Anthropology
Primates are mammals. Evidence from ancient skeletons indicates the first mammals appeared over how many millions of years ago?
200
Apes generally nurse their young for how long?
4-5 years
A female chimpanzee does not reach sexual maturity until about the age of 10. Once she produces her first live offspring, what is the average number of years between births?
5-6 years
A chimpanzee or bonobo community consists of approximately how many animals?
50 or more
The radiocarbon method can be used to date organic materials up to approximately how many years old?
50,000
The way chimpanzees in West Africa crack open oil-palm nuts requires observation and practice. After a great deal of practice, they are proficient by the age of:
6 or 7
To say that the allele for type A blood is dominant to that of type O means an individual whose blood type genes are heterozygous, with one A and one O allele, will have what type of blood?
A
What is the best way to ensure that a people has the right to maintain its own culture?
Allow them to collaborate with and contribute to the anthropologist's study
Any object fashioned or altered by humans is called a
Artifact
Which of the following is not one of the four branches of anthropology?
Biology
If you were observing nonhuman primates, which of the following would you be more likely to observe hunting other mammals?
Bonobos and chimpanzees
Which of the following primates is known for the highest levels of territorial defense, including the use of patrolling animals?
Chimpanzees
Below the primate skull and neck is the _____, a bone found in ancestral mammals though lost in mammals such as cats.
Clavicle
Genes are portions of molecules of long strands of which form chromosomes, or:
DNA.
According to the North American anthropologist Ralph Linton, about 90% of any culture's content comes from:
Diffusion
Which of the following statements is correct regarding vervet monkey alarm calls?
Each alarm call communicates specific information about type of predator and where it is located.
A group of people without a common culture who are stranded together for a month on a desert island and who learn to work together for survival while they are there, may be said to constitute a society.
False
A home range is the area in which a group of primates was first born.
False
A larger culture is more likely to tolerate a subculture if their values and physical appearance are similar.
False
Adaptation to a nocturnal life caused the primate brain to grow and develop.
False
Altruism is only found among humans.
False
Among primates, the sense of smell has increased and the visual sense has diminished in significance, directly related to a change from nocturnal to diurnal activities.
False
Analogous structures arise in similar fashion and pass through similar stages before differentiating.
False
Barring errors in replication, cells divide meiotically to form identical daughter cells.
False
Because of the controversy, Kennewick Man has not yet been studied by scientists.
False
Because of the objectivity of anthropological training, anthropologists are able to eliminate the biases that might affect their descriptions of culture in the field.
False
Biological anthropology eschews (avoids) work in genetics.
False
Brazil's indigenous peoples have shown that they are unable to resist and adapt to demands imposed upon them from outside.
False
Bronislaw Malinowski used standard methods of fieldwork for his work among the Trobriand.
False
Cattle herding is the mainstay around which all of Kapauku Papuan society revolves.
False
Chimpanzees and gorillas both make and use tools.
False
Chimpanzees are gathered into natal groups and not into communities.
False
Chimpanzees, bonobos, and the other apes do not possess culture.
False
Comparing baboons, bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas, gorillas live in the largest groups with the most clear-cut dominance hierarchy.
False
Ethnographic fieldwork is never done in Western societies.
False
Everything that humans do well is adaptive.
False
French scientist Rosalind Franklin pioneered work in DNA sequencing in 1955.
False
Gene flow always occurs between populations of related organisms.
False
Human dentition shows the five-cusp pattern of other hominoids.
False
In Asia and Europe, all prosimians are both nocturnal and arboreal.
False
In a captive chimpanzee population in Madrid, Spain, the animals learned how to wash sweet potatoes.
False
In primates, the canine teeth have only one use, and that is to rip open tough husks of fruit and other foods.
False
Kinji Imanishi worked with Jane Goodall to discover many new behaviors in gorillas.
False
Like other scholars who study people, anthropologists are holistic in their approach.
False
Molecular anthropology is the study of primates and the closest human relatives.
False
Monkeys are anthropoids, but humans are not.
False
Most New World monkeys are polyandrous with a single female and several males in a group.
False
Natural selection is often thought of as "survival of the fittest," a phrase coined and used by Darwin.
False
Old World monkeys have prehensile tails.
False
Paleomagnetic reversals are considered the most reliable form of absolute dating.
False
Punctuated equilibrium is a sustained directional shift in a population's average characteristics.
False
Relative dates do not provide any way of knowing when an event occurred.
False
Relative dates do not provide any way of knowing when an event occurred.
False
States are socially organized bodies of people who share ethnicity.
False
The cultural rules that allow our closest biological relatives (chimpanzees) to be used as objects of biomedical research are a product of a long, evolutionary history.
False
The current Code of Ethics for anthropology is devised and implemented by the American Association of Practicing Anthropologists.
False
The vast majority of primate species as monogamous.
False
You can always tell a person's genotype from their phenotype.
False
Which of the following statements about rank is true for bonobos?
Female rank determines the social order of the group more than male rank.
Recent discoveries have led paleoanthropologists to now focus on what type of environment as the earliest environment for our human ancestors?
Forests
How does primatologist Kinji Imanishi's work challenge the Western scientific approach to the study of primates?
He does not emphasize the differences between humans and animals, and he focuses on harmony, rather than conflict and competition.
In which group below do we expect to find that canine tooth size is relatively small, although it has an oversized root, suggestive of larger canines some time back in their ancestry?
Humans
What is the primary purpose of practicing applied anthropology?
It allows the use of anthropological knowledge to solve practical problems.
What is the evolutionary value of studying clines?
It helps scientists understand the phenomenon of adaptation.
Which scientist proposed that an organism's behavior could bring about changes in its anatomy? This was called the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
What do bonobos use to mark trails for communication?
Large Leaves
In 1493, Christopher Columbus introduced Europe to the American plant:
Maize
Which statement best expresses the major difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis is the process by which a single cell with X number of chromosomes divides into two cells, each with the same number of chromosomes; meiosis is the process by which a single cell with X number of chromosomes goes through two stages of division, producing four new cells each with X/2 (half the original number) of chromosomes.
Among primates, humans are least related to which of the following?
Monkeys
What type of reproductive partner bonding do we find in gibbon social groups?
Monogamous bonding
A chance creation of a new allele is called:
Mutation
The ultimate source of evolutionary change is:
Mutation
Which of the following statements about reproduction and care of offspring among primates is incorrect?
No primates give birth to more than one offspring at a time.
An important method of learning among infants and juveniles is:
Play
The study of inheritance in individuals tells us about how genes can be combined and recombined through sexual reproduction, but to see how species change over time as natural selection favors some combinations over others, we need to look at:
Populations
In primate evolution, which two types of teeth have been reduced in number from a mammalian origin?
Premolars, incisors
What appears to be the primary cause of arrested adolescence among young male orangutans?
Presence of dominant males in the same group
Adolescent orangutans with arrested development are often associated with what behavior?
Rape
Which of the following would not be a purpose for a chimpanzee's hunt?
Sport
Which of the following dating methods is not considered to be an absolute dating method?
Stratigraphy
Frans de Waal changed the culture of rhesus monkeys so that it was more similar to that of what other primate group?
Stumptail monkeys
The U.S. government found that Africans seeking asylum on the basis of family reunification had committed fraud in 80% of the tested cases. What is the best possible explanation for this high degree of dissonance between what the individual said and what the genetic test showed?
The definition of family is different from one culture to another.
What is a natal group?
The group the animal has lived in since birth.
Which of the following statements about mutation is correct?
The only mutations of evolutionary significance are those which occur in sex cells.
Which strategy did the Jivaroan-speaking Shuar of Ecuador not use to preserve their culture?
They adopted Christianity.
What does Laura Nader mean when she says that the beauty industry and many plastic surgeons are involved in "standardizing" bodies?
They focus on the cultural body, treating others as in need of changes and adjustments to be culturally normal.
Why did the U.S. government begin genetic testing among Africans seeking asylum in the country in 2008?
They tested those individuals seeking asylum on the basis of family reunification in order to guarantee they were genetically related.
A culture must strike a balance between the needs and desires of the individual and those of society as a whole.
True
A typical policy associated with ethnocide is to outlaw a cultural group's language.
True
According to anthropological ethics, the first responsibility of the anthropologist is to the people studied.
True
Anthropological fieldwork is characteristic of all of the anthropological subdisciplines.
True
Arboreal primates possess an acute sense of touch.
True
Behavior that has been adaptive at one time may become maladaptive later.
True
Both creation stories and evolution strive to account for the diversity of life on Earth.
True
Carolus Linnaeus based his classificatory system on body structure and function.
True
Certain traits have three or more allelic forms. One example of this is hemoglobin.
True
Chimpanzees engage in reconciliation as a social behavior.
True
Chromosomes are long strands of DNA combined with protein that can be seen under the microscope in the cell nucleus.
True
Chromosomes are long strands of DNA combined with protein that can be seen under the microscope in the cell nucleus.
True
Clinal analysis allows anthropologists to study how populations have adapted regionally.
True
Clinal analysis allows anthropologists to study how populations have adapted regionally.
True
Cross-cultural studies show that homicide rates mostly decline after the death penalty is abolished.
True
Darwin could not explain the mechanism of heredity from one generation to another.
True
Emerging technologies have ethical implications with impact on anthropological fieldwork.
True
Even two unrelated genetic sequences will be 25 percent identical.
True
Even two unrelated genetic sequences will be 25 percent identical.
True
Every culture provides its members ways to think of the meaning of life and death.
True
Evolution explains the diversity of life by using hypotheses.
True
Examples of socially learned behavior are particularly evident among other primates.
True
Gorillas appear to show less interest in sex compared with chimpanzees or bonobos.
True
If five campers from Albany are killed in a chance avalanche, this event will have less impact on the gene pool than if five food foragers from a band of 30 are killed in a chance mudslide.
True
In anthropoid primates, the snout or muzzle portion of the skull reduced as the acuity of the sense of smell declined
True
Maize originated in Mexico. Today, more maize is grown each year worldwide than any other grain
True
Male orangutans may retain his adolescent physique even though his primary sex characteristics are fully mature, allowing him to father offspring.
True
Many primates are omnivores.
True
Microevolution is changes in allelic frequencies in populations.
True
Natural selection may have favored single births in so many primates because we evolved as tree-dwellers and could not effectively hold and protect more than one offspring.
True
Over generations, the relative proportions of alleles in a population changes according to the varying reproductive success of individuals with that population. So, by definition, it can be said that individuals with more reproductive success are better adapted to their environment.
True
Paleoanthropologists studied baboons as models for early human evolution because of their residence on savannahs.
True
Radiocarbon dating is a type of chronometric dating.
True
Smiles and embraces have long been understood to be universal among humans and our closest relatives.
True
The molecular clock allows scientists a better calculation of the time when one species split off from another.
True
The most reliable form of relative dating is stratigraphy.
True
The position of the foramen magnum is related to the degree of erectness of the habitual stance of the organism.
True
Vervet monkeys have very specific learned alarm calls to indicate type and location of predators.
True
With the process of modernization, literacy and social mobility increase.
True
Tarsiers resemble monkeys in their noses and lips, and in that part of the brain that governs:
Vision
Adaptation is best described as all of the following except:
a result of gene flow and genetic drift.
Behaving in a manner that tends to promote social cohesion is called:
affiliation.
The area of the brain that has enlarged dramatically in primates is the:
cerebral cortex.
The theory of uniformitarianism argued that:
changes on Earth are caused by gradual processes over time.
The three base sequence of a gene that specifies production of an amino acid is the:
codon
Acculturation differs from other types of processes of change because it always involves an element of:
coercion.
Chance fluctuations of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population:
come about due to random events at the individual level.
All of the following are common causes of cultural change except:
cultural relativism.
All of the following are long-term challenges associated with high-yield marginal farmlands in the U.S. except:
decreasing salinity of soil.
The evolution of larger brains in primates may be due to all of the following except:
development of very specialized dental formulas.
Gregor Mendel's law of independent assortment argues that:
different genetic traits are inherited as separate qualities (they are not dependent on each other).
A particular kind of protein within a DNA molecule that initiates and directs a chemical reaction is known as a:
enzyme
A set of cultural ideas held by a group that collectively and publicly identifies itself as distinct based on shared features is called:
ethnicity.
The orangutans found in Borneo tend to lead a solitary existence because they have to forage far and wide for sufficient food. In contrast, fruits and insects are sufficiently abundant in the swamps of Sumatra to sustain groups of adult orangs and permit coordinated group travel. Thus, we can say that:
gregariousness is a function of habitat productivity.
Anthropologists doing fieldwork typically involve themselves in many different experiences. They try to investigate not just one aspect of culture (such as the political system) but how all aspects relate to each other (for example, how the political system fits with economic institutions, religious beliefs, etc.). This perspective is called:
holism
The hand of a human and the wing of a bat are __________________ structures, while the wings of birds and butterflies are _________________ structures.
homologous; analogous
Anthropology studies the language of a culture, its philosophy, and its forms of art. In the process of doing research, ethnographers involve themselves intensively in the lives of those they study, trying to experience culture from their informants' points of view. In this sense, anthropology is:
humanistic.
All of the following are part of the theory of natural selection except:
individuals with better adaptation will more selectively reproduce, favoring less offspring that are better cared for.
The hardened, nerveless buttock pads that allow baboons to sit for long periods of time are called:
ischial callosities.
The teeth of primates are:
less specialized in comparison with other mammals.
Monogamous primate species are frequently associated with:
lower levels of sexual dimorphism.
The durable aspects of culture such as tools, structures, and art are known as:
material culture.
The ultimate source of evolutionary change is:
mutation.
The study of inheritance in individuals tells us about how genes can be combined and recombined through sexual reproduction, but to see how species change over time as natural selection favors some combinations over others, we need to look at:
populations
Only New World monkeys have a tail that is:
prehensile.
The ability to make and use tools is:
present among chimpanzees but only involves nest-building among gorillas.
Ultimately, all natural selection is measured in terms of:
reproductive success.
Among many species, males possess larger canine teeth than females. This is an example of:
sexual dimorphism.
A sound, emblem, or other sign that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way is called a
symbol
The study of how bones and other materials come to be preserved in the earth as fossils is called:
taphonomy.
Generation after generation, the bullfrogs in a farm pond look much alike, have the same cells, and exhibit the same behavior when breeding. This appearance of stability is linked primarily to:
the gene pool.
Old World monkeys have all of the following characteristics except:
they do not live in trees.
One form of communication appears to be unique to bonobos is/are:
trail markers.
Bonobo females have concealed ovulation.
true
Many New World monkeys have prehensile tails.
true
The burden of modernization in developing countries falls mostly on:
women
A "relative date":
would be represented by the statement, "Fossil A has more fluorine in it than Fossil B, so it is the older one."
Approximately how many individuals were buried in the African burial ground in Manhattan?
20,000
Kennewick Man is dated at around:
9,300 years old.
Which of the following statements is correct?
A correctly functioning culture has consistency across all of its parts, though not necessarily harmony.
Which of the following situations is likely to result in genetic drift?
A volcanic eruption on a small island that wipes out half the population of 100 iguanas
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
All learned behavior is cultural.
Which of the following scientists used biochemistry to discover how evolutionary relationships have emerged over time?
Allan Wilson
The skin around the genitals of which primate female is constantly swollen, concealing the time of ovulation by looking and behaving as if she is always fertile?
Bonobo
What technique do anthropologists use to analyze genetic differences between humans and apes?
DNA sequencing
Genes are portions of molecules of long strands of which form chromosomes, or:
DNA.
The primate skeleton reflects the importance in primate evolution of most of the following characteristics. Which of the following does it not reflect?
Increased significance of smell
Cross-cultural studies show that in many non-Western cultures mother-infant "co-sleeping" is the rule. Which of the following is not a benefit of mother-infant co-sleeping?
Infant begins to adapt to separation of space and individual identity.
What is the evolutionary value of studying clines?
It helps scientists understand the phenomenon of adaptation.
What is a karyotype?
It is an array of chromosomes from inside the nucleus of one cell.
How does the molecular clock theory work?
It is based on examining the number of genetic mutations that have occurred during divergence of species.
Which of the following researchers was the first to study bonobos?
Kinji Imanishi
From skeletal remains, the forensic anthropologist cannot establish which of following?
Marital status
In what century did paleoanthropologists begin to observe living apes to shed light on the lifeways of the fossil species they were discovering?
Mid 20th
Which of the following has figured most prominently in human evolutionary studies?
Mitochondrial DNA
Chimpanzees use which of the following communication signals to announce the arrival of another individual?
Pant hoots
You are a paleoanthropologist uncovering fossils in East Africa. Using a certain technique, you discover that a humanlike fossil is in a stratum between a volcanic eruption dated at 2.9 million years and another volcanic eruption whose rocks give a date of 3.6 million years. The fossil is about midway between these layers so you assign a tentative date of 3.2 to 3.3 million years to your fossil. What technique are you using?
Potassium argon analysis
Which of the following statements about prehistory is incorrect?
Prehistory is a time period with written records.
Which of the following statements about prehistory is incorrect?
Prehistory is a time period with written records.
Which of the following statements about protein in the body is not correct?
Proteins do not carry oxygen.
How do scientific accounts and creation stories differ from each other?
Scientific accounts focus on testable ideas, and creation stories do not.
How do scientific accounts and creation stories differ from each other?
Scientific accounts focus on testable ideas, and creation stories do not.
Which of the following statements about the relationship between sex and gender is incorrect?
Sex is the same as gender.
Jane Goodall did her pioneering field research on chimpanzees at Gombe Stream Chimpanzee Reserve. In what country is this located?
Tanzania
Which of the following occurs during binocular vision?
The visual fields of each eye overlap, creating depth perception.
What were the conclusions of Frans de Waals's study of rhesus monkeys?
There is much flexibility in primate behavior patterns.
Primates have a fovea centralis, leading to which of the following consequences?
They can focus clearly on a particular object.
There are four evolutionary forces. Which of the following is not one of these?
Translation
Unique to lemurs and lorises are all of the following except:
a 2-1-2-3 dental formula.
Concern for the welfare of others expressed as increased risk undertaken by individuals for the good of the group is called:
altruism.
People share the same culture if they:
are able to interpret and predict each other's actions.
In the same way that young Imo got her troop to begin washing sweet potatoes in saltwater, at Kyoto University's Koshima Island Primatology Research preserve, another young female macaque taught/modeled for other macaques to:
bathe in hot water springs.
All of the following statements about sickle-cell anemia are correct except:
because it is a disease of adaptation, it can never be brought under control or eradicated.
The capability to use the arms to move from branch to branch, with the body hanging suspended beneath the arms, is called:
brachiation.
Sister chromatids have most directly to do with:
cell replication.
When two species accumulate differences over time, gradually becoming ever more distinct, this is an example of:
cladogenesis.
The position of a chimpanzee in a dominance hierarchy is affected by all of the following except:
color of fur.
The "Living Bridge" in Meghalaya, India is an example of:
cultural adaptation.
The ability to build homes and make clothing to insulate us against cold environments is a:
cultural adaptation.
The position that because cultures are unique, each one can be evaluated only according to its own standards and values is called:
cultural relativism.
The molecular basis of a gene was not known until:
deduced rather than observed by Gregor Mendel as a result of his experiments with garden peas.
Ethnocide is represented by each of the following except:
development of new and more devastating weapons as a result of innovation.
Gregor Mendel's law of independent assortment argues that:
different genetic traits are inherited as separate qualities (they are not dependent on each other).
Grooming is a social characteristic of primates carried out for the purpose of all of the following except:
dominance.
Cultures respond to motions and actions within and around them because they are:
dynamic.
The belief that one's own culture is superior to another is called:
ethnocentrism.
The belief that one's own way of life is superior to others is called:
ethnocentrism.
All of the following are powerful forces that drive globalization except:
financial autonomy between countries.
The large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes is an important clue to evolutionary relationships. It is called the:
foramen magnum.
According to Bronislaw Malinowski, the nature of an institution is determined by its:
function.
Modern taxonomy, or the science of classification, is based on:
genetics, body structure, function, and growth.
If you have a chromosome pair on which the alleles for a single gene are identical (for example, if you have the genotype AA for blood type in the ABO system), this pair is described as:
homozygous.
Culture is an integrated and interrelated whole, which means that:
if you alter one aspect of a culture, you can drastically affect and possibly even endanger the functioning of the whole
The most present threat to the Shuar people in the 1960s that precipitated cultural changes was:
imminent land loss.
The "paradox of the 98% genetic similarity with chimpanzees" is based on all of the following except:
in statistical DNA comparison there is a larger margin of error between closer species.
The human dental formula is 2-1-2-3. These numbers, in order, refer to the following tooth pattern:
incisors/canine/premolars/molars.
Among the Kapauku Papuans of New Guinea, the fact that an attempt to eliminate warfare (which would create a balanced sex ratio) would affect the practice of polygyny, which would affect the economy (since women raise pigs, and the more wives a man has, the more pigs he can keep), shows that culture is:
integrated.
All of the following are characteristics of scientific thought regarding the theory of evolution except:
it does not account for the diversity of life.
In terms of biomedical research, the U.S. National Institutes of Health has decided that:
it will no longer fund any biomedical research involving chimpanzees.
The gorilla and chimpanzee both practice a distinctive form of locomotion called:
knuckle walking.
Those physical anthropologists engaged in the recovery and study of fossil evidence for human evolution are known as:
paleoanthropologists.
Physical traits such as height, skin color, or liability to disease are controlled by multiple genes. This is called:
polygenetic inheritance.
All of the following are signs that a culture is not adequately satisfying the needs and expectations of those who live by its rules except:
recovering environments.
The deliberate use of basic ideas in some practical application, such as making use of the knowledge of how electricity works to develop the telephone, is called a:
secondary innovation.
Male baboons are significantly larger than female baboons. This anatomical difference is called:
sexual dimorphism.
The smallest working units in biological classificatory systems that are reproductively isolated populations or groups of populations capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring are called:
species.
Despite the usefulness of a large brain in a cultural environment, the size of the human brain has not increased significantly for the last 200,000 years. This is an example of:
stabilizing selection.
A society is held together by a shared sense of identity and worldview. This collective body of ideas allows a society to make sense of the world, its challenges, and opportunities. It is known as:
superstructure.
According to the theory of plate tectonics, the movement of continents embedded in underlying plates on the Earth's surface have moved in relation to one another over the history of life on Earth. This is called:
tectonic shifting.
The Garbage Project in Tucson demonstrated that what people say and what they do can differ dramatically. For instance, investigators found that:
the amount of beer consumed, according to empty cans in the trash, was far higher than people claimed.
The Ukkuqsi excavation near the modern town of Barrow, Alaska showed that:
the current native population can offer insights into ancient practices.
The more we learn of the behavior of our nearest primate relatives:
the more we become aware of the importance of learned, socially shared practices and knowledge in these creatures and ourselves.
All of the following exacerbated the Rohingya situation except:
the work of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
Do apes have culture? Your text argues that:
they do, because they have flexible patterns of behavior, including tool use and communication.
New World monkeys live in:
tropical forests of South and Central America.
Most cultures are ethnocentric. In fact, the way that most societies name and refer to themselves is typically a word that translates into:
true human beings.
Anthropologist Eric Wolf did all of the following except:
worked tirelessly on behalf of applied anthropology.