Anthropology 021 Midterm (psu)

Based on what you've learned in class about genetics of skin pigmentation, the common ancestors of Europeans and East Asians became light skinned at the same time and for the same genetic reasons.

False

In Darwin's views of sexual selection, female/female competition and male mate choice were the primary mechanisms.

False

Monkeys can more fully extend their elbow joints than can apes.

False

Very little sexual dimorphism is body size and canine size is observed in __________, who have a __________ mating strategy.

Gibbons, Monogamous

Which of the following traits are found in both tarsiers and strepsirrhines, making them difficult to classify?

Grooming claws on toes and an unfused mandibular symphysis

An individual who displays the disease cystic fibrosis inherited a deleterious allele from each phenotypically normal parent (who happen to be first cousins). This individual is therefore:

Homozygous for the recessive allele

Which of the following is true about human reproductive behavior and biology?

Human females differ from other primates to the degree to which they conceal their ovulatory status.

The group defined by African apes (gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos) and their most recent common ancestor is paraphyletic. The addition of just one of the following species or groups will form a monophyletic group. Which one is it?

Humans

The group of monkeys is paraphyletic. The addition of which of the following groups would form a monophyletic group. Which one is it?

Humans

In the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium equation (p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =1), p and q are:

allele frequencies

Hox genes:

are crucial for establishing the body plan in animals from flies to humans.

What is one reason why populations far away from the equator are found to be more lightly pigmented than populations closer to the equator?

having a darker pigmentation and low UV light exposure can lead to vitamin deficiency.

Which of the following is NOT an example of acclimatization?

having light color skin than enhances vitamin D synthesis

When one male lives in a reproductive unit with multiple females, as is generally the case with mountain gorillas, we call the social structure:

poloygynous

Male and female gibbons are similar in body size and both have large canine teeth. This lack of sexual dimorphism reflects:

the fact that both sexes are territorial due to their monogamous social structure.

Which of the following primate characteristics is NOT an adaptation associated with arboreality (life in trees)?

(All are likely arboreal adaptations) -forward facing eyes -prehensile hands -mobility of the shoulder

Which of the following constitute(s) primate characteristics?

(all the above) -reduced sense of smell -binocular stereoscopic vision -advanced ability to learn, including "culture"

Transfer RNA:

(all the above) -binds to complementary codons on strands of mRNA -contains anticodons that correspond to amino acid encoding codons -links amino acids together to form polypeptide chains

Haplorrhine primates' enhanced sense of vision stems from:

(both A & C) A) the fact that their eyes are rotated forward B) their tendency toward nocturnality C) their color vision

People with the genotype "bb" have an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. What is the probability that two individuals (BB and Bb) will have a child with this disorder?

0.0

In a population sample of feral house cats collected in Central Park, 150 cats have big heads (genotype AA or Aa) and 50 cats have little heads (genotype aa). In these cats, head size segregates as a simple Mendelian trait where the little head allele is recessive to the big head allele. Assuming this population is in HWE, what is the observed frequency of the little head genotype (aa) ?

0.25

The typical dental formula of lemurs and lorises is __________ and the formula of Old World monkeys and apes and humans is __________.

2. 1. 3. 3 and 2. 1. 2. 3

Each amino acid is coded for by __________ nucleotide bases forming a codon.

3

Given a mating between a BB mother and a Bb father: on average, what percentage of offspring will carry the b allele?

50%

While at the zoo, you see an exhibit with a small group of primates and notice they have wet, snout-like noses. This indicates:

A species of strepsirrhine, which are the only primates to retain a wet rhinarium

What are the possible gametes that an individual with genotype Aa BB Cc produce assuming all three loci are on different chromosomes, each locus has just two alleles and mutation does not occur?

ABC, ABc, aBC, aBc

The mRNA codon that begins translation is __________, and it is translated into the amino acid __________.

AUG, Methionine

Subpopulations (also known as local populations) are:

All of the above

The presence of wings in birds, bats, and butterflies and fins in fish and whales are examples of which kinds of traits?

Analogous traits

Given the pedigree above*, what is the likely mode of inheritance of this disease?

Autosomal recessive (*if there is a skipped generation)

The four branches of anthropology are:

Biological, Archaeological, Cultural, and Linguistic

You have come across a set of primate bones in a museum where you are studying. After careful analysis you determine that this primates' intermembral index is 140. Based on that information what type of locomotor strategy was this primate using?

Brachiation

Which of the following is a characteristic of a SLOW life history pattern?

Extended juvenile period

A study was conducted in wild population of bonobos. In the first generation, the allele frequencies at one locus were p=0.7 and q=0.3 and in the second generation, they remained the same. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which is the most likely conclusion about this population?

It is experiencing little to no evolution at present

The relevance of the theory of uniformitarianism is that:

It proposes that the Earth has a long history and the natural forces that shaped the Earth in the past are still active today.

Which of the following is NOT a good trait to differentiate platyrrhines and catarrhines?

Lack of a tooth comb

Which of the following statements about primate brains is FALSE?

Larger relative brain size is associated with polygynous reproductive strategies

__________ leads to the production of body cells, whereas __________ leads to the production of gametes.

Mitosis / Meiosis

For an animal showing the ancestral mammalian dental formula 3. 1. 4. 3, what tooth type does the 4 represent?

Molar

Long-term studies of finch populations have shown that average beak size changes over generations in response to environmental changes. This is an excellent example of

Natural selection

Polygyny is best described as

One male, multiple females

Polyandrous:

Refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female and several adult males and their offspring.

Male primates most often compete for mates while female primates compete for other resources, demonstrating that:

Reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in varying reproductive strategies.

What was the economist Thomas Malthus's key insight that laid the foundation for the theory of evolution by natural selection?

Reproduction when unchecked will always outstrip resources.

Each of the following mammalian species or groups is a close relative of primates. However, which do scientists consider to be the most distantly related?

Rodents

Compared to other mammals, primates have a __________, with a __________ for their body sizes, and a __________ number of offspring.

Slow life history / larger brain size / smaller

Which species of chimpanzee is more violent towards members of rival groups?

The common chimpanzee

In his experiment with garden peas, Mendel found that one genetic unit is inherited from the father and one from the mother. This provided evidence for:

The law of segregation

What are Darwin's three observations of natural selection?

Traits inherited; individuals within a population vary; organisms produce more offspring than can survive given environmental resources.

Necleotide bases in nuclear DNA include all of the following except.

Uracil

How is a theory different from a hypothesis?

a theory is an explanation based on careful examination and has ben repeadly tested

Most strepsirrhines have a special lower incisor complex called:

a tooth comb

In the nucleus , DNA at metaphase is found in very long strands known as

chromosomes

Which of the following traits would be the most useful in determining if a monkey in question is a platyrrhine or a catarrhine:

dental formula

Which of the following is true about mitochondrial DNA?

inherited solely through the material lineage

The concept of race" __________.

is biologically uninformative because most loci show very little difference among populations

For the seven traits Mendel studied, the presence of a single recessive allele:

is commonly masked in the phenotype

The expression of complex traits showing polygenic modes of inheritance:

is determined by genes at several loci in conjunction with environmental factors.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding reproduction and parental investment in mammals?

less variance in reproduction is seen in males as compared to females

Genes affecting many visible traits (e.g., facial features,skin color, hair form):

likely evolved faster than genes affecting most invisible traits across populations

The forces of evolution include:

natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, mutations

In temperate environments, most heat loss in humans is through

radiation

Genetic drift has the greatest effect in:

small populations

Large relative testes size in chimpanzees has been associated with

sperm competition

The great diversity of morphologies, physiologies, and behaviors seen among animals, despite great similarity in their gene sequences, implies:

that the expression of many genes is controlled by numerous regulatory switches

Transcription occurs in

the 5' to 3' direction

The regulation of gene expression (mRNA transcription) is often accomplished when proteins called __________ bind to DNA sequences called __________ that are located near the genes being regulated.

transcription factors; enhancer sequences

Which of the following is true about natural selection

variation is reproductive success must be associated with heritable traits