Anthropology 1303 Midterm

Primates' enhanced sense of vision stems from a. color vision and eyes that are rotated forward. b.their tendency toward nocturnality. c. their reduced sense of smell. d.their grasping hands.

a. color vision and eyes that are rotated forward.

A study of Darwin's finches after a long period of drought found that all species of finch on one of the islands had developed wide beaks in order to break open seeds. The type of evolution that leads to this phenotype distribution is: a. directional selection. b. natural selection. c. disruptive selection. d. stabilizing selection.

a. directional selection.

Linnaeus's taxonomic system is referred to as a "hierarchy" because: a. each species has a "higher level" genus and "lower level" species. b. species are placed in a ranked list called the "Great Chain of Being." c. humans are considered the most evolved species. d. none of the above

a. each species has a "higher level" genus and "lower level" species.

Forensic anthropologists: a. focus their work on skeletal analysis of individuals. b. study skeletal remains from past human populations. c. study the evolution of human skeletal traits. d. do not work outside academia.

a. focus their work on skeletal analysis of individuals.

According to Darwin, natural selection operates at the level of: a. individuals. b. genes. c. populations. d. species.

a. individuals.

The long limb measurements of Turkana pastoralists indicate that the population a. is on the continuum of variation observed in Allen's rule. b. represents the variability that results from Wolff's law of skeletal replacement. c. has body proportions that are not well adapted to warmer climates. d. is well adapted for life at high latitudes, as Allen's rule predicts for pastoralist populations.

a. is on the continuum of variation observed in Allen's rule.

Bipedalism is considered one of the hallmarks of hominin evolution because: a. it was the first evolutionary development that distinguished humans from other animals. b. it was possible only after the advent of simple material culture. c. it followed brain expansion in human evolution. d. it allowed hominids to come out of the trees and make tools 10 mya.

a. it was the first evolutionary development that distinguished humans from other animals.

Human production of stone or lithic tools is an example of: a. linguistic comprehension. b. subsistence strategies. c. material culture. d.ideology.

a. linguistic comprehension.

Genetic adaptation a. occurs at the population level via natural selection. b. occurs at the individual level during childhood. c. occurs at the individual level throughout an individual's lifetime. d. involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.

a. occurs at the population level via natural selection.

Adaptive radiation occurs when: a. one species produces multiple closely related species. b. several species adapt to one environment. c. species radiate to different environments and adapt to the varying environments. d. an individual adapts to varying environments.

a. one species produces multiple closely related species.

Which is the study of evolution and variation in humans? a. physical anthropology b. archaeology c. linguistic anthropology d. cultural anthropology

a. physical anthropology

The results of a disadvantaged social environment include: a. poor health, reduced height, and shortened life expectancy. b. poor speech and excessive eating habits. c. poor reading comprehension. d.inability to think critically and develop long-term planning.

a. poor health, reduced height, and shortened life expectancy.

In certain species of nonhuman primates there are groups where only one dominant female has access to mates. The other females must wait until the opportunity to gain mate access presents itself. This will have direct impacts on " fitness," influencing which of the following? a. reproductive success b. aggressiveness c. strength d. age at death

a. reproductive success

Infancy a. runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year. b. runs from three to seven years, generally post-weaning. c. is also called the "neonatal period." d. includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

a. runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

Which of the following biological processes involves a reduction in homeostasis? a. senescence b. Wolff's law c. prenatal development d. the adult stage of development

a. senescence

What makes it possible for humans to accumulate an amazing amount of information over long periods of time? a. social learning b. television c. social media d. mimicry

a. social learning

The advantageous "attributes" to which Darwin refers are now known as: a. traits. b. genes. c. alleles. d. chromosomes.

a. traits.

Jane Goodall is one of the world's most famous scientists. Which of the following did she accomplish as a primatologist? a.She established a long-term research project at Gombe, Tanzania, which focused on chimpanzees, and discovered that they use tools such as twigs. b.She studied and translated the vocalizations of monkeys in Botswana, with her colleagues Cheney and Seyfarth. c.She researched chimpanzee violence, hunting, and predation at a site in Uganda, comparing their patterns of aggression to those of humans. d.She deciphered language- like abilities in the chimpanzee known as Nim Chimpsky, teaching him American Sign Language.

a.She established a long-term research project at Gombe, Tanzania, which focused on chimpanzees, and discovered that they use tools such as twigs.

Many primate societies are complex and involve their members forming alliances. How can these alliances be formed? a.by rank, age, and kinship b.by relative age, which is affected by"baby booms" c.only by rank d.primarily by species and subspecies

a.by rank, age, and kinship

Phylogeny refers to a.evolutionary relationships that are based on shared characteristics including physical traits, genetics, and behavior. b.the fundamental anatomical features in primates that reflect their high degree of diversity. c.primates' ability to get around in trees using an unusually wide range of motions involving the limbs and trunk. d.a set of behaviors and anatomical characteristics that is unique to mammals adapted to life in the trees.

a.evolutionary relationships that are based on shared characteristics including physical traits, genetics, and behavior.

Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations, including a.opposable thumbs. b.a precision grip. c.short digits. d.an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

a.opposable thumbs.

Primate communication can be compared to human communication in that a.primate communication is very simple and across all the species consists of only a handful of"meaningful" sounds; this is entirely different from human language. b.although some primates have the ability to transmit meaning from one individual to another, this always happens within a species, never between species; this is similar to humans, since humans do not really understand other animals either. c.many primates make sounds that seem to be labels for things, like specific food items or specific predators, but primate communication lacks nuance or complexity of any kind; this is unlike human language. d. for at least some Old-World monkeys and apes, communication seems to be very context dependent, and specific sounds can have different meanings by making small changes; this is like human language.

a.primate communication is very simple and across all the species consists of only a handful of"meaningful" sounds; this is entirely different from human language.

Polyandrous a.refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female and several adult males and their offspring. b.refers to a social group that includes one female and several males. c.means "many offspring." d.refers to a social group that includes one adult male and several adult females and their offspring.

a.refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female and several adult males and their offspring.

Darwinian evolution proposes that: a.species adapt and change over time based on the environment. b. an individual can change within its own lifetime. c. species adapt based on individual goals. d. individuals determine their own biological adaptation.

a.species adapt and change over time based on the environment.

Predator-specific vocalizations in Diana monkeys vary based on a.the type of predator and the predator's attack strategy. b.conditioning in the lab by primatologists. c.emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily. d.individual factors, as in humans.

a.the type of predator and the predator's attack strategy.

How was Darwin influenced by Thomas Malthus's work on population growth? a. Darwin was interested in Malthus's examination of population changes in pea plants. b. Darwin was influenced by Malthus's work on demography and population responses to food availability. c. Darwin liked the concept of Latin taxonomic classification as it pertained to human groups. d. Darwin was greatly influenced by research on acquired characteristics.

b. Darwin was influenced by Malthus's work on demography and population responses to food availability.

The mutation known as trisomy 21, in which an extra copy of chromosome 21 is present, is more commonly known as: a. Turner syndrome. b. Down syndrome. c. Klinefelter's syndrome. d. Williams syndrome.

b. Down syndrome.

Why is the work of Alfred Russell Wallace considered when discussing the theory of evolution? a.He was an English naturalist who had arrived at many of the same conclusions as Darwin through his own research in the Amazon. b. His work is not considered, as he was mistakenly credited with the theory of natural selection. c. He was a British dog breeder who worked on artificial selection experiments in the same way Mendel worked on sweet peas to determine inheritance. d. He was well known and gathered even more evidence to support evolution than Darwin, though from the Amazon rather than the Galapagos.

b. His work is not considered, as he was mistakenly credited with the theory of natural selection.

How is biocultural anthropology different from cultural anthropology? a. It combines cultural studies with archaeology. b. It examines the interaction between biology and culture in shaping human biology. c. It is strictly a biological science. d. It considers culture to be a byproduct of our biological histories.

b. It examines the interaction between biology and culture in shaping human biology.

What can be learned from studying a population through time? a. We can learn that lifestyles do not change over time. b. We can learn that diets, and therefore human biology, change through time. c. We can learn that consuming the wrong foods over time does little to population health. d. We can learn that human physiology does not change through time.

b. We can learn that diets, and therefore human biology, change through time.

The two concepts that best explain biological anthropology are that: a. your biological makeup defines who you are and your personality comes from your environment. b. every person is a product of evolutionary history and each of us is the product of our own individual life histories. c. you are what your genes make you and your environment has no effect. d. You are what your environment makes you and your genes have no effect.

b. every person is a product of evolutionary history and each of us is the product of our own individual life histories.

The scientific method: a. relies on making hunches about the natural world. b. involves empirical data collection and hypothesis testing. c. is used to support preconceived notions or theories. d. seeks to establish the absolute scientific truth.

b. involves empirical data collection and hypothesis testing.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) differs from ribonucleic acid (RNA) in that: a. it was studied during Darwin's lifetime. b. it is the "recipe" for all biological characteristics and functions. c. it was discovered by Mendel. d. it is stored in ribosomes.

b. it is the "recipe" for all biological characteristics and functions

Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species (1859) was considered an important contribution to modern science because: a. it coined the concept of evolution. b. it synthesized information from diverse scientific fields in order to document evolutionary change. c. it was immediately and widely accepted by the scientific community as the mechanism for evolutionary change. d. it proposed the use of the scientific method for the first time.

b. it synthesized information from diverse scientific fields in order to document evolutionary change.

A source of new genetic material to a population is: a.natural selection. b. mutation. c. gene flow. d. gene drift.

b. mutation.

Developmental (or ontogenetic) adaptation a. occurs at the individual level throughout an individual's lifetime. b. occurs at the individual level during childhood. c.involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings. d.occurs at the population level via natural selection.

b. occurs at the individual level during childhood.

R. C. Lewontin found that human "races" have no taxonomic significance. He demonstrated this through a. research indicating that most genetic variation is found among human races. b. research indicating that race categories accounted for a very small percentage of variation found across human populations. c. the examination of variation in multiple human skull characteristics. d. research that examined genetic diversity across different species of mammals.

b. research indicating that race categories accounted for a very small percentage of variation found across human populations.

Evolutionary synthesis is: a. the concept of evolution and natural selection. b. the melding of natural selection and Mendelian inheritance. c. a combination of the inheritance of acquired characteristics and natural selection. d. the theory of evolution and Linnaean taxonomy.

b. the melding of natural selection and Mendelian inheritance.

Uniformitarianism is the theory that: a. the earth is very old, based on geologic evidence from stratigraphic layers in Scotland. b. the natural processes operating today are the same as the natural processes that operated in the past. c. the uniformity of species is derived from the common ancestor of all species. d. processes such as earthquakes are evidence supporting catastrophism as proposed by Lamarck.

b. the natural processes operating today are the same as the natural processes that operated in the past.

One of the most important rain forest predators, attacking a wide range of different primates, is the monkey-eating eagle. We know this because a.hundreds of primate bones have been found in eagle nests, allowing the study of which primates eagles prefer to hunt. b.all forest primates have an identical alarm call that means, essentially, "Eagle!" c.large forest eagles have markings that make them look like monkeys, so they can get very close to their intended prey. d.in captivity, when presented with a monkey versus other possible food, the eagles almost always go for the monkey.

b.all forest primates have an identical alarm call that means, essentially, "Eagle!"

Kin selection refers to a.nonaltruistic behavior toward other members of the kin group. b.altruistic behavior that increases the donor's inclusive fitness. c.altruistic behavior that promotes kin-like bonding among nonkin. d.behavior that increases only the donor's fitness.

b.altruistic behavior that increases the donor's inclusive fitness.

Megaladapis is a. a tiny, mouse-sized relative of the gorilla that lives on Madagascar. b.an extinct lemur, with a skull larger than a gorilla's, that lived on Madagascar. c.the name of the assistant to the king in the Pixar movie Madagascar. d.the dominant lemur living today on Madagascar.

b.an extinct lemur, with a skull larger than a gorilla's, that lived on Madagascar.

Catarrhines' nostrils are a.far apart and face sideways. b.close together and face downward. c.large due to their heightened sense of smell. d.wide and include a large nasal sinus.

b.close together and face downward.

Preadaptation is a.the series of apparent adaptations that are never actually used. b.the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature's original function. c.an anatomical feature used in the manner for which it was originally selected. d.a phenomenon that occurs before natural selection can occur.

b.the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature's original function.

Another name for the evolutionary force called gene flow is: a. "founder effect." b. "disruptive selection." c. "admixture." d. "transposition."

c. "admixture."

How is a theory different from a hypothesis? a. A hypothesis explains observations and cannot be refuted by new evidence. b. A theory is an explanation based upon controversial facts. c. A theory is an explanation relying on careful examination and has been tested. d. A theory has been less thoroughly tested than a hypothesis.

c. A theory is an explanation relying on careful examination and has been tested.

The English scientist who independently co-discovered the theory of natural selection was: a. Charles Lyell. b. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. c. Alfred Russell Wallace. d. Carolus Linnaeus.

c. Alfred Russell Wallace

The scientist who coined the name Homo sapiens for human beings and placed them in a higher taxonomic group (primates) was: a. Charles Darwin. b. Georges Cuvier. c. Carolus Linnaeus. d. Robert Hooke.

c. Carolus Linnaeus.

How has the environment influenced human biology? a. Activities you engage in put stress on your muscles and bones. b. Humans influence the environment through climate change. c. Changes in the climate produce changes in the environment resulting in changes in human biology through diet. d. Humans are not subject to adaptation and therefore are not influenced by environment.

c. Changes in the climate produce changes in the environment resulting in changes in human biology through diet.

How did Lamarck contribute to the theory of evolution? a.He discovered genetic mutation through experiments with pea plants. b. He proposed the concept of natural selection after his voyage to the Galapagos Islands and his study of finches. c. He did not but instead proposed an erroneous evolutionary mechanism known today as inheritance of acquired characteristics. d. He did not but instead proposed a concept known today as gene flow.

c. He did not but instead proposed an erroneous evolutionary mechanism known today as inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Which of the following is NOT a genetic disorder that decreases susceptibility to malaria? a. G6PD deficiency (favism) b. sickle-cell anemia c. Huntington's chorea d. thalassemia

c. Huntington's chorea

In his experiments with garden peas, Mendel found that one physical unit is inherited from the father and one from the mother. This provided evidence for: a. Mendel's law of independent assortment. b. Thomas Hunt Morgan's ideas of mutation. c. Mendel's law of segregation. d. Mendel's concept of nondisjunction.

c. Mendel's law of segregation.

Why are Darwin's finches considered good examples of natural selection? a. They are found on every continent. b. They originated in North America, according to fossil evidence. c. They embody the idea of descent with modification. d. They did not differ between populations.

c. They embody the idea of descent with modification

The English demographer whose work on population growth greatly influenced Darwin's thinking on population adaptation was: a. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck. b. Georges Cuvier. c. Thomas Malthus. d. Charles Lyell.

c. Thomas Malthus.

Anthropology views humans as both: a. primates and religious beings. b. primates, religious, and cultural beings. c. biological and cultural beings. d. cultural and religious beings.

c. biological and cultural beings.

Studies of Darwin's finches have found that at certain points in time all finches on the island have either wide beaks or sharp narrow beaks. The type of evolution that leads to this phenotype distribution is: a. directional selection b. natural selection. c. disruptive selection. d. stabilizing selection.

c. disruptive selection.

Somatic cells are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. each includes a nucleus. b. they are used in multiple tissues throughout the body. c. each contains half a copy of an organism's DNA. d. each contains a complete copy of all of an organism's DNA.

c. each contains half a copy of an organism's DNA.

Colobine primates a. are mostly frugivorous. b. are usually terrestrial. c. have specialized digestive anatomy for eating leaves. d. are referred to as "cheek pouch" monkeys.

c. have specialized digestive anatomy for eating leaves.

Microsatellites are: a. small satellite transmitters used in genetic research. b. useful for determining group but not individual identification. c. highly individualized repetitive stretches of nuclear DNA. d. known from Watson and Crick's 1950s research.

c. highly individualized repetitive stretches of nuclear DNA.

An archaeological field school is announced in your anthropology course. The description says that you will be able to travel to Belize to learn about the lives of the ancient Mayans. What do you expect to learn during this field school? a. what species of nonhuman primate occupies this region b. how current populations of immigrants have changed local dialects c. how to excavate and study material culture d. how to socially navigate life in a Central American setting

c. how to excavate and study material culture

What are the three key attributes of humanness? a. eating, sleeping, and watching television b. hunting, speech, and dependence on domesticated food c. hunting, scavenging, and tool making d. building shelter, hunting, and making clothing

c. hunting, scavenging, and tool making

A hypothesis: a. is equivalent to a theory. b. is an attempt to explain observations and predict future scientific results. c. is a statement concerning scientific facts. d.is unable to be refuted by future investigations.

c. is a statement concerning scientific facts.

A trait's heritability: a. is the proportion of its variation that is genetic. b. is the proportion of its variation that cannot be explained. c. is the proportion of its variation that is the product of genes and environment. d. is the proportion of its variation that results from the environment alone.

c. is the proportion of its variation that is the product of genes and environment.

The relevance of the theory of uniformitarianism is that: a. it supports the theory of catastrophism. b. it proves that changes to the Earth were caused by cataclysmic events like earthquakes and floods. c. it proves that the Earth has a long history and supports the theory of natural selection. d.it demonstrates that the Earth is 4.4 billion years old, based on geologic evidence from stratigraphic layers.

c. it proves that the Earth has a long history and supports the theory of natural selection.

Allen's rule indicates that humans will have a. larger lungs in hot environments and smaller lungs in cold environments. b. smaller bodies in cold environments and larger bodies in hot environments. c. longer limbs in hot environments and shorter limbs in cold environments. d. taller bodies in cold environments and shorter bodies in hot environments.

c. longer limbs in hot environments and shorter limbs in cold environments.

The forces of evolution include: a. gene flow, mutations, chromosomes, and genes. b. mutations, genes, and genetic drift. c. natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, and mutations. d. natural selection, genes, alleles, and chromosomes.

c. natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift, and mutations.

Anthropology includes the study of: a. the use and social context of body language. b. fossil plants and their closest relatives. c. prehistoric societies and artifacts. d. the relationship between humans and the universe.

c. prehistoric societies and artifacts.

The study of physical anthropology varies in that: a. some physical anthropologists study potential for life on other planets. b. some physical anthropologists study the interaction between domestic animals and disease. c. some physical anthropologists study extinct and living species of primates. d.some physical anthropologists study changes in marine life.

c. some physical anthropologists study extinct and living species of primates.

Biological anthropologists seek to: a. study humans from a cultural perspective. b. study humans from a biological perspective only. c. study humans from a biological and cultural perspective. d. study human behavior only.

c. study humans from a biological and cultural perspective.

In mammals, the male parent's gametes determine the sex of his offspring because: a. the X chromosome originates only from females. b. sperm are more powerful than eggs. c. the Y chromosome is present in males only. d. the X chromosome determines sex.

c. the Y chromosome is present in males only.

Although Allen's and Bergmann's rules often explain body shape and morphology, we occasionally see variations from the expected patterns. This sometimes indicates that a. the long-term association between body shape and climate is an example of acclimatization. b. body shape and morphology do not reflect both evolutionary and developmental processes. c. the association between body shape and morphology does respond to environmental stressors. d. the association between body shape, morphology, and the environment is not a result of natural selection.

c. the association between body shape and morphology does respond to environmental stressors.

Archaeology is: a. the study of human evolution. b. largely devoted to recovering artifacts and building museum collections. c. the study of the behavior and material culture of past human societies. d.the study of the evolution of language.

c. the study of the behavior and material culture of past human societies.

Thomas Malthus's contribution to natural selection is: a. the binomial taxonomic system of naming species. b. the theory that the Earth's old age is based on geologic evidence resulting from cataclysmic events. c. the theory that events like warfare, disease, and famine are necessary to control population size and thereby reduce the risk of depleting resources. d. the theory that environmental resources are subject to population pressures.

c. the theory that events like warfare, disease, and famine are necessary to control population size and thereby reduce the risk of depleting resources.

James Hutton is associated with: a. adaptation. b. catastrophism. c. uniformitarianism. d. principles of heredity.

c. uniformitarianism.

Bipedalism in primates means: a. walking on two feet. b. walking on four feet. c. walking using two legs and a tail. d. swinging from branch to branch.

c. walking using two legs and a tail.

The eminent British anatomist Sir Wilfrid E. Le Gros Clark (1895- 1971) identified three prominent tendencies. They are a.the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb. b.increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation. c.arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity. d.the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.

c.arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.

Sexual selection is best defined as a.the physical competition for access to females. b.the competition for resources to access females. c.natural selection in one sex caused by a trait's attractiveness to members of the opposite sex. d.selection of males by females on the basis of disposition, physical appearance, and hierarchical position.

c.natural selection in one sex caused by a trait's attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.

Three key factors that contribute to a female primate's success at feeding are a.speed, agility, and strength. b.source, quantity, and safety. c.quality, distribution, and availability of food. d.cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.

c.quality, distribution, and availability of food.

__________ DNA is heteroplasmic, meaning it can differ among different parts of a person's body. a. Nuclear b. All c. Ribosomal d. Mitochondrial

d. Mitochondrial

Without the work of x-ray crystallographer _________, DNA might not have been discovered for some time longer. a. James Watson b. Francis Crick c. Thomas Malthus d. Rosalind Franklin

d. Rosalind Franklin

Biological anthropologists: a. travel around the world to investigate human populations. b. study living populations. c. study primates like lemurs, monkeys, and apes. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

You are reading a scientific article about cheetahs that have stripes instead of spots. The article refers to this asa genetic mutation. Though you see they have no negative impact on the cheetahs' fitness, the stripes are nevertheless considered a genetic mutation because: a. mutations can result in an evolutionary advantage. b.mutations can result in an evolutionary disadvantage. c. mutations may have no effect on the phenotype. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

What makes us human? a. physiology, culture, and planning b. biology, culture, and religion c. physiology, behavior, and religion d. biology, culture, and behavior

d. biology, culture, and behavior

Primates are: a. a group of mammals that share traits like forward-facing eyes, fingernails, and large brains. b. often species with a long snout. c. diverse species that live in various types of environments. d. both a and c

d. both a. and c.

Boas proposed that anthropologists could learn about_______ though careful observation and attention. a. race, morality, and primitive religions b. primitive humans and their societies c. morality, human variation, and cultures d. cultures, societies, and peoples' biology

d. cultures, societies, and peoples' biology

Forensic anthropologists who were called in to help with the 9/11 tragedy had to have a very good understanding of: a. primate dentition. b. human hair identification. c. CSI training. d. human osteology.

d. human osteology.

The four branches of anthropology are: a. archaeological, geological, geographical, and biological. b. physical, biological, cultural, and linguistic. c. cultural, linguistic, geological, and physical. d. physical, archaeological, cultural, and linguistic.

d. physical, archaeological, cultural, and linguistic.

Franz Boas a. was a strong supporter of the race concept. b. created racial categories based on living populations in the United States. c. showed that U.S.- born children had the same head shapes as their immigrant parents. d. showed that U.S.-born children had different head shapes than their immigrant parents.

d. showed that U.S.-born children had different head shapes than their immigrant parents.

Mendel's plant hybridization experiments demonstrated that: a. traits inherited from each parent blended together in the offspring. b. DNA was the molecule carrying the genetic code. c. peas were a poor choice for understanding basic hereditary principles. d. traits inherited from each parent remained distinct in the offspring.

d. traits inherited from each parent remained distinct in the offspring.

Franz Boas: a. had an early influence on Darwin's theory of natural selection. b. considered environment and biology insignificant in the study of human cultures. c. never conducted his own fieldwork, curiously. d. united the study of culture, language, and biology within American anthropology.

d. united the study of culture, language, and biology within American anthropology.

A feature unique to human teeth and human ancestors' teeth is a.the presence of a canine- premolar honing complex. b.a canine that shows no wear on any surface. c.the Y-5 cusp pattern. d.a canine that shows wear on the tip.

d.a canine that shows wear on the tip.

African monkeys, including Miss Waldron's red colobus, are a.now considered extinct due to human exploitation of resources. b.a healthy population living in a subtropical environment. c.not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos. d.among the most endangered animal species due to disease.

d.among the most endangered animal species due to disease.

Functional adaptations a.are important population-level genetic changes b.occur at the individual level only during childhood. c.involve using material culture to make living possible in certain settings. d.are biological adjustments within an individual's lifetime, including developmental adaptations and acclimatization.

d.are biological adjustments within an individual's lifetime, including developmental adaptations and acclimatization.

Biological anthropologists' study what type of science? a.astrological b.biological c.social d.both b. and c.

d.both b. and c.

The maintenance of homeostasis a. is a key feature of most levels of any organism's biology. b. involves the study of populations in their natural environments. c. involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings. d.involves the replication of environmental conditions and human responses to those conditions.

d.involves the replication of environmental conditions and human responses to those conditions.

Acclimatization a.occurs at the individual level throughout an individual's life time. b.occurs at the individual level during childhood. c.involves adaptations specifically to climate change. d.occurs at the population level via natural selection.

d.occurs at the population level via natural selection.

Polygynous a.means "many marriages." b.means "many offspring." c.refers to a social group that includes one female and several males. d.refers to a social group that includes one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.

d.refers to a social group that includes one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.

Wolff's law a.is the principle that the lengths of limb bones are related to environmental conditions. b.applies to the maintenance of the entire endocrine system. c.states that after puberty there will be almost no further remodeling of bone when it is under stress. d.refers to the homeostatic balance leading to bone mass being produced where it is needed and removed where it is not needed.

d.refers to the homeostatic balance leading to bone mass being produced where it is needed and removed where it is not needed.