Anthropology Test 3
National Security secret memorandum
1974--> Henry Kissinger (Secretary of State) cited the rapid population growth in the unstable third world countries as a security concern for the US suggested US use ag and seeds as weapons (famine effective tool to reduce overpopulation in hostile areas) give countries the free seeds one year then not give them next year unless the complied to US rules and policies
Beef
Abliene and Forth worth major shipping centers in 1870s (700,000 longhorns per year from Abilene to Chicago) 1871 beef was becoming an important meat source in US cheaper to buy beef than pork or mutton, flooded the market when being shipping by rail to stock yards in Chicago 1882--> Gustavus Swift invented refrigerator railcard (Pork still king in 1870s)
Population trends in US
1976--> only 10 percent of women ages 40-44 had no children today over 25 today less than 33 believe that children increase status or social standing, burden 2015--> over 20 percent of women with a college education said they planed to remain childless today only 5 percent of women with a high school education or less plan to remain childliss 20 percent of all women have ended their fertility years childless
Increase of burgers
1980s--> cattle were eating 80% of all US grain crop all the cattle were needed to make more hamburgers (grain could feed 60 million) 1967--> David Wallerstein invents the idea of super size 1791--> super sizes friends, then burgers, then soft drinks at McD's 1972--> Max Cooper incents idea of Value Meal 1973--> Kids meal eat 30% more food when they supersize, most people aren't hungry after smaller portions
Philip IV and the holy bank
AD 1295--> Philip of France was broke so he needed money, seized Templar castles and banks claiming they were worshiping Satan and fornicating, got French priests to hold an inquisition, found 1300 knight priests guilty with false charges, all found guilty and burned at the state pope did not interfere complained but took no action as he was threatened European merchants suffered loss of banks
current and future population crisis
1950-2015 major population in the third world the most wealthy first world countires have lost population so they must encourage immigiration to maintain growth for labor and consumer this will likely continue to 2150 world wealth and population imbalance will create more poverty, famine, more resentments, by poor
Demise of US middle class
1969-2016 Middle Class shrank from 71 to 49 (1/2 of total us population poverty increased to 22.5 (less than 1/2 median salary 0-25,000k) richest class (2x median salary) increased to 68
China and Sweden money
Emperor Hien Tsung (AD 806-821) first to use paper money due to coin shortage 1020 AD--> government inflation destroyed people's faith in paper money 1455 AD--> China forced to abandon paper money due to inflation Sweden short of coins Bank of Sweden (1661) issues the first paper money in Europe, Merchants don't trust the paper money and refuse to use it, system fails, returns to coinage
Gallienus (AD 253-268)
Emperor needed more funds, he adds more zinc to gold and silver coins, leads to rapid inflation, banks refuse to use new coins which were only 4% silver or gold
Scotland and the Dollar
English and Scottish pirates raided the Spainish ships full of gold and silver (resulted in war) 1567--> James IV of Scotland issues a new coin (30 shillings) called a Scot's Dollar (Thaler corrupted into dollar) 1570--> dutch issue Dutch Dadler 1793--> Us mint first coin copper penny 1794--> Us first dollar, lacked silver
KFC
Harland Sanders in 1930 had a gas station in Corbin, KY where he cooked chicken and sold it to travelers had small dinner where he sold fried chicken with special seasoning 1951 interstate (I-75) bypassed him bought a farm and lived of social security check on 105/month 1952--> investors made a new dinner
International Bank of Reconstruction
IBRD currently focuses on providing loans to mostly second and third world countries which are considered politically stable are credit worthy and have demonstrated a past ability to repay loans raises most of its needed funds are in the world's financial markets by selling bonds which are guaranteed by IBRD 185 government first loans by IBRD bonds sold in 1947 used to rebuild Germany, Japan, Italy all investors were rapid on time with high interest rates on the bonds
current fertility rates
Japan—1.41 UK‐‐‐1.66 France‐‐‐1.98 United States—2.00 (mostly due to immigration) Canada‐‐‐1.57 Sweden‐‐‐1.53 Italy—1.18 Hong Kong‐‐‐1.0 (China encourages one child policy) Republic of Mali‐‐7.34 Uganda‐‐‐6.81 Liberia‐‐‐6.36 Niger‐‐‐7.29 Pakistan‐‐‐3.58 Belize‐‐‐3.44 Mexico‐‐‐2.37
how the democrats lost the south
LBJ's war on poverty and civil rights amendment was too liberal for southern politic ans so many switched to republicans 1990s--> poverty climbed back to 15% Clinton--> reduced poverty to under 11 percent Bush--> back to 13 and to 17 by end of presidency in 2008 (detroit 33.6, miami 28.3, phil 25, NY 20.3) but he created several billionaires with new tax codes (313 billionaires, top 20 percent of workers got 49.8 of all money earned by salary, lowest 20 percent only 3.4, richest 1300 owned more wealth than the poorest 20 million)
Versailles
Le Vau architect landscape architect Le Norte
John Law and Stock Market
Louis XIV spends to lavishly, can't repay debts 1718--> Law lets bank raise money by selling stock in new French Louisiana in America, stories of great potential profits cause prices to rise, law prints and sells more and more, 1720--> Bubble bursts, investors demand money, bank folds, panic, king blamed Law flees France for Austria major cause of French Revolution
possible solutions for overpopulation
UN has talked for many years about ZPG (zero population growth) but it has been abandoned for freedom for women to choose no major countries or single person is really talking about it many believe overpopulation is a myth and science will solve any problem without any sacrifices
the gap between the rich and the poor is growing the fastest in which industrialized nation
US
World crisis of 2008 and recession
US banks and investors tried to create more money by increasing the perceived value mostly of housing and investments such as mortgages and swaps (trades of insurance police on investments such as housing)
Indians and buffalo
US needed new lands in West to sell to new immigrants so they needed to get rid of the bison for cattle, had to get rid of Indians (and they were still fighting) indians killed 150,000 buffalo per year did nothing to herd size but eastern markets for buffalo tongues and love for buffalo rugs killed of herds railroads built new tracts across the west which gave hunters and merchants easy ways to ship buffalo hides, government did not oppose buffalo slaughter 1865 50 million buffalo 1867-1884 us hunters killed more than 40 million buffalo by 1884 only a few thousands left (starved most of plains indians) 1870-1875 hunters killed over 5 million buffalo for sport
The commercial wave was driven originally by what major event?
WWII
Aristotle
Pay for essentials based on ability to pay
great palm oil deal
Secretary Butz saves democracy in Malyasia with this says US will buy 80% of all palm oil, research discoveries that you can hydrogenate palm oil into trans fat (doesn't go rancid and can cook in it for weeks)
limited good
The idea that there was only a certain amount of wealth, goodness, and value in the world. Therefore, if one person gained, it was assumed that someone else had lost.
Star wars US money and new deficits
When ronald regan became president the US had the highest deficit in its history to spur the economy Regan began a policy of reducing taxes but he also spent billions on defense many world bank members became alarmed about the growth of massive US dept during Regan years IMF members worried US did not have gold or silver reserves to make the dept payments on all their treasury bonds and began to worry about a possible default by the US us economy was saved by a rise in world globalization and free trade agreements today the price for anything is determined strictly by the perceived worth of the item and related market demand for that item rise in oil prices in 2008 and the current drop in gasoline prices in 2016 are perceived prices
Commodus (AD 180-192)
adds zinc to silver coins, now they are only 2/3 silver but they are the same size and value (like our US coins)
outcome of java rice farms
after 10 years most small farmers were bankrupt because they could pay taxes and buy insecticides and fertilizers thousands of previously self supporting farmers were forced to sell their farms to big investors previous farmers and their families were forced to flee to the cities were most of them ended up in poverty some were able to work as laborers on mega farms
Cod, sharks, turtles
atlantic cod fed Europe for hundreds of years (fish and chips) until 1950s the annual catch was more than 1,300,000 tons/yr today 92% are gone 2015 was less than 500,000 tons today 50-70 million sharks killed for fins 85% since 1970 sea turtles were 99% gone almost near total extinction
BT gene
bacterial genes now being added to regular corn and soybean DNA it produces a powerful toxin that kills insects FDA banned use in human food but it can be used for animal feed however it can be blown into other corn fields (EU forbids sale of honey containing more than 2% GM pollen)
Growth of Globalization
beginning after WWII until now world trade has increased by 20x 1997-1999 with introduction of free trade in many countries the flow of foreign investments in the world nearly dumber from 468 billion father faster cheaper deeper
Julius Casear (AD 30)
begins idea of welfare program (loaf of free bread)
Fast Food
begins in 1955 when Ray Kroc opens first McDonalds in California strictly drive through 1966 first sit down 1970 Earl Butz secretary of Ag (bring down cost of food in US) 1950s sugar added to food, Butz wanted to find cheap way to get sugar for food industry spend millions on genetic reserach discovered HFCS 1972 HFCS sweeter and cheaper than cane sugar added to all sorts of food major US export rapid rise in obesity
wave 5: commercial wave
begins just before renassiance (early 1300s) still in wave 5 fueled by Age of Discovery populations in Europe grew rapidly due to industrial revolution more food, better sanitary and medical care so population continued to grow globalization standard 7.4 billion and increases
plan for 2050 part 3
better timing for water and nutrients for ag lands current use of water, nutrients, fertilizers, pesticides, and other agricultural chemicals suffers from "Goldilocks" (too much in one place, too little in other, rarely the right amount) need plan for strategic reallocation of needed water and fertilizer from one area to another: that could substantially boost and maximize the productivity and reduce the overuse of water and fertilizer
what are the two ways a nation can create more money
bonds and taxes
chicken industry
by 1970s many fast food restaurants and stores were selling fried chicken Butz gave out millions in research for new and cheaper ways to raise chickens discovered you could make big profit but there was a lot of pollution caused by chicken feed with cheap palm oil and cheap chickens friend chicken business boomed
Changing America's views 1900s
changes the ways of making store introduces radical new ideas for marketing goods store introduces radical new ideas for marketing goods used new ways to display foods and foods to entice customers to buy more makes people "label" conscience
first line of credit and banking
created in Babylon (1792-1750 BCE) during the reign of King Hammurabi who set strict rules for banking, lending, and repayment with interest
industrial revolution poverty
created major cultural changes when people fled to the cities and it was characterized by charles dickens and victor hugo poverty stricken people became disillusioned and owed debts so many turned to petty crimes and prison ships were overfilled people were forced to leave their countries against their wells 60 million left Europe in 1840 and 1930 many went to Us and Canada
Tijuana
currently there are nearly 2 million people there between 1994-2005 added over 700 new factories and more since then US government claimed NAFTA would increase import of low tech but the reverse is true Mexican enter US and Canada duty free if over 35% of value added in Mexico
Emperor Valens (364-378)
defeated and dies at Adrianople (Romania) by the Visigoths 50,000 Roman soldiers killed in battle, Rome is defenseless and is sacked by Visigoths. Roman Empire splits, soon it is stronger in the east with their capital at Constantinople (Byzantium) Roman money system and early banks in Europe collapse
Overpopulation
defined differently by each culture western culture define it as a condition that causes them funding or inconvenience technological revolution has made the world better known large populations of people are now seeking asylum and migrating to new regions because of wars economic opportunities, ethnic cleansing, and for religious and political freedom more than one million migrants and refugees crossed into Europe in 2015 creating a population crisis as countries struggled to cope with resettling the new groups of people (biggest ethnic bigotry and resentments)
sport hunting buffalo
during 1870s many eastern sports clubs held contests to see how many buffalo one person could kill in one day or week reported winner in 1874 was a banker from Philadelphia who killed 4000 buffalo in one day and total of 21000 in one week
Green Revolution
during late 1950s the universities to develop new types of high yield crops such as high yield rice, new rice was believed to solve world's famine and end poverty, believed it would encourage asian countries to be democratic, profits would provide farmers with case to buy imported goods from US
greenbacks
during the civil war north sold war bonds to pay for war, US needed more money in circulation so it printed 150 million green money (based on Legal tender act of 1862) it was green to be recognized from southern paper money
Food Resources
each year there is enough food to feed 10 billion people but most crops go for other purposes (ETOH, HFCS, feed cattle) that also keep food profits high by limiting the availability
Florence and new banks
early 1300s--> venture capitalists and merchants needed a new banking system , Jewish families were bankers because Christians could not charge interest christian banks appeared but could not charge interest so charged fees instead -roman numbers lacked a 0 -arabs leaders in math, invented algebra, calculus, trig, used 0s -roman numbers have an added status on legal documents -banks appeared all over europe promoting trade, seek venture capital, assign risk, insure cargoes, disperse money, fund wars, enrich nations, help kings -now relied on Leonardo Fibonacci systems
Venezuala
economy will shrink 10% in 2016 inflation will increase to over 700 owes about 5 billion in IMF payments default very likely, state oil companys broke
Dark Ages
ends most coin use in Europe, few have any coins left trade returns to barter system because of the shortage of coin money Europe fights 8 crusades that begin in 1095 (named for cross and vow to kill or convert infidels) it was both religious and economic warfare plunder was a main focus wanted to break Arabic monopoly wanted new markets in Middle East, stated goal was to free Middle east of non-Christians and restore God's holy places
Alexander the Great
expanded new trading centers in conquered lands
Xeniphon
father of economics
homo habilis
first wave 2.5 million bc 1.8 billion bc homo erectus larger brain (2x) used fire, stone tools, excellent hunters, first group to leave africa and go to Europe and Asia
Blue Revolution
fish yields have been rapidly declining for 50 yrs fish farming in asia in 1990s began to counter the problem (big business there and here) currently there are 90 species of fish grown on farms and shrimp, crabs, claims they raise 2,000 pounds of fish per acre of water many fish are genetically altered and monogentic typical us fish farm raises about 75,000 fish fecal sewage equal to to 20000 people many estuaries and swamps cleared for fish farms destroys breeding areas fish waste dumped into streams genetically altered species escape and breed with native species, flavor isn't as good farmed fish feed wild fish US exports 70% of wild fish we watch stores sell us mostly farm fish imports cheaper and lower quality p
overpopulation problems
for every one degree increase in temperature rebellions, wars, murders increase by 10 to 15 percent discontent people and culture provide fertile ground for violence many governments talk about needs to be done but most politicians think they won't be around by then most scientists believe overpopulation will not be solved by 2050 and too many people with continued global warming will create a society 50% more violent
horse meat
for much of 1900s used for dog food outlawed in 1970 europe leading exporter of horse meat most goes to france and japan america settled by settlers (english german dutch and spainish) that didn't eat horse meat, pets don't eat pets, Pople Gregory III in 732 AD forbid Catholics to eat horse meat because it was a sign of the pagans
Population controls
foragers kept population small for carrying capacity early farmers had more kids to work (polygny) early civilizations laws against birth control as they wanted men for labor and armies
FTA
free trade agreement with Mexico Europe has a highly subsidized milk industry now Europe sells milk and cheese to Mexico bellow US costs so now US milk exports have decreased
Age of Exploitation and Colonization (1800-1900)
fueled by: 1. Industrial Revolution and belief they were God's Chosen ones to carry message of West and Christianity 2. need for raw materials 3. new markets 4. place to send those living in poverty to created better health conditions in European countires
GM plants make toxins and enzymes
genetic labs discovered that the cheapest way to make toxins and enzymes is to add new genes to the DNA of various types of plants one toxin now produced by plants is used in the cheese industry (when added to milk it speeds fermentation) one enzyme gene added to maize which makes corn produced more fructose (HFCS) GM plants now produce sugars used as HFCS or sugars are fermented with yeast to produce ethanol used in gasoline
Plato
get rich by being honest in business
2050 plan part 1
halt farmland expansion and halt more land clearing for new agricultural lands, stop clearing tropical rain-forests of the world, using incentives such as payment to governments who are willing to save the rain forest ecosystem yielding huge environmental benefits without dramatically cutting back on current or future agricultural production or economic well being
Last Supper
has over 100 different paintings studies by international journal of obesity found that in 52 of the most recent portions of food on the table have grown dramatically most recent paintings the portions of food on the table have grown (69%) and plate sizes increased by 66%
wave 2
homo sapiens neanderthalensis 150,000 bc to mesolitihic 12,000-15,000 BC neanderthals died out 25,000 to 30,000 made stone tools, excellent hunters, large brains, buried dead, invented religion, all continents but new world, replaced with Cro Magnon
Cro Magnon
homo sapiens sapiens arrived in Europe and Asia from Africa around 45,000 to 35,000 BC cave art, tailored clothes, language, boats lived in larger groups, superior weapons, spear thrower, blade tools, biw and arrow went from africa to new world austrailia asia and europe 5-10 million people
IP genes
improved, better color larger and ripen slower some crops with IP genes have new compounds that make canola plants produce lauric acid (which is needed for cosmetics) only sell IP seeds to best paying customers
plan for 2050 part 2
improving world's current agricultural yields many ag regions in Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe do not have adequate crop yields so they currently have a yield gap yields can be improved using existing crop varieties through better farm management introduce new and genetically improved seeds that grow better crops results could boost food production on current lands by nearly 60%
how to make big food profits
in us seed and chemical companies spend a great deal of research developing a new day to boost food production and ensure they make large profits most of this research takes place with funding provided to academic institutions (green revolution)
raw materials
industrial revolution depleted materials in Europe and us needed a new source of raw materials with cheap labor lead to self righteous acceptance
overpopulation
industrial revolution increased sanitation and caused people to live for longer and more people to be born caused englands population to boom from 13 million to 24 million
is Free trade good?
inexpensive foreign goods keeps US Inflation rate low and allows US Firms to keep salaries low and get big profits US is currently changing from a manufacturing nation to a high tech/service industry US lost over 2 million jobs to NAFTA
what are the problems associated with eating HFCS
inflammation, which is associated with an increased risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. In addition to inflammation, excess fructose may increase harmful substances called advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which may harm your cells
Globalization
interaction and integration among people corporations and governments of different nations that is driven by international trade and investments and information technology effects the environment the well being of people cultures political systems prosperity and economic development keeps corporate profits very high
IDA
international development association focuses on making low interest loans interest free loans and grants to the poorest of the countries in the third world often the loans are not expected to be repaid and are forgiven established in 1960 the goal is to end world poverty money is donated to the IDA
terminator genes
introduced in 1980s and forced farmers to buy new seeds each year (farmers couldn't save) only the first generate would germinate created massive profits as it made farmers come back every year soon became a giant profit and became a political weapon (control T seeds then can control unfriendly nations, can't feed people without them)
garbage patch
island off coast of california called north pacific gyre (great pacific garbage patch) mostly plastic trash floating on or near surface as large as US in growing contains over 100 million tons of plastic trash created by debris carried of west coast of North America (takes about 5 yrs for it to reach) also carried from asia (takes one ear) Tsunami in Japan sent trash and other items to US coast
US money today
july 2016--> 1.5 trillion in Us coins and paper in circulation us forced to change to multi colored money to prevent counterfeit $ comes from U and S written on top of each other
Holy Banking System
knights needed a way to transfer money and wealth from Europe to the Middle East as they headed off to the Crusades so they created a new bank system in 1118 AD Bank run by knights of Temple of Solomon (same vows as priests but also could fight so it worked well with knights and merchants) priest knights wore red cross on a white tunic over armor mid 1200s--> over 870 banks in Europe and ME system worked smoothly (no graft,corruption, knights swore an oath of poverty, excellent record keepers, got lots of business from merchants)
roaring 50s
life changed after WWII industrial boom time US Was most powerful and richest real estate boomed suburbs both parents worked little time for home life or kids number of divorces increases rise of fast food
poverty in America
little poverty in original colonies because all new immigrants were given land most were self sufficient there was always a class society from Britain though the rise of the industrial revolution combined with flood of immigrants caused many people in ubran areas creating poverty low wages were possible due to constant flow of new immigrants and there were not enough jobs for everyone and those hobs paid very little created extremely rich people in gilded age
North diets
loved ham, lamb and mutton were main local meats because of the wool industry, imported wheat and flour, rapid population created large cities with roads and rail systems, food stores flourished, industry powered by water wheels and steam industry jobs attracted many immigrants puritan values were still important (Spartan life)
Big worry about population control
low birth rates worry for wealthy countries as minorities and the poor have the highest birth rates many poor people move to rich countries illegally or legally prosperous countries have aging and old population who is going to care for them? growth is critical for capitalism need cheap young work force
Subsides US
major farm ones go to beef and dairy next highest one is grains such as wheat and corn for animal feed then special ethanol and HFC one of the lower groups is the rest of the food we eat
Dr. Nicolas Chuquet (AD 1397-1468)
medical doctor that used the idea of radicals that could be squared or cubed
Maquiladora
mexico establishes the Maqualia bonded program in 1994 mexico law states that a mexican owned but 100% of the money can come from any local or foreign source they are bonded to ensure that all imported equip will be exported if the company companies have to build the plants within 100km of the mexican border then they must follow mexican labor laws
Age of Money 1500-1750
mid 1500s--> 2 tons of gold and even more silver flowed into Spain, new Spanish "real" was produced European commerce boomed with surplus of coins, Real basic coin mid 1500s--> large silver deposit found in Bohemia (Czech) Hapsburg King allows Duke in St. Joachimstal Valley to mine ore and mint large silver coins (Valley thal coins or thalerrs)
is Greed good?
mid 1950s--> salary of highly paid CEOs 200x that of average workers 2015--> CEOS made 12-15 million/yr David M. Zaslav CEO--> Discovery of Communications, earned a salary of 156 million in 2014 (1951x of average workers) greed driving force of capitalism?
symptoms of poverty
most people must pay for things in cash, few credit cards, borrow money from loan sharks, buy small quantities, carry cash, crime is the highest, more likely to become victims, few stable family relationships, lack adequate education and working skills, minimal wages, reinforces non traditional arrangement, single adult head of family (2/3), matrifocal, limited good, enculturation process of growing up in poverty difficult to change, poverty self replicating, children born in poverty more likely to die, more medical problems, shorter lives, excluded from social events , one parent that's a poor role model, more likely to be sexually abused, 8x more likely to live in poverty as an adult, more likely to drop out and 10x more likely to go to prision
original US diets
most settlers in NE came from Europe believed in frugality, hard work, being self sufficient, living off the land, they were use to these hardships from their life in Europe, mixture of familiar and new foods had to eat what they could grow or make, most were farmers hard work very few overweight religion believed in pleasures of life were sinful, very few rich people raised mostly sheep, fished, ate fowl, deer and wild game wheat and barely didn't grow well so they grew rye for bread and ate maize (corn) planted fruit trees nuts and various barriers few stores that sold staples (sugar, salt, coffee, tea) almost everything they used such as clothes, foods, tools, couldn't raise pigs because of food pigs needed, few milk cows, few horses, plowed with oxen
The south diets
mostly raised pigs, didn't raise sheep as they didn't need wool, fish hunted grew nut trees and fruit trees, main diet was pork and beans and maize cotton and maize were main commercial products with rice and sugar cane (also make a lot of corn whiskey) ham and bacon were main exports to the north liquor was a major cash crop cotton was a major cash crop and exported it to England mostly rural few large towns people ate mostly home grown foods, many plantations, low population density and poor rail sysem
Leonardo Pisano
named nickname Fibonacci (great traveler) born in Pisa, Italy but parents moved to Morocco where his father was a diplomat grew up learning how to read Arabic and went to Arabic schools enjoyed math and learned arabic math systems returned to Italy and wrote Liber Abaic (AD 1202) introduced Hindu arabic placed valued decimal, system of 0s Fibonacci sequence(each number is the sum of the two proceeding numbers)
new markets
needed to make large profits most products shipped to vast colonial empires where they paid higher prices
capitalism and early US
new US nation needed taxes and encourage capitalism Alexander Hamilton become first Secretary of Treasury adopts decimal system (first nation) many people went to old coins, Thalers, Spainish Reals, and English Coins First official US coin was Spanish real until it could mint money
Plato on salary
no man in democracy should earn more than 5x than that of a common worker
Pollution in oceans
one million sea birds and 100,000 sea mammals and sea turtles die each year from eating plastic debris and getting entangled in plastic debris about 100 million tons of items made from plastic are produced each year worldwide about 10 percent of all new plastic products end up in the seas
about how many people live on less than 2 dollars a day
over 700 million
Nero (AD 54-68)
overspends, needs funds,first to use inflation to pay army and government, makes old coins smaller with the same value
Tax Reform Act of 2001
passed to give big breaks and added subsidies to dairy farms goal was to increase milk production and surplus for export but new law only favored mega milk farms and have caused 21000 dairy farms in Minn and Wis went bankrupt only the big farms were able to survive over 1/3 of small business
plan for 2050 part 5
reduce the food waste produced by ag lands currently 1/3 of total food calories produced by farms ends up being discarded spoils or eaten by pests eliminate the waste of food that is lost in stores and restaurants during the path it takes from the farm to human consumption eliminating waste could boost food by 50%
plan for 2050 part 4
shift use and priorities for man current agricultural lands stop growing animal feed on prime croplands and stop devoting so many crops only for animal feed stop growing plants used for bio fuels on prime croplands this would increase world calories produced each year by more than 50% in 2050
Greenbacks
shortage of coins in US during colonial period, British want the colony to stay that way to discourage internal commerce, to encourage trade colony of Mass. prints first paper money in 1691, each colony prints own paper angers British, Ben Franklin becomes father of US money pushes idea of using paper money 1751--> British outlaws any colonial paper money Revolutionary war begins and US is broke, no money and no gold reserves so they print money to pay for the war (Continental Dollars) printed 241 million by the end of the war (worthless as continental) 1800s--> Us buys back continental dollars for 10 cents/dollar
NAFTA
signed on north american free trade agreement (1/1/1994) was supposed to create over 170,000 new jobs during the first five years but we lost over 800,000 jobs during the first decade said it would increase US Exports to Canada and Mexico by >15 billion during first two years in reality an 85/yr billion trade deficit data reveals 28% of job losses in US between 1995-2015 resulted from outsourcing to Mexico and Canda
NAFTA and Mexico
since NAFTA mexico has 2.3 million farming jobs because now most beans and corn sold in Mexico are imported from the US that loss is caused by the import of duty free and corn and beans the farmers in the US can export corn and beans to Medico much cheaper because US has subsides for growing beans and corn which lowers the cost that a us grower needs to make per pound most is produced in US mega farms run with machinery during 1990s millions of acres of mexican farm lands were bought from bankrupt farmer (now being used to rase beef cattle) after they join NAFTA forced to drop tariffs US dairy farmers began to sell to Mexican farmers causing many mexican children to be malnourished
stocking
some fish farming operations are run by US federal governments as a programs to restock natural populations of salmon but the farm fish aren't the same
currency market
soon after 1971 no money was linked to anything of real value money soon became a trade item and took its own life, created currency trading, today around 1000 billion money is bought and sold each day against the US dollar which is still pegged as the world standard most is bought or sold overnight some currency is bought/sold after only a few hours, minutes exchanges rates of a county's currency is based on perceived value which can change quickly by investors buying or selling large amounts of currency the results of these actions can cause rapid inflation and devaluation of a currency in the affected country
wave one of human population expansion
the early human wave about 3.5 million to 150,000 BC Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis was one of the first members of the human group, found by Donald Johanson in Hadar region of ethiopia area was eroded down to early levels of strata) may not have been very first hominin but direct relative of humans today lived 3.5 million years ago in east africa marked sexual dimorphisim females 4ft 80lbs males 5ft 150 lbs fairly hairless and dark skin rare animal homo habilis and homo erectus 1/2 to 1 million humans
Where is poverty the worst in the world today?
Costa Rica Africa
LBJ War on Poverty
Created economic opportunity act in january 1964 19 percent of Us lived at or below poverty level many in LBJ adminstration believed this new law will eliminate all poverty in US before 2000 1973--> war on poverty dropped poverty from 19 to 11 percent, asked Mollie Orshansky to find a way to define poverty
first modern department store
Marshall Fields in Chicago in 1981
Origins of Poverty
-Bands socieities foragers, nomadic no scoail classes, no wealth, no poverty -neolithic and farming (12000 yrs ago) some farmers had surplus and had better land so they traded surplus for sumptuous goods and hired others to protect wealth, created different classes (haves and have-nots) city states (ME 5500 yrs ago) rich families seized control (kings, rulers, dictators, emperors paid for luxury by raising taxes) captured slaves, created different classes (slaves, poor, middle class, merchants, upper class, rulers) urban poverty common in lower class)
Evolution of Money
1. Barter (about one million years of early human existence) 2. Proto money (Aztec caco beans, or tobacco, rare metals, cowry shells, yaps use stones, animals, salt) 3. 2,500 BC--> cultures in Middle East use precious metals such as minas shekels talents (60/75 lbs) 4. To promote trade it was necessary to have a safe way to ship goods--> banking and lines of credit
First coins
1. Begins in China--> made of bronze and copper (600 BCE) 2. Lydians (Turkey) first in Mediterranean around 687 BCE, first to develop retail outlets, made of electrum (gold and silver) 3. coins strictly regulated, identical and all equal weight and value
Industrial Revolution
1. Commerce created vast amounts of wealth 2. Capitalists needed places to invest their money to make more profits 3. Rich spent money on luxury goods 4. growing population created cheap labor 5. created poverty which created cheap labor that could not move and couldn't fight low wages -England led the way (sun never set) created rich and poor class, urban nation
Money and the Greeks
1. Money was the ideal medium (things valued in money, taxes, salaries, pay fines, mark of status, impersonal, easy to carry) 2. Athens center of business and trading center of Mediterranean 3. Money focused culture and discussion around market place
urbanization
1. changed culture of England and Us then the rest of the world, created poverty at home and exported poverty to exploited areas in european colonies 2. europe became very powerful 3. fashionable to think of non-west as inferior and they were only there to serve western needs, profits, and places to sell products 4. slave trade began early 1500s and last till the early 1800s 5. created consumer nations 6. governments favored laws for capitalists 7. natives were a nuisance and standing the way of progress
three things working against overpopulation solution
1. democracy--> won't limit personal choice 2. capitalism--> wants growth, and democracy prompts it 3. religion--> wants more followers, so many rules against population control
Rome and Money
1. mints first coins (dinarius) in 269 BC in Temple of Juno Moneta (goddess and protector of money) 2. money unified the empire (all use the same money) 3. Emperors got funding from plunder and sale of slaves 4. AD 300s--> Emperors had to raise money by taxes (food, property, trade goods) so people went back to barter to avoid paying taxes created imbalance of trade, big deficits, inflation, high taxes, political corruption, an under-funded army
Mollie Orshansky's definition of poverty
1.20/day/person to provide basic nutritious diet 1964 department of ag estimated poor family spends 33% of annual income on food basic food x3 is total of 3955 (today its 11.4 of total budget so less than 24300 is poverty)
Food now and for 2050
1.Researchers from many countries met in 2012 to develop a 5-part plan for sustainable agriculture between now and 2050 2. in 2012 over 1 billion people were suffering from famine/malnourished 3. conference foal was to produce a plan to provide enough food to feed all 10 billion by 2050
world bank
185 current members world bank has two major units the IBRD and the IDA stated goal is to reduce world poverty, lend money to needy nations and try to improve the living standards of all people through enforcing world monetary provide a stable investment climate for international corporations and investors
Gilded Age
1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor Robber Barons: Vanderbilt, Rockefeller, Mellon, Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan
World Population Distributions
1880--> 97 lived in rural and were self sufficient 1990--> 14 in urban areas 1950--> 30 in cities 2010--> more than half in cities 2050--> more than 3/4 in cities 1950--> only one city had over 10 million, NYC< growth creates crime, food/sanitation/ transportation, schools/ energy problems, pollution scientists warn we needed 80 percent reduction in 2050 or the consequences will be extreme (flooding)
Turn of Century and the New America
1880-1930 US converts from supply and emaind to commodity consumption Samuel Strauss 1920 said US motto was consumption 1870 first mass produced store items (ivory soap, Quaker Oats) 1899-1905--> food produced in US grows by 40% packaged goods, grocery stores, buy most of what you eat glass containers increase to 250,000 tons/yr 1905--> less than 25% of population is overweight less than 10% obsese liquor consumption peaks at 40 fal/per person/year in 1910 results in prohibition laws passed in 1919
origin of burgers
1892 Summit County Fair in Ohio food vender ran out of pork sausage patties that were put on buns only meat vender could find was beef so ground it up with onions idea caught on was when 1921 when White Castle Corp began to sell burgers in small stores of MW and South however in 1920s the US was still eating 18 lbs more pork per person/year
people and the oceans
3.2 billion now live on the coast or within 100 km the oceans are essential they have provided a primary food source for humans since Mesolithic (15,000 yrs ago) needed primary source of CO2, and O2 exchange they also make cloud formations and provide rain for land masses
Wave 4: Early Cities
4,000 BC to 10,000 BC town grew and first cities built urban centers needed: police, army, slaves, first cities were ruled by kings, dictators, emperors, pharoses who relied on army and bureaucracy, new communal religions that made the ruler "divine" intensive forms of agriculture, irrigation networks, livestock for food and transportation, large projects (walls, temples, funeral sites) developed writing expanded trade to sumptuous good needed slaves for menial labor and work the fields large populations caused diseases poverty became widespread needed laws, army, and policy to protect elite and control population expansion, families told to have many children, large scale wars and conquest began 350 million people
split of hominids and pongids (apes)
4-6 million BC because of climate change humans lost battle for best areas that were wooded with ample fruits and plant foods humans were small due to lack of protein and had to adapt or die our so they created strong social units lived in small bands (10-15) had to increase brain size to get smarter than their predators to survive had to learn to use and make tools had short life spans mated about 12-14 most probably died before 30
Kaiser Survey and Report on Welfare and Poverty
64 percent of people surveyed said the definition of poverty is too low, 50% of middle class americans say poverty is the fault of those in poverty and could end living in poverty if they were willing to work, 44% percent believe that poverty is beyond control 39% of middle class and upper class people believe that living in poverty is difficult and would rather collect welfare than work
Current American Crisis
65% americans are now overweight 30% of us are obese under 25% of children are overweight 13% of them are obese 80% of W and 60 % of M are trying to lose weight people spend over 3 billion a year to lose weight cost more to be obese less people workout and we consume more calories (more from sugar and HFCS)
future of money
Bitcoin (Satopshi Nakamoto in 2008) high volatility is advantage and disadvantage
End of the Gold Standard
Breton Woods agreement of 1944 worked fine until the early 1970s when globalization and world conditions began to change rapidly due to the Oil crisis in the Middle East (arabs refused to sell oil to the US) nixon needed to calm world panic about the possible defeat of US treasury bonds because of the large defecits 1971--> nixon declared that all Us money and bonds would no longer be backed by gold and the price of gold wouldn't be limited to 35/oz (promise to pay) price of gold rose rapidly in 1971 from 35/oz to over 800/oz US gold reserves were now worth more than 20x the previous value and that calmed the fear
what changed US diets
Civil war turned North to using buffalo beef from the West to replace pork and bacon after civil war reconstruction began and south hated carpet baggers so the northerners went west and many went to Texas raising cattle (Spanish longhorn cattle)
Tomas Mathus
Essay on the principle of population 1797 essential that human populations are kept in check by war famine and disease were warned of over population and humans needed to have moral restraints today were women have more rights birth rates have declined economic opportunity and family wealth rises the birth rate tends to decline in partilineal cultures birth rates are the highest birth rates are dropping fast in first world and dropping slowest in third world
Land of Dixie
French Louisiana used coins and printed paper money, bill used throughout South was 10 franc note from Bank of Louisiana (Dix, ten in French became Dixie)
herbicide resistant plants
HRC this began in the mid 1990s with plants that had new DNA that produced immunity from the toxic effects of herbicides allowed 100% removal of weeds (eventually weeds developed mutations) but it had potential long term health effects for humans and companies would only sell seeds to farmers who also would buy the herbicides on their crop and they lacked genetic diversity so they had more diseases
Banque Royale (France)
Many European kings soon realize that banks mean big profit so they want to control the banks 1717 AD--> French King needs money so allows John Law to create first bank not controlled by king (issues paper money due to coin shortage, king gets some profits, king very impressed) 1718--> Law's bank becomes Banque Royale (national bank) Louis XIV needed more money so asks Law to print more money (leaves Paris and makes Versailles official set of government)
Wave 3 - farming wave
Neolithic begins with domestication of animals and plants around 10,000 BC ends around 6,000 years ago people encouraged growth of things they liked to eat, domesticated animals, settle into permanent villages and horticulture, slash and burn, began in ME and south america around the same time (10-12,000 yrs ago) people settled down grew crops, lived in permanent homes, built large villages, learned to store food, built monuments, population grew rapidly as they needed more labor, people lived to 40s, polygyny class differences began to occur with surplus diet is now focused on few types of grains and meat some people got fat but not obese women could get pregnant more easily rich farmers highered guards trade began to pick up population around 50 million people
Breton Woods Conference
New Hampsire (1994) formed international monetary fund to stabilize world currency rates stability was critical for capitalism to survive needed to permit global trade and the growth of global corporations remember that today main purpose and goal of established nations is to provide stability for globalization and world business trades 185 member nations of IMF all have agreed to enforce the IMF decisions to stabilize world money and foster the growth of globalization and capitalism worldwide all world money exchange rates were pegged to US dollar because it was most stable currency in 1944 that is still true IMF 1944 set 35/oz as the world price for gold to stabilize the price and forbid any nation to sell gold for more than that amount established the international bank of reconstruction and development (world bank)
NAFTA and culture
this has impact US culture because these have caused employment among factory workers and the middle class have disrupted family dreams and lives shrunk the middle class these have reduced inflation have provided cheap labor in US it has encouraged and expanded our consumption of cheap goods signed on north american free trade agreement (1/1/1994) was supposed
Economics and Global Agriculture
two critical issues: 1. market share: nation or corporation that can capture the greatest market share in the quickest time will win the biggest bucks (countries with the best tech, subsidy benefits, most efficient machinery, and infrastructure always win) 2. profits: most distribution of food is based on who can pay not on who needs the foods the most
price of gold
when us went off the gold standard in 1971 the rest of the world was forced to let gold be sold at market value the IMF could no longer demand the price 35/oz after 1971 no world money was backed by gold money in all nations became a pure abstraction backed only by trust people began to horde gold which drove up that value quickly soon in over 900/oz today is over 1340/oz
Indonesia and green revolution
world bank encourage the government of indonesia to borrow billions to buy new high yield rice and plant it in their best rice growing areas on the island of Java US personnel were hired to help convenience farmers and local governments about the great benefits of the new rice USAID workers were sent into rural areas to help the small rice farmers of JAVA learn how to convert their crops of the new species of Miracle Rice seeds first four years were a disaster (very low yields had to borrow money to buy rice to feed family) then it was discovered rice not resistant to local insects so then they sold DDT and nitrogen fertilizers the yield was better but it still cost a lot and DDT killed insects and fish (forced to buy imported fish or chickens) miracle rice turned out to be a high responded because it only produces high yield under best conditions
Empty oceans
written by Richard Eillis today only 5% of coral reefs are still pristine in 1950 survey along the California coast found an average of 4000 abalone per acre on the sea floor between san jose south to san diego 2000 found one abalone per acre of sea floor pollution and over-fishing has almost wiped them out in those areas
