anthropoids and tarsiers
polyandrous
one female has 2-3 male mates. offspring strategy, up to 4. males will help attend to offspring while the mother feeds. both parents raise the offspring.
suborder: haplorhini
under the order Primates. contains the parvorders Tarsiiformes and Anthropoidea.
frugivorous
eat fruit
family: atelidae (atelids)
larger-bodied. prehensile tails. diverse diets (frugivorous). 2-1-3-3 dental formula. (ex: spider monkey and howler monkey). howler monkeys tend to howl to announce their presence, can be heard for miles, telling other groups to respect territory, also the largest around 40 lbs, not very good with smell, squeeze fruits to see if they are to their liking then bring it up to nose and sniff.
anthropoids
monkeys, apes, and humans. characteristics are a larger brain than strepsirhines, more folding in the neocortex. fully binocular vision (in front of head, good stereoscopic and color vision). enclosed eye socket. improved manual dexterity. nails on all digits. mandibular is fused. no wet rhinarium or frenulum. no metopic suture. muzzle reduced compared to strepsirhines. greater opposability.
prehensile tail
can grab objects with tails. only a few species can do this. fleshy pads on tails that leave tail prints.
parvorder: platyrrhini
from infraorder of anthropoidea, contains superfamily of ceboidea.
family: cebidae (cebids)
genera are saimari and cebus. characteristics include 2-1-3-3 or 2-1-3-2 dental formula. form social groups. diurnal. complex behaviors, and the larger the group, the more complex. (ex: squirrel monkey and capuchin)
owl monkey
genus is aotus. 8 species. nocturnal. poorly studied. omnivorous. shown some resistance to malaria, a genetic trait. also called Night Monkey.
uakari
genus is cacajao. 4 species. Amazonia. stubby tails. broad diet. little subcutaneous fat. bright red face.
infraorder: anthropoidea
platyrrhines (NW, wide nosed, far apart and pointed out nostrils) and catarrhines (OW, downward nosed and nostrils close together). NW monkeys live in South and Central America, but we don't know how they got there from Africa. most likely is the rafting hypothesis -> debris from tropical thunderstorms foods into rivers, collects, then is flushed into the sea, carrying trapped monkeys.
subfamily: callitrichidae
subfamily of cebidoidea. includes marmosets and tamarins. characteristics are small, have claws (nail that has turned into a claw), great variety of appearance, 2-1-3-2 dental formula, polyandrous, physical appearance helps them identify their own species. use scent to mark with urine. instead of fighting other species, they have a set of visual displays. lots of seemingly primitive characteristics, but actually special to them.
platyrrhines
~70 living species. characteristics are prehensile tails (esp. in atelines) broad noses, almost strictly arboreal, three premolars (2-1-3-3 or 2-1-3-2), and two families in ceboidea: atelidae and cebidae. NW monkeys.
infraorder: tarsiiformes (tarsiers)
10 species. native to Philippines and Indonesia. carnivorous (insects, birds, lizards). unique blend of traits, makes them hard to classify. no wet rhinarium. no frenulum. virtually complete eye socket (more coverage than strepsirhines). exhibit traits common to strepsirhines and haplorhines. nocturnal. eyes are immobile (must move head back and forth to look different places). vertical clingers and leapers. reason for their name is the elongated tarsal bone, which helps them jump far and hunt insects. small, ~1lb. served as a model for clues about the earliest primates.