Anthropology 2010 Ch- 1-5
When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?
1800's
Koko, thegorilla, ans Washo, the chimp, were two ape primates who had learn
American sign language
Anthropologists believe that our behavior is influenced by
Both
The thinker who developed the evolutionary theory or natural selection in the 19th century
Charles Darwin
The 19th century British anthropologist who is credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective where the most evolved societies resembled the British societies in which he lived was
E.B. Tylor
Who is responsible for the theory of social evolution
E.B. Tylor
Because of the widespread use of mass media today, sociologist have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the US T/F
False
Contemporary cultural anthropologists still rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced" T/F
False
Languages change very slowly, taking generations or even centuries T/F
False
Most mammals use some form of call system to communicate with others of their species. Dogs and chimpanzees share an additional linguistic characteristic because they can communicate simple combinations of ideas about things they are not currently seeing.
False
Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences.
False (qualitative)
This anthropologist rejected the idea that there are groups of people belonging to stable and unchanging races
Franz Boas
The American anthropologist repsonsible for the concept of historical particularism was named
Franz Boaz
The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is
Renato Rosaldo
Although language is one of the most rule-bound aspect of human culture, it is also one of the least conscious T/F
True
American's pattern of gender inequality is built into our linguistic practices T/F
True
Anthropologists believe that the "native point of view" is better than their own.
True
Anthropologists like E. E. Evans-Pritchard and Renato Rosaldo do not see cultural anthropology as a science.
True
Anthropologists of the 1880s are referred to as "armchair anthropologists" because they never traveled abroad and they gathered data from other people's reports.
True
Gene flow and gene drift work on human populations in opposite ways T/F
True
Most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake T/F
True
Nature and nurture are not opposed but intertwined T/F
True
Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument.
True
The set of sounds and movements that animals make to communicate is called a call system T/F
True
There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly T/F
True
A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is
a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience
A cultural relativist would explain neural plasticity as
a reason people can adapt to different environments
The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as
a way of explaining how the world works
A biological perspective on the evolution of our species would emphasize that
all of the above
A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal
all of the above
A cross-cultural perspective on manic depression would
all of the above
A social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea was that
all of the above
A symbol
all of the above
An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize
all of the above
Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because
all of the above
During fieldwork cultural anthropologists
all of the above
Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because
all of the above
Edward Spair, who had been
all of the above
Ethnocentrism
all of the above
Examples of social institutions are
all of the above
If an anthropologist who studies cultural models were to analyze the Ilongot concept of liget, she or he might emphasize
all of the above
In which of the following locations would you find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?
all of the above
Increasing, professional anthropologists are
all of the above
Linguistic anthropologists traditionally sttudy
all of the above
Neural plasticity is illustrated by
all of the above
The application of the comparative method in his research in Papua New Guinea led coauthor Robert Welsch to focus on Question options:
all of the above
The canadian government helps preserve the use of french
all of the above
The comparative method
all of the above
The enhanced cognition of early modern humans allowed for
all of the above
The human mind is
all of the above
The limitation of culture and personality studies was that they assumed
all of the above
What is the type of information written in field notes?
all of the above
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called
anthroplogy
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?
anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out
A paradigm that emphasizes humans that are made up of complex biological, cultural, and psychological processes is
biocultural
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
biological anthropology
Anthropologist believe that our behavior is influenced by
both
Cultural anthropologists do research by
building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time
Animal call systems
can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli
When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activist, and political leaders
challenged her right to study the Maya culture as a foreign anthropologist
Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
cognate words
A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called
creole
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called
cultural
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is
cultural relativism
According to Mauss and Durkheim, a key feature of the concept of personhood in many other culture is
defined socially
For pastoral groups such as the Dinka and the Nuer, the cow acts as which of the following symbol?
elaborating symbol
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
encultration
The study of how people classify things in the world is called
ethnoscience
If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on
everyday interaction
People rarely hold conflicting values.
false
cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do.
false
Diversity defined anthropologically
focuses on multiplicity and variety
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is call
functionalism
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called
functionalism
The movement of genes through interbreeding or intermarriage among humans from different population is
gene flow
Which method would be best when doing a study on the genetic propensity for cancer in a given population?
genealogical method
If a single female immigrant brings a trait to a small, sparsely populated island and within many generations it is present in 50% of the population, it would be an example of
genetic drift
The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called
holistic
The defining feature of historical particularism is
individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change
Anthropologist Kim Hopper believes
industrialized nations produce "surplus people"
The people anthropologists gather data from are called
informants
Because our values and beliefs are reflected in many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
intergrated
The US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to
language death
Culture is
learned and shared
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called
lingusitic anthropology
"Going native" refers to a process whereby the anthropologist
loses the ability to be an engaged observer
If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoffs study of genderized speech, you might find that talking like a lady
marginalize women voice in work context
The affects and feelings we experience as humans
may not have an exact equivalent in another culture
"owning culture"
means controlling symbols that give meaning
An illustration of the bioculture of humans is
mental stress from losing a job causing insomnia
How words fit together to make meaningful units is called
morphology
The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called
morphology
Slight, unpredictable variation in the genetic code that occurs during reproduction is called
mutation
Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except
narrative symbol
The flexibility of the brain is called
neural plasticity
Intelligence is
not marked by a single fixed gene
When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on
parole
Norms tend to be stable because
people learn them when they are young
The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what?
people make sense of the world through binary oppositions ie. raw/cooked
_______ refers to the structure of speech sounds
phonology
Linguistics refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
pidgin language
If you were conducting a symbolic analysis of TV programs and wanted to identify a key scenario such as the Horatio Alger myth, which of the following would you focus on?
plots that are repeated in many of the programs that American viewers interpret as commonplace social experiment
The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent
post-structuralism
the idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent Question options:
post-structuralism
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
proof of their primitive nature
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing
quantitative data
If you were a linguistic anthropologist interested in language change in smaller American cities, building on William Labov's studies, what method would you use?
record how younger people, middle aged, and senior citizens pronounces ordinary american words
If you were a linguistic anthropologist interested in language change in smaller American cities, building on William Labov's studies from the 1980s, what method would you use?
record how younger people, middle-aged people, and senior citizens pronounce ordinary American words
Anthropologist overcome ethnocentrism by
seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
A stoplight is a visual example of a
sign
If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use?
survey interview
A realistic perspective on the meanings of Coca-cola in Tzotzil Maya communitites in Chiapas, Mexico, would emphasize
that they, the Tzotzil, are dominated by globalization
What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?
the Industrial Revolution
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some dont see what they do as science because
the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture
A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize all of the following except
the construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community
The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals
the interconnections between different domains of a society
A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in
the organizing of images, recordings, field notes, and documents about a field site.
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
the people or species they study
The controversy between Native Americans and NCAA schools using mascots illustrates
the power of tradition
The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals
the processes of cultural appropriation
Which of the following would most interest an anthropologist who studies geneticization
the search for breast cancer gene
A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guide research, is
theories
Cultural models help us make sense of the world because
they provide a pattern for one's own behavior and interpreting others' actions
The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture
through systematic connections of different parts
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are refered to as
traditions
A biocultural analysis of carpal tunnel syndrome would emphasize the complex intersection of environmental, biological, and social causes of it.
true
Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields.
true
Culture can be transmitted virtually through the Internet in addition to face-to-face interaction.
true
Historical archaeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation exists that provides an accurate description of the way the people actually lived.
true
Ethnopsychology is largely concerned with
understanding how other societies make sense of selves, persons, and emotions
In evolutionary terms humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because
we can speak using our larynx
How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?
while it is importance to understand Native American claims from their point of view, it doesnt mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue
A biological determinist would
would have a medical view of humans
