Anthropology 160 Midterm (University of Kentucky)

Consanguinity

"same blood" (biology or fictive)

What are some conflicts that can arise between industrial democratic societies with a focus on the individual and non-industrial tradition societies that focus on the kinship group?

-Industrial economy: having many and highly developed industries -Non-industrial economy : not having many and highly developed industries the differences is simply an economy is more advance when it is industrialized.

What are the five basic types of subsistence strategies that humans use based on plants?

1. Foraging/collecting- the search/collection of plants w/o intentional planting. & hunting/fishing 2. Managing- the maintenance of important plants w/o intentional planting 3. Cultivation/Horticulture- the intentional planting, tending and harvesting of plants with changes to the landscape 4. Landscape modification- large scale, labor-intensive production of plants 5. Extensive Agriculture systems- maintenance of a diversity of crops using a field.

What are the five types of ways that humans interact with animals (exclude nomads) and what are the two general types of pastoralists?

1. Hunters kill prey/animals for food. 2. Herd-followers follow animals as a food source. 3. Ranchers own animals for exploitation of meat/fur/milk. 4. Transhumanists- move animals back and forth between places 5. Pastoralists- herders/herd animals- Pastoral nomadism proper- absence of agriculture (ex. Desert). They move with/follow the animals & trade for crops.-Semi-nomadic pastoralism- part of the group moves the herd periodically, but most people stay in home village. There is agriculture.

What problems are associated to the origins of food production and agriculture?

1. Increased population growth 2. Increased spread of disease 3. Decreased quality of food 4. Economic inequality 5. Warfare

What are some of the changes to human societies that began to occur with the origins of food production and agriculture?

1. Territorial control of land 2. Division of labor in terms of gender 3. Strong basis in kinship relationships

What are the basic postulates (three) of evolution by means of natural selection

1. The ability for a population to expand is infinite, while the resources available to sustain the population are finite. (Causes struggle because people are competing for resources) 2. Organisms vary in physical qualities, and these variations allow some members to survive and reproduce more successfully than others. 3. The variations are inherited by offspring from their parents, thus, traits that confer advantage in survival and reproduction are passed on and traits that are a disadvantage disappear.

("Nukak Maku: The Last Forest Nomads of the Northwest Amazon") List three possible problems that the Nukak Maku have had to deal with since the encroachment of colonizers on their traditional territory

1.Where to get more food/ fruit since many of the trees were cut down 2. Diseases were brought by new settlers and the elders had no resistance to them 3. Not as much territory to move around

("The Power of Illusion. "How The Racial Wealth Gap Was Created: The House We Live In") How much of the $120 billion in home loans underwritten between 1934 and 1962 went to non-whites? Why? What effect did that have on such families?

2%. racial segregated policies in the legal and political systems of the united states. Cannot increase their net worth because they can't buy a home.

("The Power of Illusion. "How The Racial Wealth Gap Was Created: The House We Live In") A typical (median) white family has a net worth how many times that of a typical African American family? Why? If we do nothing to address the gap, will it go away on its own or continue to grow? Why?

8 times. Have been able thought time to build up assets and net worth values and have fewer liabilities. Colorblind policies treat everyone the same, no exception for minorities are often counter-posed against affirmative action of other racial remedies we live in a world where people say they are color blind, but there is still inequality based on color.

("Out of Eden") In the film what is "cargo" explained as encompassing?

All types of material groups.

With what does language diversity appear to correlate and why might this correlation occur?

Areas with higher diversities of language correlate with areas of richer/higher diversity of plants and animals

("Out of Eden") Where were most of the large domesticated animals first domesticated?

Eurasia

Pastoralists are usually found in what type of environmental setting and where is transhumance generally practiced?

Europe & Africa- deserts, forests, non-industrial areas Transhumances move their livestock b/w mountain and lowland areas.

List the stages of the Industrial Revolution and an example of an important characteristic of each.

First Industrial Revolution: Coal in 1765. Second Industrial Revolution: Gas in 1870. Third Industrial Revolution: Electronics and Nuclear in 1969. Fourth Industrial Revolution: Internet and Renewable Energy in 2000.

("Nukak Maku: The Last Forest Nomads of the Northwest Amazon") What type of subsistence strategy do they mainly practice?

Hunters/horticulture/cultivation

("The Power of Illusion. "How The Racial Wealth Gap Was Created: The House We Live In") What is 'redlining' and how did the term originate? What are the consequences of redlining on housing patterns? What attitudes and beliefs might such practices reinforce?

Integrated into minority communities where being a financial risk and could not get home loans. The consequences is that minorities could not buy homes or obtain loans. Minorities are poorer, less able to buy homes, less able to make money, keep up property.

Why might body size be different in different populations of the world?

It's adapted to the environment. Ex. Colder places its better to be larger so that less heat is loss.

("The Power of Illusion. "How The Racial Wealth Gap Was Created: The House We Live In") What is Levittown and what is its significance? Was Levittown an exception or the norm? Why?

Its an example of an all white suburb in an America. No, its not an exception only mainly whites could get these loans, non-whites could not move into such new suburban neighborhoods.

("The Power of Illusion. "How The Racial Wealth Gap Was Created: The House We Live In") How did the new Federal Housing Administration (FHA) change down payment requirements and loan terms for home mortgages? What effect did this have on home buying in America?

Lowering down payment requirements, extending loans from 5-30 years, revolutionary new deal programs like the FHA made it possible for millions of average Americans to own a home for the first time. Greatly increased

French Sociologist, Emile Durkheim, noted that an individuals' access to resources, status, and power was dependent on which of two different types of societies he/she lived in. what did he call these; what might we call them; and what are the basic differences

Mechanical Solidarity-societies organized into clans and kinships/ has similarities. (TRADITIONAL SOCIETY) Organic Solidarity-a result of a development of division of labor. Collective or common conscience. Dependent on others. Favors individuality and complexity. (INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY)

("The Power of Illusion. "How The Racial Wealth Gap Was Created: The House We Live In") Who benefits from segregated housing? Who doesn't? Why are all-white communities and all-minority communities not equal?

Minorities do not benefit, white people do, and the people selling the house are benefiting. Minority segregated neighborhoods do not get additional resources from the government for improvements in education, sanitation, etc

("Nukak Maku: The Last Forest Nomads of the Northwest Amazon") What type of society are the Nukak Maku defined as?

Nomadic people, hunter gatherers

Language families appear to spread with what and from which areas of the world?

Population migrations out of areas where the origins of food production occurred.

Language families arise from languages that existed in the past and that have been reconstructed by linguists. What is the term for these languages?

Proto-languages

("Understanding Race") Is this an ascribed status?

Social status a person is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life. It's a position that's neither earned or chosen

Define Industrial Revolution and list some general characteristics of Industrial Societies.

The Industrial Revolution shifted from an agrarian economy to a manufacturing economy where products were no longer made solely by hand but by machines. This led to increased production and efficiency, lower prices, more goods, improved wages, and migration from rural areas to urban areas.

Why might the variation in eye and hair color have evolved?

The amount of UV radiation and sunlight in an area and absorption of Vitamin D. Also because of sexual selection- made individuals stand out.

("Understanding Race") What is racism?

The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics/abilities specific to that race

Natural Selection

The gradual process by which heritable biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of the effect of inherited traits on the differential reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environment. It is a key mechanism of evolution.

("The Power of Illusion. "How The Racial Wealth Gap Was Created: The House We Live In") What happens to measures of racial disparities like graduation and welfare rates once groups of similar income AND wealth are compared? How does that change

They become more equal.

Franz Boas, found of the first department of Anthropology in the USA, is perhaps best known for which concept?

Through this methodology Boas established the theory of cultural relativism, which states there are no absolutes among cultures; the beliefs and practices of a culture can be examined only within the confines of that particular culture.

("Understanding Race") Why might racism occur?

To make some appear superior or inferior to others

Why might skin color be different in different populations around the world?

Where and how people live, their skin must adapt to the sun/climate. Also for protection against skin cancer, protection against destruction of folate/folic acid destruction, get enough vitamin D for strong bones.Dark skin blocks UV light, light skin absorbs UV light.

("The Power of Illusion. "How The Racial Wealth Gap Was Created: The House We Live In") Explain the terms "white flight," "blockbusting" and racial "steering." Why do property values decline when a neighborhood changes from white to nonwhite? How are the reasons given by the film different from what you've heard or what people commonly believe?

Whites leave areas where more and more poor people move to. They take money out of the economy leading to stagnation. Different groups can be steered to buy a home in one area over the other. As white people leave, they take government resources away from the neighborhoods they are leaving, even sanitation. People believe minorities are not as smart and therefore are always poor.

("Understanding Race") Do there appear to be economic and political reasons for assigning a race to a person?

Yes

Bilineal Descent

a practice which links a person with a group of matrilineal and patrilineal ties

Nuclear family

a unit consisting of a married man and women with their offspring Ex. Chinese

("Out of Eden") Why might domesticated plants and animals and all of the information and technology accompanying these accomplishments spread easier throughout Eurasia than throughout the Americas?

because Eurasia occurs at the same latitude generally and these plants and animals would have the same climactic adaptation across the same latitudes as they moved east/west. movement in the Americas in north/south with changing latitudes and climactic regimes

Patrilocal or virilocal marriage residence patterns

couples reside/live with or near husband's parents. Ex. Chinese, Nyinba

Matrilocal or uxorilocal marriage residence patterns

couples reside/live with or near wife's parents. Ex. Iroquois

Polygamy

having multiple marriages over time Ex. Chinese, Nyinba

Monogamy

married/relationship with only one person

Polygyny

men having multiple wives (at the same time) Ex. Chinese

Bride service

payments from the husband and his kin to the kin of the bride Ex. Chinese

Bridewealth or bride price

payments from the husband and his kin to the kin of the bride Ex. Chinese

Affinity

relationship resulting from marriage rather than from descent from a common ancestor

Hunter-gatherers

searching, hunting, and gathering food. Moving around based on food ability. Ex. Kung San

Cross cousins

the children of siblings of the opposite sex; the children of a fathers sister or a mothers brother Ex. Iroquois prefer this method to try to unite clans

Parallel cousins

the children of siblings of the same sex; the children of a fathers brother or a mothers sister

Endogamy

the custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe.

Exogamy

the custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribe.

Domestication

the domestic changes to plants and animals that are caused by unintentional and intentional human manipulation that result in the dependence of the plant or animal for its reproduction with humans. Ex. Chinese, Iroquois, Nyinba

Dowry

the property endowment that a bride brings with her into her husbands domestic household at the time of marriage Ex. Chinese, Nyinba

("Out of Eden") Why were societies in the Old World (Euroasia) so much more advanced technologically in terms of metallurgy and weapons than those in the New World?

these were the areas where the organs of food production occurred. because these areas could produce a surplus of food, specialization could occur for instance in craft specialists working with metals.

("Out of Eden") Large domesticated animals can be used for food but what else are they good for?

they supply fuel and fertilizer and are a more efficient means of labor than human labor

Patrilineal Descent

traces descent through father's side/ father bloodline. Ex. Chinese, Nyinba

Matrilineal descent

traces descent through mother's side/ mother bloodline. Ex. Iroquois

Polyandry

women having multiple husbands (at the same time) Ex. Nyinba

Where are some of the areas of the world where the origins of food production occured? What are the major proto-languages that are associated to these centers for the origins of food production? list some of the domesticated food plants associated with those areas

•Americas- Mexico, Peru/Andes, Eastern US •Southeast Asia- northwest china and Thailand •Southwest Asia - Levant/ fertile crest •Africa-west and central Africa