. Sometimes taken in the form of flirtation and sexual innuendo

Extended Family

three or more generations living together ex. grandparents, parents, and children

Band

Small, loosely organized, decentralized, and informal groups of people. They are egalitarian, and have a specific leader or multiple leaders. Ju'Hoansi

Ranked Society

Societies in which different individuals and kinships differentiate individuals from lowest to highest based on achieved and ascribed status. Higher ranked people usually have the most social prestige but not always significant wealth and power. The Samoan Islands

Stratified Society

Societies in which people do not have equal access to valued resources such as land, prestige, wealth, and power, but have the ability to accumulate all of them. United States

Chiefdom

Societies organized by kinship that choose leaders to perform political and economic functions. They have multiple chosen leaders and can be stratified or ranked. Ashanti of Ghana

Power

The ability to exert control over the actions of others and make decisions that affect them

Gender Inequality

The denial of autonomy and equal rights to one group of people based on their gender

Social Stratification

The division of society into two or more groups ordered hierarchically based on wealth power and prestige

Elites

The highest stratum in a society that controls social, political, and economic resources.

Lineage

The smallest kinship unit with a set of relatives tracing descent from a known common ancestor through a single sex

Nuer woman marriage

Women in Nuer may marry each other and one woman serves as the pater. The pater pays a brideswealth to the wife and a man comes in as a genitor to impregnate the wife.

Secondary Marriage

a married woman cohabits with a man other than her husband without having terminated the marriage by annulment or divorce

cross cousins

child of mother's brother/child of father's sister -- unilineal

parallel cousins

child of mother's sister/child of father's brother -- patrilineal

Sexual dimorphism

difference in size, appearance, and sexual organs between the male and female of a species

important pairs different lineages highlight

father/son (patrilineal): mother/daughter (matrilineal): sister/brother (matrilineal):

alliance proliferative

increasing your affinal ties with different families

alliance intensifying

increasing your ties with your in-laws using bridewealth, bride service, and dowry

Neolocal Residence

Post-marriage living arrangement in which the couple establishes a new household separate from the relatives

Centralized System

Power and political authority is exerted through a central authoritative figure or multiple authoritative individuals that govern the members of its society

Bridewealth

Presents given by the husband's family to the wife's family before, during, or after the wedding

Double Descent

Principle in which descent is traced through the male line for some purposes and female line for other purposes. An example of this would be that Yako of Nigeria passing down cattle from the mother's side and farmland from the father's side

Minangkabau People

They live in Indonesia in the Greater Sunda Islands (which consists of 4 different Islands - Borneo, Sulawesi, Java and Sumatra) but the majority of the people live on Sumatra which is the largest (4 million Minangkabau live there) Area has a lot of active volcanos, hot climate, sliced by the equator so very humid with a lot of rainfall. Very tropical. They received their name from a legend about an unusual battle with Javanese invaders in the 14th century where the Javanese King (named Adityawarman) wanted their land and proposed a buffalo battle. Minangkabau literally means "victorious buffalo" Dutch royalty infiltrated their land in 17th century, and West Sumatra was forced to to provide coffee to profit Dutch trade/gov. Minangkabau were considered the most educated Indonesians Won Independence in 1949, and Indonesia joined UN in 1950. Have a concept of "adat" which is a critical component to their culture meaning "customary law" which is essentially their traditional rules of conduct, belief, and social organization.

Samoan People

western Polynesian people -- home about 2,300 miles south of the Hawaiian Islands. -- volcanic region with sandy beaches along coral leaf coast. lush vegetation. Samoan Islands cover 1200mi, and house 193k people -- island chain divided into 2 political units the eastern and western. Eastern Samoa is US terrotory and consists of 7 islands Western Samoa has been independent since 1962 In the 19th century missionaries came and nearly 100% of Samoans converted to Christianity Their main commodity was/is coconut oil, also conveniently placed Each household led be a man "matai" who's responsible for everyone who lives under the roof -- electing matai is serious and an envied position (usually older men over 40 who have strategically planned to become matai) Matai are the leaders, settle disputes amongst the family, encourages, oversees etc -- and very democratic "Fono" is the village council responsible for decision making pertaining to the village Irrigation is necessary in their society bc of tropical climate, coconut is the most important crop and holds a variety of uses. They also fish. Traditionally, cooking was the exclusive domain of men

patriarchies

women usually separated from their families after marriage