Anthropology - Exam 1

Which of the following terms refers to a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort?

achieved status

An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters is called a(n) __________.

bureaucracy

Brenda is a housekeeper who is supposed to stand in the presence of her employers as a sign of respect. Given this information, it can be said that Brenda is required to show __________.

deference

Statuses depend on the specific people occupying them, and the expectations attached to these positions vary over time.

false

The most frequent form of child maltreatment is sexual abuse.

false

A highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner is called a(n) __________.

formal organization

Which of the following includes our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups?

primary groups

Which of the following terms refers to a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status?

role

The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are examples of __________.

social institutions

The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.

stigma

In the context of George Herbert Mead's stages of self-development, children become concerned about the demands and expectations of others and of the larger society in __________.

the game stage

According to German political sociologist Robert Michels, all organizations encounter the iron law of oligarchy.

true

According to ethnomethodologists, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies.

true

An individual's perception about the meaning of a situation depends on his or her unique personal experiences. For example, unlike men, women often do not perceive street encounters to be routine rituals because of fear for their personal safety.

true

Fiona is a 6-year-old girl who attends school. Her network will consist of her friends and her family, her teachers, her peers, everyone she knows of, and everyone who knows of her.

true

Functionalists emphasize the importance of families in providing emotional support and social experience to children, whereas conflict theorists emphasize how socialization through families contributes to false consciousness and reproduces inequalities in the class structure.

true

Most human behavior is influenced by social interaction.

true

Roles are relational and are defined in the context of roles performed by others. For example, for an individual to perform the role of a mother, she must have one or more children.

true

The media function as socializing agents because they provide an array of viewpoints on current issues and entertain individuals by providing them with the opportunity to live vicariously.

true

Who among the following is a member of a utilitarian organization? a. Ritu, who is a member of a nonprofit organization that works toward eradicating poverty b. Caleb, who is a member of a parent-teacher association that aims to promote better education c. Shaun, who is in prison for homicide and is forbidden from moving freely without a security guard d. Angela, who works as a lawyer at a prestigious law firm and earns $60,000 annually

Angela, who works as a lawyer at a prestigious law firm and earns $60,000 annually

Which theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination among categories of people?

Conflict theorists

Who among the following is most likely explaining the role of schools in the socialization of children from a conflict perspective? a. Susan, who states that school experiences of students differ on the basis of their social class, their racial-ethnic background, and their gender b. Mathew, who states that schools are responsible for the selection, training, and placement of individuals on different rungs in a society c. Diane, who states that schools teach students to be responsible members of society through the transmission of culture d. Firoz, who states that children learn social control and develop their personality through their daily interactions with their peers and teachers

Susan, who states that school experiences of students differ on the basis of their social class, their racial-ethnic background, and their gender

Which of the following is a purpose of groups according to classical functionalist theorists?

To meet the instrumental and expressive needs of group members

Who among the following is most likely to believe that groups and organizations are generally characterized by superficiality and depthlessness in social relationships because employee interactions with customers are largely scripted and customer behavior and responses are often tried-and-tested ways of dealing with employees?

a postmodernist

Part of the movement to humanize bureaucracy includes

efforts to reduce the number of people in dead-end jobs.

Sean and Amy are the parents of two young children, a boy and a girl. They adopt different parenting approaches for their son and daughter. They engage in rough play with their son, whereas they only engage in nonphysical activities with their daughter. They also give their son more freedom. This scenario exemplifies the concept of __________.

gender socialization

A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. In the context of the problems that arise within bureaucracies as a result of strict adherence to rules and regulations, this scenario exemplifies __________.

goal displacement

Rishi is a member of a reading group. The group meets every Wednesday to read works of literature and analyze them. Rishi identifies with the group members and feels a sense of belonging with them. From Rishi's perspective, the reading group is an example of a(n) __________.

ingroup

Tanvi, a 13-year-old girl, prefers playing rough sports to playing with dolls. She also prefers short hair and baggy trousers to long hair and pink dresses preferred by most girls her age. Despite wanting to play with boys her age and dress like them, Tanvi continues to behave and dress like other girls because she fears that her peers will demean her and make fun of her if she does otherwise. This scenario exemplifies the concept of __________.

peer pressure

Joe has decided to join a monastery. At this monastery, he will have to maintain silence for eight hours a day, and he will have to fast on a regular basis. In this case, Joe will experience __________.

voluntary resocialization