anthropology midterm 2

Diversity in primate societies means that primates: a. express themselves socially through a wide range of behaviors. b. encompass a variety of species with similar behaviors. c. can be classified into particular species exhibiting one type of behavior. d. are just as diverse in their behavior as are humans.

a. express themselves socially through a wide range of behaviors.

The typical dental formula of lorises and lemurs is: a. 2 / 1 / 3 / 3. b. 1 / 1 / 3 / 3. c. 2 / 1 / 3 / 2. d. 2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

a. 2 / 1 / 3 / 3.

The dental pattern of Old World higher primates is: a. 2-1-2-3. b. 2-1-3-3. c. 2-2-2-3. d. 2-2-3-3.

a. 2-1-2-3.

The evolution of apes began in Africa and continued in: a. Europe and Asia. b. Asia and South America. c. Europe and South America. d. Greece and South America.

a. Europe and Asia.

Which of the following apes has been proposed as the last common ancestor of living African apes and humans? a. Ouranopithecus b. Sivapithecus c. Dryopithecus d. Gigantopithecus

a. Ouranopithecus

Arboreal adaptation is: a. adaptation to life in the trees. b. the ability to brachiate. c. adaptation to life in the savanna. d. the ability to move on four limbs.

a. adaptation to life in the trees.

A rapid temperature increase about 55 mya created tropical conditions around the world, resulting in the: a. adaptive radiation of Euprimates. b. development of Dryopithecus. c. spread of Sivapithecus. d. extinction of many primate species.

a. adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

Relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include: a. an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands. b. a larger brain. c. a reduced number of teeth. d. smaller eye orbits.

a. an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands.

A stratigraphic layer in one location overwhelmingly represents one species, while the same species is discovered in a similar stratigraphic layer hundreds of kilometers away. What method is used to provide an estimate of age for this layer and this species? a. biostratigraphy b. dendrochronology c. Steno's law of superposition d. carbon 14 dating

a. biostratigraphy

To reconstruct and interpret evolutionary changes, it is crucial to place each fossil in time. This is called a(n): a. chronological sequence. b. era. c. period. d. phylogeny.

a. chronological sequence.

Male reproductive strategies emphasize: a. competition between males for access to reproductive-age females. b. avoiding risk-taking behavior. c. avoiding violence against competitors for female access. d. engaging in care of young.

a. competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.

Dietary plasticity in primates refers to: a. eating a wide variety of foods. b. lack of diversity of diets over time. c. diets composed of a variety of red meats. d. diets composed of a variety of fruits.

a. eating a wide variety of foods.

Phylogeny refers to: a. evolutionary relationships that are based on shared characteristics including physical traits, genetics, and behavior. b. the fundamental anatomical features in primates that reflect their high degree of diversity. c. primates' ability to get around in trees using an unusually wide range of motions involving the limbs and trunk. d. a set of behaviors and anatomical characteristics that is unique to mammals adapted to life in the trees.

a. evolutionary relationships that are based on shared characteristics including physical traits, genetics, and behavior.

According to Meredith Small in "What's Love Got to Do With It?", bonobos differ from chimps in a. frequently copulating face to face. b. always walking upright. c. being larger and more robust in body size of bones and muscles. d. having shorter legs. e. that females leave home and transfer out to a new group.

a. frequently copulating face to face.

The shift from the Miocene, which had greater diversity of ape species and fewer monkey species, to a living assemblage with greater diversity of monkey species and fewer ape species may be the result of: a. global climate changes that resulted in cooler, wetter environments less optimal for ape species. b. differences in ability to exploit the habitats that resulted after a change in global climate. c. cooler climates, where it is more difficult to preserve larger ape fossils. d. declines in ape diversity, caused by competition from hominin species.

a. global climate changes that resulted in cooler, wetter environments less optimal for ape species.

The arboreal hypothesis proposes that defining primate characteristics were adaptations to life in the trees, such as: a. grasping hands and feet, developed vision, and greater intelligence. b. grasping hands, tails, and intelligence. c. developed vision, greater sense of smell, and tails. d. developed vision, greater sense of smell, and grasping hands and feet.

a. grasping hands and feet, developed vision, and greater intelligence.

Prior to Goodall's research, as presented in "The Mind of the Chimpanzee," it was accepted fact that a. humans were the only species capable of making tools b. while many animals used tools, chimpanzees did not. c. tool making was not an indication of intelligence. d. some tool making was an inherited trait

a. humans were the only species capable of making tools.

As noted in "Dim Forest, Bright Chimps," chimpanzees living in the Tai forest differ from those on the savanna in how they a. hunt. b. communicate. c. fight with each other. d. sleep.

a. hunt

Altruistic behavior: a. is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual. b. occurs only between primates that are not relatives. c. is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation. d. is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.

a. is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.

Anthropoids include: a. monkeys, apes, and humans. b. African and Asian apes only. c. tarsiers, monkeys, and apes only. d. lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.

a. monkeys, apes, and humans.

Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations, including: a. opposable thumbs, nails b. a precision grip. c. short digits. d. an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

a. opposable thumbs, nails

The most significant difference between the fossil australopithecine, Lucy, and modern chimpanzees, as identified in "Are We in Anthropodenial?" is found in their: a. pelvis (hips) b. craniums (skulls) c. digits (fingers & toes) d. sternums (breast bone)

a. pelvis (hips)

Sociality among primates is likely the result of which of the following selective pressures? a. predation b. niche competition c. adaptive radiation d. habitat

a. predation

Plesiadapiforms are also called: a. proprimates. b. dryopithecids. c. proconsulids d. adapids.

a. proprimates.

Igneous rock can be dated with which of the following methods? a. radiopotassium dating b. dendrochronology c. radiocarbon dating d. fluorine dating

a. radiopotassium dating

Polyandrous: a. refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female and several adult males and their offspring. b. refers to a social group that includes one female and several males. c. means "many offspring." d. refers to a social group that includes one adult male and several adult females and their offspring.

a. refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female and several adult males and their offspring.

Male primates most often compete for mates while female primates compete for other resources, demonstrating that: a. reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies. b. reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly. c. primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements. d. males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring.

a. reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.

If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil species B, then A is considered older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of: a. superposition. b. paleomagnetism. c. fluorine analysis. d. geolayering.

a. superposition.

Brachiation refers to: a. suspensory locomotion using the forelimbs to move from tree limb to tree limb. b. quadrupedal locomotion including the use of a tail. c. clinging and leaping locomotion in an arboreal environment. d. bipedality in nonhumans.

a. suspensory locomotion using the forelimbs to move from tree limb to tree limb.

Predator-specific vocalizations in Diana monkeys vary based on: a. the type of predator and the predator's attack strategy. b. conditioning in the lab by primatologists. c. emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily. d. individual factors, as in humans.

a. the type of predator and the predator's attack strategy.

The most likely contender for the common ancestor of all later catarrhines is: a. Oligopithecus. b. Aegyptopithecus. c. Parapithecus. d. Apidium.

b. Aegyptopithecus.

Which era saw the proliferation of mammals? a. Holocene b. Cenozoic c. Jurassic d. Mesozoic

b. Cenozoic

Crucial to creating a fossil record of a species is: a. a living form of the fossil species. b. a good representation in the fossil record. c. the preservation of soft tissue such as muscle. d. the lack of dating; knowing the age of the fossil introduces biases.

b. a good representation in the fossil record.

Monogamous refers to: a. a social group that is dominated by a single sex. b. a social group that includes an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring. c. primates that live exclusively as a nuclear family. d. a primate social group that includes an adult male and several adult females with their offspring.

b. a social group that includes an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring.

Which of the following is NOT an ideal environment for fossilization? a. mud b. acidic soil (as in a jungle) c. sand d. rock

b. acidic soil (as in a jungle)

Which Eocene organisms had clear primate characteristics like a postorbital bar, opposable thumbs, nails, and a large brain? a. proprimates and euprimates b. adapids and omomyids c. basal anthropoids d. plesiadapiforms

b. adapids and omomyids

Monkeys underwent massive _______ in the Pliocene and Pleistocene. a. extinction b. adaptive radiation c. migration d. diversification

b. adaptive radiation

A skull with a foramen magnum positioned at the back of the skull belongs to: a. an individual that is fully bipedal, such as a human. b. an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a dog. c. an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a human. d. none of the above (this trait is observed only in prosimians).

b. an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a dog.

The calcaneus (heel bone) of Eosimias suggests that it may be a very primitive: a. primate. b. anthropoid. c. New World monkey. d. ape.

b. anthropoid.

During the Holocene artifacts like _______ began to appear. a. bones and teeth b. ceramics c. shells d. wooden objects

b. ceramics

The Y-5 molar morphology is present in: a. colobus monkeys. b. chimps, gorillas, and other apes. c. lemurs. d. howler monkeys.

b. chimps, gorillas, and other apes

As explained in "Mothers and Others," cooperative breeding a. exists only in primitive societies. b. has enabled humans to thrive in many new environments. c. has no place in the modern world. d. is practiced only by non-primate mammals.

b. has enabled humans to thrive in many new environments.

Anthropoids differ from prosimians in that they: a. have more teeth. b. have better color vision. c. are less dimorphic sexually. d. have a smaller brain relative to body size.

b. have better color vision.

The action of Binti, an ape who saved a 3-year-old boy who had fallen into its enclosure, according to "Are We in Anthropodenial?", made a deep impression on people, mainly because: a. a dumb animal had acted intelligently. b. it benefited a member of the human c. animals can be trained to be compassionate. d. people are not fearful of apes. species.

b. it benefited a member of the human

The suborder prosimians includes: a. New World and Old World monkeys. b. lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers. c. great apes and lesser apes. d. lemurs, lorises, and Old World monkeys.

b. lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.

Apes went extinct in southern Europe (including France, Spain, Italy, and Greece) during the late Miocene, probably as a result of: a. a meteor impact. b. a disease pandemic. c. climate change. d. early humans hunting them for food.

c. climate change.

Dominant Tai chimps use tree buttresses as drums in order to a. intimidate lower ranking chimps. b. let other group members know the direction of travel. c. as a prelude to sexual activity. d. as a musical instrument to while away the evening hours.

b. let other group members know the direction of travel.

During the Miocene epoch of the Cenozoic era, there was an adaptive radiation of which kind of primate? a. prosimians b. monkeys c. apes d. humans

b. monkeys

Which of the following does Sarah Blaffer Hrdy believe may be the most important for the survival of weaned children during food shortages? a. older men b. older women c. older siblings of such children d. young unmarried females in general

b. older women

The best-accepted hypothesis for the dispersal of African monkeys to the New World is that: a. platyrrhines evolved from anthropoids in Africa that migrated to South America in the Oligocene. b. platyrrhines evolved from anthropoids in Africa that migrated across the Atlantic to South America. c. platyrrhines evolved from anthropoids in Africa that migrated south on land to Antarctica, then to Patagonia. d. Old and New World anthropoids evolved independently from different lineages in Africa and South America, respectively.

b. platyrrhines evolved from anthropoids in Africa that migrated across the Atlantic to South America.

The visual predation hypothesis proposes that: a. better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects. b. primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals. c. species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee. d. predators had the ability to see primates better.

b. primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals.

Euprimates represent the first true: a. anthropoids. b. primates. c. mammals. d. catarrhini.

b. primates.

The two suborders of primates are: a. platyrrhine and catarrhine. b. prosimians and anthropoids. c. pongidae and hominidae. d. tarsiers and anthropoids.

b. prosimians and anthropoids.

Gigantopithecus stood _______ feet tall and weighed _______ pounds. a. four; 300 b. ten; 660 c. six; 250 d. five; 400

b. ten; 660

Preadaptation is: a. the series of apparent adaptations that are never actually used. b. the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature's original function. c. an anatomical feature used in the manner for which it was originally selected. d. a phenomenon that occurs before natural selection can occur.

b. the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature's original function.

As noted in "What's Love Got to Do With It?" a distinct difference between bonobos and other primates is that a. females only demonstrate sexual behavior when they are fertile. b. they have especially unrestricted sexual behavior. c. sex is only for purposes of reproduction. d. rarely is there sexual contact with other members of the same gender.

b. they have especially unrestricted sexual behavior.

How do primates acquire food? a. through cooperation among kin groups, mostly by hunting b. through a wide variety of food-foraging strategies c. through a limited set of highly specialized foraging strategies d. through the use of highly developed material culture

b. through a wide variety of food-foraging strategies

Primate societies are complexly organized. This means: a. several species of primates coexist socially. b. within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances. c. some primate societies are male only. d. some primate societies are female only.

b. within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.

As reported in "What Are Friends For?", which of the following lessons does Barbara Smuts derive from her study of friendship among baboons? a. Long-term bonds between the sexes probably evolved after the development of a sexual division of labor. b. Highly differentiated, emotionally intense male-female relations can only occur with sexual exclusivity. c. Among our primate relatives, males clearly provide mothers and infants with social benefits even when they are unlikely to be the fathers of those infants. d. Only males have the power to form friendships with females and only males receive the benefits of such relationships.

c. Among our primate relatives, males clearly provide mothers and infants with social benefits even when they are unlikely to be the fathers of those infants.

The Fayum desert has yielded fossils of the following three primates: a. Oligopithecus, Apidium, and Aegyptopithecus. b. Proconsul, Notharctus, and Adapis. c. Eosimias, Biretia, and Micropithecus. d. Proconsul, Eosimias, and Adapis.

c. Eosimias, Biretia, and Micropithecus.

The most distinctive feature of ape dentition, which clearly distinguishes apes from Old World monkeys, is: a. a 2-1-2-3 dental formula. b. a long canine tooth in males. c. a Y-5 molar pattern. d. bilophodont molars.

c. a Y-5 molar pattern.

An index fossil is: a. a fossil found in a particular site. b. the ideal specimen of that species to which all later descriptions must refer. c. a fossil used to categorize a stratigraphic layer. d. the type specimen of a species.

c. a fossil used to categorize a stratigraphic layer.

According to Robert Sapolsky, the braininess of humans as opposed to chimps has primarily to do with a. unique genes that code for entirely novel types of neurons or neurotransmitters. b. a more complex hippocampus having to do with memory. c. a greater number of :off the rack" neurons having exponentially greater interactions between them. d. a more complex hippocampus having to do with memory.

c. a greater number of :off the rack" neurons having exponentially greater interactions between them.

Polyandrous residence patterns represent: a. a social grouping that includes multiple adult males and females. b. one of the most common patterns in prosimians and Old World monkeys. c. a social grouping in which males cooperate in parenting activities. d. a social grouping that includes one male and multiple females.

c. a social grouping in which males cooperate in parenting activities.

As noted in "What's Love Got to Do With It?", an important function of GG-rubbing between bonobo females has to do with a. making males jealous b. inciting males to rape females. c. aiding in the assimilation of transferring females into a new community and sisterhood. d. keeping females from becoming friendly with each other.

c. aiding in the assimilation of transferring females into a new community and sisterhood.

The study of primate vocal communication: a. has been used to understand the language evolution of all primates. b. has resulted in chimps and gorillas demonstrating an ability to speak. c. can give us insights into the selective pressures that may have shaped the evolution of language. d. demonstrates that gossip is not exclusively human.

c. can give us insights into the selective pressures that may have shaped the evolution of language.

The angiosperm radiation hypothesis proposes that: a. primates' unique traits are an adaptation to living in trees. b. primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects. c. certain primate traits were responses to the acquisition of fruit during the Cenozoic. d. primates could see predators in advance.

c. certain primate traits were responses to the acquisition of fruit during the Cenozoic.

Fluorine dating is an example of what type of dating method? a. chronometric b. nonrelative c. chemical d. genetic

c. chemical

Sivapithecus is widely recognized as an ancestral member of which ape lineage? a. gorilla b. orangutan c. chimpanzee d. gibbon

c. chimpanzee

Chororapithecus is considered the: a. oldest fossil in Africa. b. ancestor to Gigantopithecus. c. common ancestor of African apes and hominins. d. ancestor to Aegyptopithecus.

c. common ancestor of African apes and hominins

Which of the following seems to explain tool use among chimps and its absence among bonobos, according to Craig Stanford? a. a strong element of chance that a cultural tradition will develop. b. a difference in brain size between chimps and bonobos. c. environmental necessity d. having the anatomical prerequisites, such as flexible hands.

c. environmental necessity

Studies of temperatures during the Cenozoic era suggest that temperatures have _______ over time. a. steadily increased, b. steadily decreased c. fluctuated, sometimes greatly, d. stayed basically the same

c. fluctuated, sometimes greatly,

As noted in "What Are Friends For?", all of the following factors were true regarding which baboons paired up in friendship EXCEPT: a. friends were unrelated b. older females tended to be friends with older males. c. friends that have never mated. d. younger females tended to be friends with younger males.

c. friends that have never mated.

Primate females: a. invest less in their offspring than do many other mammals. b. give birth to more offspring than do most other mammals. c. give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals. d. give birth to twins regularly.

c. give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.

Coinciding with the appearance of early hominins about 5-10 mya, the climate was: a. increasingly wet and rainy. b. increasingly hot and humid. c. increasingly dry and seasonal. d. less temperate.

c. increasingly dry and seasonal.

According to Robert Sapolsky, one of the main differences between humans and chimpanzees is the fact that chimpanzees a. excel at balance beam routines. b. have complex social lives, play power politics and betray and murder each other. c. lack a sense of aesthetics, spirituality and a capacity for irony or poignancy. d. have less complex neurons.

c. lack a sense of aesthetics, spirituality and a capacity for irony or poignancy.

Which anatomical feature would you expect to find in the fossil remains of a nocturnal species? a. long legs b. pointy teeth c. large eye orbits d. short fingers and toes

c. large eye orbits

Vocalizations enable primates to: a. communicate as humans do. b. solve distressing situations among primate groups. c. name resources and monitor the social group. d. communicate, but only between members of the same hierarchy.

c. name resources and monitor the social group.

Sexual selection is best defined as: a. the physical competition for access to females. b. the competition for resources to access females. c. natural selection in one sex caused by a trait's attractiveness to members of the opposite sex. d. selection of males by females on the basis of disposition, physical appearance, and hierarchical position.

c. natural selection in one sex caused by a trait's attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.

According to Barbara Smuts, among baboons: a. older females tend to be friends with younger males. b. females tend to have more friends than males. c. one of the main advantages of female friendship with a male is protection from attack from other baboons. d. females initiate more aggressive encounters than do males.

c. one of the main advantages of female friendship with a male is protection from attack from other baboons.

Which dating method would be most appropriate for establishing the age of a volcanic ash layer from an early hominid site in eastern Africa? a. carbon 14 dating b. amino acid dating c. potassium-argon dating d. electron spin resonance dating

c. potassium-argon dating

Prehensile tails are: a. present in catarrhine primates. b. present in most primates. c. present only in some platyrrhines. d. made strictly of muscle.

c. present only in some platyrrhines.

Electron spin resonance dating can provide dates when used on which type of material? a. wood b. shell c. teeth d. soft tissue such as muscle

c. teeth

What is the most important variable in reconstructing ancient climate? a. weather b. sea levels c. temperature estimated using any of several methods d. isotope ratios

c. temperature estimated using any of several methods

Sexual dimorphism: a. relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates. b. is the study of sexual intercourse between primates. c. tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males. d. is the different traits of males and females related to reproduction.

c. tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.

What is the basic difference between relative and absolute dating? a. the use of species b. the use of bones and teeth c. the use of years to express the age d. the use of wood

c. the use of years to express the age

According to "Chimps Grieve..",wild chimp mothers and primates in general often carry and care for their dead infants for weeks or even months because a. they cannot seem to let go emotionally. b. they are waiting to see if their infant will revive. c. their mother-infant bond is programmed by natural selection to be very strong. d. they have no culture to know how to dispose of the remains.

c. their mother-infant bond is programmed by natural selection to be very strong.

Primates have long growth and development periods because: a. they are like other mammals in taking a long time to develop to sexual maturity. b. on average they are smaller bodied than most other mammals. c. they have higher intelligence and larger brains relative to other animals. d. the areas of the brain associated with smell and hearing are expanded in primates.

c. they have higher intelligence and larger brains relative to other animals.

Basal anthropoids are: a. Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids. b. Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates. c. Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates. d. Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.

d. Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.

Living lemurs are found only in: a. Asia. . b. Africa. c. South America d. Madagascar.

d. Madagascar.

The three eras that make up Earth history are: a. strata, stratigraphy, and striations. b. Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene. c. Early, Middle, and Upper Miocene. d. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic

d. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic

Which two genera may be the ancestors to the orangutan? a. Gigantopithecus and Sivapithecus b. Gigantopithecus and Khoratpithecus c. Khoratpithecus and Gigantopithecus d. Sivapithecus and Khoratpithecus

d. Sivapithecus and Khoratpithecus

Like that of Dryopithecus, a modern gorilla mandible has: a. sharp, high crests on the teeth. b. large canines and no diastema. c. a Y-5 molar pattern and Sinodonty. d. a Y-5 molar pattern; low, rounded cusps; large canines; and a diastema.

d. a Y-5 molar pattern; low, rounded cusps; large canines; and a diastema.

A feature unique to human teeth and human ancestors' teeth is: a. the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex. b. a canine that shows no wear on any surface. c. the Y-5 cusp pattern. d. a canine that shows wear on the tip.

d. a canine that shows wear on the tip.

According to "Mothers and Others", compared to the situation among ape mothers, human mothers in foraging societies need more help in rearing offspring because: a. human babies have more elaborate cultures to learn than ape babies. b. human babies mature more slowly. c. it takes at least 10 million calories to rear a young human to independence d. all of the above

d. all of the above

According to Craig Stanford ("Got Culture"), the tools made by chimpanzees qualify as cultural— as opposed to the sea otter's use of tools—because chimpanzee tools. a. may be elaborately made. b. used in variable ways. c. are distinctively different from each other across Africa. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

As noted in "Got Culture?" what accounts for the difficulty in recognizing cultural traditions among non- human animals? a. the assumption that culture is, by definition, restricted to humans who have linguistic communication b. the highly conservative nature of many tool traditions, which leaves the design and use of a tool unchanged for thousands of years c. their customs of grooming, social hunting and courtship seem less symbolic than among humans d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Many primate societies are complexly organized, enabling their members to form alliances, including by: a. rank. b. age. c. kinship. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is true of the female bonobo? a. They leave their mother, transfer to another group, and live as adults with unrelated females. b. They are the Alpha leader of their group along with their adult son (if they have one) c. They are not dominated or sexually coerced by males. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

When describing chimpanzees in the early years, Jane Goodall found that scientists considered it inappropriate for her to use a. use the terms "childhood" and "adolescence." b. describe chimpanzees' personalities. c. give names instead of numbers to the chimpanzees. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Craig Stanford, in "Got Culture?" thinks that the most likely explanation for the variation across Africa among chimpanzee tool industries is a. genetic differences. b. different ecological conditions c. a matter of learned tradition. d. an equal amount of each of the above.

d. an equal amount of each of the above.

Primates are characterized by: a. forward-facing eyes, varied diet, and nonviolent behavior. b. arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and male dominance. c. docility, toolmaking, and parental investment. d. arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and parental investment.

d. arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and parental investment.

As presented in "Mothers and Others," in modern foraging societies such as the Aka, allomothers a. have very little contact with infants. b. must schedule their time with newborns. c. care for infants about half the time. d. assume nearly total care of infants from the birth mother.

d. assume nearly total care of infants from the birth mother.

Grooming involves: a. the development of alliances between females only. b. the development of alliances between males only. c. bonding between individuals of the same rank, picking through the skin and hair of another individual. d. bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance.

d. bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance.

As reported in "Chimps Grieve as Much as Humans", we can interpret the behavior of Pansy's relatives and friends a. as similar to that of humans who care about a dying and then deceased loved one. b. a precursor to more elaborate awareness among humans that must have been present in the ape ancestor we share in common with chimps. c. as anthropomorphizing what is probably an animal's mothering instinct. d. both a and b.

d. both a and b.

The increased brain size observed in the order Primates: a. results in extended periods of nursing and development to accommodate increasing behavioral complexity. b. results in shorter developmental periods to accommodate the necessary energy expenditures of larger brain size. c. demonstrates the importance of intelligence in primate evolution. d. both a. and c.

d. both a. and c.

As claimed in "Got Culture?" the notion of culture most relevant to primatologists is one that is a. identical to that used by most other cultural theorists. b. closely linked to a written language. c. manifested in at least rudimentary technologies, such as the construction of simple machines. d. broader than that normally used by cultural theorists.

d. broader than that normally used by cultural theorists.

Female reproductive strategies emphasize: a. bonding with the dominant male monogamously. b. having one birth per year. c. having twin births every year. d. caring for young and ensuring access to food.

d. caring for young and ensuring access to food.

In "The Mind of the Chimpanzee," it is shown that chimpanzees who learned American Sign Language (ASL) a. made no attempt to teach it to other chimpanzees. b. could not create new words. c. would forget it even if trained regularly. d. could teach it to other chimpanzees.

d. could teach it to other chimpanzees.

A grinning rhesus monkey, as noted in "Are We in Anthropodenial?" signals: a. aggression. b. a friendly greeting. c. submission. d. delight.

d. delight.

The suborder prosimians includes: a. only nocturnal species. b. only diurnal species. c. diurnal and nocturnal galagos. d. diurnal and nocturnal lemurs.

d. diurnal and nocturnal lemurs.

Male primates compete for access to females and to maintain social groupings through all of the following social strategies EXCEPT: a. infanticide. b. vocalizing through loud territorial calls. c. fighting to maintain dominance of a one-male, multi-female group d. forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.

d. forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.

The time it takes for 50% of an unstable isotope to decay to a stable form is called the: a. semichron. b. middlemorph. c. demidose. d. half-life.

d. half-life.

Fission track dating can provide dates when used on which type of material? a. sedimentary rock b. shell c. bone d. igneous rock

d. igneous rock

Vocalization in chimp groups: a. occurs only to communicate a food source. b. exists only among those high up in the dominance hierarchy. c. sounds like howls and growls. d. is unique to specific groups or regions.

d. is unique to specific groups or regions.

Among all primates, humans have the: a. largest body relative to other animals. b. greatest level of biological adaptability. c. largest body size. d. largest brain relative to body size.

d. largest brain relative to body size.

Among all primates humans have the: a. largest olfactory bulb. b. greatest sense of hearing. c. most developed vision. d. most elaborate connections between different regions of the brain.

d. most elaborate connections between different regions of the brain.

Canadian primate paleontologist David Begun proposes that climate changes in Europe prompted late Miocene apes to: a. migrate to Asia from Europe following food sources. b. take advantage of lower sea levels to migrate from Europe to South America. c. spread to Europe from Africa following the expansion of tropical forests. d. move from Europe back to Africa following food sources.

d. move from Europe back to Africa following food sources.

The study of fossils is called: a. phylogeny. b. biology. c. chronometry. d. paleontology.

d. paleontology.

Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates were: a. adapids. b. proconsulids. c. dryopithecids. d. plesiadapiforms.

d. plesiadapiforms.

As reported in "Are We in Anthropodenial?" Frans de Waal believes that: a. scientists should uniformly avoid comparing animals to people. b. most animals behave very similarly to humans. c. animals are motivated by completely different forces than humans. d. scientists should not be blind to the human-like characteristics of other animals. e. animals are like machines.

d. scientists should not be blind to the human-like characteristics of other animals.

The study of what happens to an organism's remains after death is: a. archaeology. b. cryptozoology. c. forensic biology. d. taphonomy.

d. taphonomy.

According to "The 2% Difference," the two percent difference between human and chimp genotypes is reflected in that a. humans have more genes related to olfaction. b. chimps are more resistant to tuberculosis. c. chimps have more genes involved in neural development. d. there are clear nucleotide differences in genes coding for transcription factors that turn on or off other genes

d. there are clear nucleotide differences in genes coding for transcription factors that turn on or off other genes

The male baboon, as stated in "What Are Friends For?" may function as an alternative caregiver for infants a. of older females. b. that are physically small. c. recovering from injuries. d. undergoing weaning.

d. undergoing weaning.

Among bonobos sexual behavior occurs a. like grooming, to cement bonds between all members (except sex acts are brief) b. to reduce tension around competing for food resources. c. to reconcile individuals after male-male agression d. many times a day, much more often than sex in any human culture e. all of the above

e. all of the above

In contrast to the Gombe chimps, Tai chimps more often hunt a. in groups, with coordination. b. in groups with no coordination. c. individually. d. and share the meat among the hunters. e. both a and d

e. both a and d