Anthropology quiz 4

Humans first began to produce food approximately __________ years ago.

10,000

A type of status that is established and changeable during a person's lifetime

Achieved

Cultivation involving permanent cultivation of the land

Agriculture

A type of status that is inherited or assigned at birth and is passed down from generation to generation with rigidly enforced boundaries among caste group

Ascribed

The _______________ is a Marxist term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production.

Bourgeoisie

A closed system of social stratification in which members are organized into hierarchically ranked groups with unequal access to rewards and privileges based on ascribed status

Caste

______ is a system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society's resources

Class

The ________ __ _______ is a theory that considers poverty as pathology in that it is a result of an individual's personal failings stemming from a combination of dysfunctional behaviors, attitudes, and values that make and keep the poor person poor.

Culture of Poverty

A type of society that is based on the sharing of resources to ensure group success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence within or among groups

Egalitarian

_______ __________ is a food-getting strategy that obtains wild

Food collection

Subsistence based on hunting, fishing, and gathering

Foraging

A healthy living wage and an 8 hour work day were hallmarks of _________.

Fordism

__________ _____________ is the exchange of goods and services among those of relatively equal status—providing a means to share resources, and also reinforce existing family and social ties.

Generalized Reciprocity

Cultivation strategy with nonintensive use of land and labor

Horticulture

Practicing farming involving mechanization

Industrial Agriculture

_________________ is an analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification.

Intersectionality

_____ ________ are an individual's opportunities to improve quality of life and achieve life goals.

Life chances

________ refer to a system of bringing goods together for the sake of exchange.

Markets

_______________ holds that the free market and competition are the best police force for capitalism.

Neoliberalism

Food production involving the domestication of animals

Pastorialism

_________ ___________ were in contrast the source of labor and raw materials used by the core countries.

Peripheral countries

Better access to health care outside of one's homeland

Pull

Famine in one's homeland

Push

Societies in which prestige and status are stratified but wealth is not

Ranked

___________ is the exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties.

Reciprocity

________ __________ differs in that it does not involve close family and social groups but instead may serve to build or strengthen them.

balanced reciprocity

______ __________ were the countries or regions that controlled or heavily influenced markets.

core countries

The __________ is composed of strategies for production, distribution, and consumption of goods.

economy

Corporations seeking to maximize profit by any means necessary frequently via offshoring and outsourcing is part of ___________ _______________.

flexible accumulation

As a ritual redistribution ceremony, the Kwakiutl potlatch serves to establish social status not by wealth and power but by the prestige earned via a person's capacity for __________ .

generosity

The process of "closing a deal" in business can be a cutthroat one, with both parties (think of a corporate merger) trying to get the best deal they possibly can. This can be analyzed by anthropologists as a form of _________ ____________.

negative reciprocity

Archaeological evidence suggests that hierarchy, violence, and aggression emerged _________ _________ in human history.

relatively recently

The phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack or prestige are passed from one generation to the next is known as ________ ___________.

social reproduction

Countries such as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are among those that have explicitly worked to narrow ____________ through high taxation of wealth and generous social benefits.

stratification

In the United States, an individual's life chances are ____________ by class as well as race and gender.

stratified

Systems of class and inequality create an _________ __________ of a society's resources. 3.

unequal distribution