Anthropology test 3
Intensive agricultural first began about ___________ years ago.
5,000
What is pastoralism?
A subsistence pattern in which people make their living by tending herds of large animals
Most people live in the
Africa
Ancient civilizations based on intensive agriculture developed in all of the following regions except:
Australia
The simplest kind of political system for a society is a:
Band
What level of political integration would be expected to exist in a society in which the total number of people does not exceed a few dozen and there is no economic class differentiation.
Band
Why do horticulturalists usually have a shifting pattern of field use? That is, why do they abandon their gardens after a few years and create new ones elsewhere?
Because production drops due to the inevitable depletion of soil nutrients in the old field
Agriculture society carrying capacity?
Billions
Which of the following is generally true of pastoralist societies in East Africa?
Cattle functioned as their special purpose money in the past
What was the main argument of the coercive theory of early state formation? This theory was developed in the 1970's by Robert Carneiro.
Centralized state governments developed to mobilize and direct armies which would continue to exist as tools for controlling conquered peoples, collecting tribute, and allocating resources.
As some horticultural societies of the past developed more intensive agricultural subsistence patterns when their populations grew into the thousands, they were forced to create new levels of political integration in order to maintain unity and order. Which of the following did they develop first?
Chiefdom
redistribution is found where?
Chiefdoms and states
Main characteristics of culture
Culture is an adaptive mechanism culture is learned cultures change People Usually are not Aware of Their Culture We Do Not Know All of Our Own Culture Culture Gives Us a Range of Permissible Behavior Patterns Cultures No Longer Exist in Isolation
Which of the following statements is true concerning human evolution?
Culture is an adaptive mechanism for humans.
What was the kinship in pastoralism societies?
Extended family
Compared to what it was before the end of the last ice age (about 10,000 years ago), the rate of human culture change is now
Faster
About how many band level societies survive today with their traditional form of political organization intact?
Few if any
What was the curve of the empire?
Growth and collapse of civilizations, hit carrying capacity at some point and it begins to collapse
What are the leading causes of adult death in the U.S.?
Heart disease Cancers Diabetes Stroke
What was the resilience for pastoralism societies?
High
What was the resistance for pastoralism societies?
High
What was the resistance like for horticulture
High
what was the resilience like for horticulture
High
What is the subsistence pattern that refers to farming and occurred during 6,000-7,000 B.P.-Today?
Horticulture
What is the subsistence pattern that happend around 200 BP?
Industrialism
Which of the following were a consequence of the transition to intensive agriculture?
It became easier for contagious diseases to spread and reach epidemic levels.
Why did colonialism end?
It was too expensive to maintain
What was coercive control?
King, emperor. They can make decisions and enforce them because they have an army to fight for them.
What is the resistance for industrial societies?
Locally: Low Globally: ?
What is the resilience for industrial societies?
Locally: low Globally: ?
Agriculture society resilience?
Low, destroyed forest, can't rebuild, soil is bad.
Agriculture society resistance?
Low, once population has gotten very high it becomes low.
Around 4,500-5,500 years ago, kingdoms with state level political systems developed into ancient civilizations in which of the following areas?
Mesopotamia
What was the agriculture societies diet like?
Not a lot of protein
What is the kinship like for industrial societies?
Nuclear families
Where did pastoralism societies develop?
Places where there were grasslands
What does inter cropping mean?
Planting different crops with each other
What is Interconnection global economy?
Refers to resources that come from all over the world, all of the resources come to a country and they use those to manufacture products, then ship them back out to sell them
Which of the following pastoralists herded reindeer?
Saami or Lapps
In his field studies of the ju/'hoansi, Richard Lee noted that as the number of people in a band level society increases, the potential for disruptive interpersonal conflicts inevitably rises. What did he call this phenomenon?
Social Velocity
Which of the following would be expected to have the most centralization of power?
State
Which of the following would be most likely to have a well equipped professional army?
State
Which of the following statements is true of pedestrian foragers?
The pedestrian foraging way of life was highly mobile.
What usually has happened to tropical horticulturalists when population pressure and/or governments prevented them from following their traditional shifting pattern of farming?
The productivity of their crops dropped dramatically due to extreme soil nutrient depletion and the people became impoverished.
Which of the following things resulted from international commerce during the last two centuries?
There has been an enormous redistribution of wealth to the industrialized nations located mostly in the Northern Hemisphere
why did population growth shot up under colonialism
There was a higher need for labor
Which of the following statements is true of historically known foraging societies?
They intentionally burned grasslands and woodlands.
Which of the following things happened as people changed over time from foraging to horticulture and eventually intensive agriculture?
They progressively had less of a passive dependence on their environment.
What was the carrying capacity for horticulture society?
Today: hundreds of millions Global potential:billions
redistributive exchanges
Usually function as economic leveling mechanisms. In the Western World, charity and progressive income tax systems are examples of this
Bureaucracies with the clearest chains of command are most often:
armies and other military organizations
When a political system has a number of positions with different levels of responsibility, power, and authority it is referred to as a:
bureaucracy
In small-scale pedestrian foraging societies, succession to political offices usually occurs through:
general recognition of personal achievement
What is the name of the theory of state formation that the British archaeologist V. Gordon Childe developed in 1936? This theory assumed that people made rational economic decisions that led them inevitably to develop the first states.
voluntaristic theory
What is the politics like in an industrial society?
-Nations states (controlled by the oligarchy) -Political/economic oligarchy (means power concentrated in the hands of few)
What was the average life expectancy in 1900?
40 years
What was the politics like in agriculture societies?
City states-kingdom-empire. -City controls surrounding region and if a city state becomes powerful enough to conquer other city states it becomes a kingdom, if a kingdom becomes powerful enough to conquer other kingdoms they become an empire.
What was the kinship like in agriculture societies?
Extended family (helped with labor)
What were the characteristics of pastoralism
Hunter gatherers in grasslands began to capture herds of animals became herders
What does "Slash and Burn" mean?
In order to garden they had to get rid of trees, so they cut down trees and vegetation, let it dry and then burn it. The ash is full of nutrients.
What was the Economic system for the agricultural society?
Market system
What did Horticulture domesticate?
Plants
As intensive agriculture based societies developed, which of the following things occurred?
There was an increase in the efficiency of food production.
What was institutionalized warfare?
You hired an army, pay them etc.
The Kula Ring was ____________________________________________ .
a closed trading system among the Trobriand Islanders in which only recognized senior male trading partners from each island could be expedition leaders
"Slash and burn" refers to:
a method of field preparation for farming
Which of the following statements is true of the San speakers of the Kalahari Desert in Namibia and Botswana when they were still living as foragers?
a)Men provided most of the calories in their diet. b)Most adult San spent 10-12 hours every day hunting and gathering in order to get enough food. c)None of the San lived more than 40 years because of their hard lives and because they did not have the benefit of our modern medicines. d)none of the above D
Political leaders often are allowed access to and control over society's important resources. However, this does not necessarily mean that they are richer than others. In what part of the world were traditional political leaders in the past expected to bankrupt themselves by giving away their wealth to others?
a)New Guinea c)Vancouver Island, Canada
Culture change occurs as a result of ________________ .
a)diffusion b)invention
A general term for relatively simple political systems in which power is diffused throughout the society.
acephalous
Equestrian foraging societies existed in which of the following regions?
b)Great Plains of North America c)grasslands of Southern Argentina
How does someone in a pedestrian foraging band usually become a political leader for the community?
community consensus arrived at through casual discussion
When anthropologists study other societies, they need to suspend their own culture-based judgments. What is this kind of approach called?
cultural relativity
All human cultures evolve over time. Which of the following things is most responsible for this?
culture is cumulative
Which of the following is a likely consequence of cultural evolution?
culture loss
In which of the following variations of foraging would people most likely concentrate their subsistence efforts on hunting large mammals from horseback?
equestrian
Transhumance pastoralists
-Follow a cyclical pattern of migrations that usually take them to cool highland valleys in the summer and warmer lowland valleys in the winter. -This is seasonal migration between the same two locations in which they have regular encampments or stable villages often with permanent houses. -usually depend somewhat less on their animals for food than do nomadic ones. -They often do small scale vegetable farming at their summer encampments.
Pastoral nomads
-Follow a seasonal migratory pattern that can vary from year to year. -These nomadic societies do not create permanent settlements, they live in tents or other relatively easily constructed dwellings the year round. -are usually self-sufficient in terms of food and most other necessities.
Definition of world system
-interconnected global economy, -problem with this is there is no political system to guide it. -Every nation is competing and that leads to conflict.
three major variations of the foraging subsistence pattern
1. pedestrian (diversified hunting and gathering on foot) 2.equestrian (concentrating on hunting large mammals from horseback) 3.aquatic (concentrating on fish and/or marine mammal hunting usually from boats)
What percent of people living today had ancestors who lived in societies with band level political systems?
100%
When did the transition from acephalous bands and tribes to chiefdoms begin?
8,000-10,000 years ago
What is the life expectancy today in the U.S.?
80 years
How are difficult disputes between people living in a chiefdom usually settled if an informal agreement cannot be reached by the parties?
A chief usually functions as an arbitrator and judge.
According to this tutorial, what was the main reason that our ancestors first developed domesticated food plants and began farming.
A combination of a changing climate and human over population made it necessary.
What is Global social stratification?
A small group of industrial nations that are wealthy and powerful and then you have lots of nations that are very poor with little power, they produce cheap resources and that allows wealthy countries to have access to cheap resources and sell them at a higher price.
What is the carrying capacity of industrial societies?
Approx. 10 billion Currently 7+billion
Which of the following statements is true of human warfare?
As agriculture became more intensive and populations larger, the scale of war increased dramatically.
Where in the world is horticulture commonly used as a subsistence pattern today?
Central Africa and the Amazon Basin of South America
What does companion planting mean?
Crops help each other out
Which of the following statements is true?
Cultures usually allow a range of permissible behavior patterns.
3 components to lifestyle that increase life expectancy and decrease
Diet Exercise Sleep
Which of the following statements is true concerning foragers?
Foragers generally have a passive dependence on what the environment contains
Which of the following is the oldest human subsistence pattern?
Foraging
Which of the following statements is true of a specialized foraging subsistence pattern?
It can be a very risky way of life in a changing environment.
What happened to the political and economic power of most farmers in the ancient civilizations?
It decreased
What has happened to the global human population over the last 10,000 years?
It has grown explosively
What happened to the rate of culture change in the developed nations during the last two centuries?
It increased.
Which of the following statements is true of commerce between small-scale societies in the past?
It involved more institutionalized balanced reciprocity than is found generally in the international trade system today.
Which of the following statements is true concerning the introduction of general purpose money into societies that have non-market economies?
It makes it easier to carry out trade and gives individuals the ability to accumulate wealth.
What is the primary binding mechanism of a band level society? In other words, what usually is most effective in keeping these societies from disintegrating?
Kinship
What was the horticulture tribe made of?
Kinship, extended family (needed for labor)
Modern nation states differ from the states of the ancient civilizations in that modern states commonly have _______________________ .
Larger cities
The population density and community size of horticultural societies is usually _______________ pedestrian foragers.
Larger than
What is the religion like for industrial societies?
Monotheism predominates, other non-theistic belief systems develop
Where did indigenous tribal level societies have leaders called "big men"?
New Guinea
The most well known aquatic foraging societies in the Americas live on the ___________________________ .
Northwest Coast of North America
In North America and other large-scale industrial nations, there have been major changes in the typical family during the last century. These changes include:
Nuclear family households have become more common.
Which of the following statements is true?
Over the 21st century, much of the world very likely will face severe shortages, including those of food, drinking water, arable land, and petroleum based fuels.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the ancient civilizations?
Ownership of property shifted from the community to individuals.
Which of the following statements is true of reciprocal gift exchanges in all societies?
Participants in a gift exchange agree to receive a gift and repay it with another.
What was the subsistence pattern that happend around 6,000-7,000 B.P. today?
Pastoralism
Which of the following statements is true?
People usually are unconscious of their culture in their daily lives.
In New Guinea, tribal leaders often worked for years to accumulate things of high value in order to give them away in large, very public formal ceremonies. What traditionally was the most important kind of thing that they gave away?
Pigs
Men in indigenous societies of New Guinea wanting to increase their personal status and influence over others organized large ceremonies similar to the Kwakiutl potlatch. The most important things that were given away during these ceremonies in New Guinea were ____________ .
Pigs
"Competition for power over people and things" is a definition of:
Politics
What was the agricultural societies religion?
Polytheism monotheism
What was the era of colonialism?
Producing resources with cheap labor and shipping them
Which of the following statements is true of the aquatic foragers of the Northwest Coast of North America?
Settlements were usually permanent rather than seasonal.
Which of the following is likely to have pyramid shaped power relationships with a small hereditary elite class at the top headed by a king and royal family?
States
Which of the following statements is true concerning pastoralists?
The animals herded by pastoralists are rarely killed for family use alone.
Which of the following statements is true?
The fact that cultural evolution can occur faster than biological evolution has altered the effect of natural selection on humans.
During the 20th century, most national governments tried to force pastoralists to stop their migrations and to reduce the size of their herds in order to prevent over-grazing. What has been the result of this?
These efforts at controlling them have been consistently resisted by pastoralists.
In what way are chiefdoms similar to bands and tribes?
They are mostly classless societies.
Which of the following statements is true of band leaders?
They usually only have temporary political power.
Which of the following is true of North American cattle ranchers today?
They usually share with traditional pastoralists the same basic outlook on life and also value strong male personalities.
Which of the following statements is true concerning equestrian foraging societies?
They were male dominated.
What was the carrying capacity for pastoralism societies?
Today: have no idea, government is not allowed to count them Global potential: Had no idea
Once agriculture comes along what also comes?
Towns and cities, larger populations
What kind of political system is most likely to be found among horticultural and pastoralist societies that consist of a few hundred people with multiple communities and other kinds of social sub-divisions?
Tribes
True or False colonialism= increased population growth?
True
The crusades
Try to come in and regain power of the silk route and trade routes
Which of the following statements is true of bands?
Typically, there is no leadership position in bands that has the authority to conclusively settle disputes, punish criminals, or prevent families from leaving.
In the U.S. and other economically powerful nations, we are now moving into a post-industrial information-based economy. Which of the following has been a result of this economic change?
a)The economic and political power of women has risen. b)There has been an increasing emphasis on mental rather than hard physical labor.
Which of the following things have usually occurred as cities became larger during the last two centuries?
a)The local micro-climate was altered. b)There was increased air pollution. c)The drinking water supplies became polluted. d)all of the above D
Which of the following statements is true of tribes?
a)They are essentially egalitarian in that no one family or residential group is politically or economically superior to others. b)They are advanced over bands in the way that they are integrated. c)They are essentially acephalous. d)all of the above are true D
Which of the following traits are typical of pastoralist men around the world?
a)They tend to be cooperative with each other and aggressive towards outsiders. b)They usually have the ability to make important economic decisions quickly and to act on them independently without hesitation. c)both of the above C
Which of the following were characteristic of anthropologists during the 19th century?
a)They usually classified different cultures on the basis of subsistence patterns. b)They totally rejected the approach of classifying cultures based on whether they were "civilized" or "primitive" .c)They did not yet have a system for classifying different cultures d)none of the above D
Which of the following things characterize horticulturalists?
a)They usually grow only one plant species in each field. b)They usually live in large towns or cities c)Their farming techniques are relatively unproductive and they are ignorant of soil characteristics and plant nutrients. d)none of the above D
Which of the following statements concerning slaves in the ancient civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia is true?
a)They were often people defeated in war. b)They were often made servants in the households of the political elites. c)Their children could sometimes become free, wealthy, and politically powerful. d)all of the above D
Approximately 8,000-10,000 years ago, our ancestors invented agriculture. Which of the following things was a consequence of this development?
a)a more controllable and dependable food supply b)the creation of villages, towns, and ultimately cities c)the emergence of new kinds of political systems. d)all of the above D
A political symbol is:
a)a tool used by politicians c)an idea or physical thing that is used as a tool for focusing the attention and emotions of people
Which of the following things occurred at traditional Kwakiutl potlatches?
a)high ranking, influential guests were seated according to their relative status b)the host made speeches and dramatically gave gifts to the guests c)the host destroyed things of value d)all of the above D
The transition to intensive agriculture leading to the development of the ancient civilizations ultimately resulted in a number of inevitable major social changes including:
a)permanent year round settlements b)a much more complex division of labor c)surplus crops d)all of the above D
Which of the following traits would likely be found in pastoralists societies?
a)polygyny b)patrilineal descent c)older men are the leaders d)all of the above D
Which of the following are examples of economic redistributive systems?
a)rich people giving substantial amounts of money to charities b)rich people paying a higher income tax rate than poor people c)potlatch ceremonies of the Kawakiutl and some of their Indian neighbors d)all of the above D
What kinds of societies have politics?
a)small-scale societies b)large-scale societies c)Western societies such as those of North America and Europe d)all of the above D
Which of the following things are usually considered to be important gifts in small-scale societies with non-market economies?
a)songs, dances, and speeches b)women and children
If you know what the subsistence base is for a society, it is usually possible to predict ______________________________ .
a)the kinds of social and political systems that it can create b)the complexity of its science, mathematics, and technology c)the scale of warfare that it can sustain d)all of the above D
Which of the following are characteristic of non-market economies?
a)the use of money as a means of exchange b)the ability to accumulate vast amounts of capital c)highly complex economic interactions that are ultimately international in their scale d)none of the above D
The Mongol pastoralists were _______________________ during the 13th and 14th centuries A.D .
a)unsuccessful conquerors b)easily defeated in war by settled agricultural societies c)both of the above d)none of the above D
A political leadership role is one in which individuals:
a)usually have authority related to broad areas of concern for the society b)usually are allowed to make decisions concerning the group as a whole c)are often expected to lead community discussions and act as spokesmen in dealing with outsiders d)all of the above D
What is the subsistence pattern that happend during 10,000 mbp and included human labor and draft animals.
agriculture
Which of the following would fit the definition of balanced reciprocity in North America today?
exchanging Christmas gifts with your best friend at an office party
Marshall Sahlins observed that there are three distinct types of reciprocity that occur in human societies around the world. Which of the following statements is a description of what he described as generalized reciprocity?
gift giving without the expectation of an immediate return
Which of the following would be examples of pastoralism?
herding large animals
With which of the following subsistence patterns are people most likely to intentionally produce a surplus of food to sell or exchange for things that they cannot produce themselves?
horticulture
Horticulture is most well suited to what kind of environment?
humid, tropical forests
What is the name of the theory of state formation developed during the 1950's by Karl Wittfogel and Julian Steward? This was an ecological explanation that proposed that states arose out of the need to construct and manage large-scale irrigation systems necessary for intensive agriculture within arid river valleys.
hydraulic theory
Large-scale societies with cities obtain most of their food with which of the following subsistence patterns?
intensive agriculture
The subsistence pattern of pastoralists all around the world is based on maintaining herds of ______________________ .
large herbivores
What is the subsistence base that is almost always found among societies with a state level of political integration?
large-scale intensive agriculture
Which of the following kinds of societies are likely to have bureaucracies of political officials?
large-scale societies
A term referring to different general types of political systems used to organize and manage societies.
levels of political integration
This tutorial concluded that the theory of early state formation that is mostly likely the best one is the _________________ .
multi-cause theory
Special purpose money consists of _______________________ .
objects that serve as a medium of exchange in only limited contexts
The term "subsistence pattern" refers to the sources and methods a society uses to ______________________________ .
obtain food and other necessities
Tribes are different from bands in that they have a new kind of integrative mechanism consisting of organizations that cross-cut society by bringing together a limited number of people, typically at least one from each family. Anthropologists refer to these kinds of groups as _____________ .
pantribal associations
Ethnocentrism refers to the fact that _________________ .
people usually believe that their way of life is superior, and they are somewhat condescending or even hostile toward other cultures
Which of the following kinds of agriculture is most likely to be found in the poor developing nations in tropical regions of the world?
plantation agriculture
Which of the following things are horticulturalists most likely to use in farming?
pointed sticks, hoes, or other hand tools
What are the major components of any society's economy?
production, distribution, and exchange
Some economic exchanges are intended to distribute a society's wealth in a different way than exists at present. These are called _________________ .
redistributive exchanges
Which of the following would fit the definition of negative reciprocity in North America today?
selling flashlight batteries at triple the normal price during a prolonged blackout caused by a widespread electrical power failure
Pastoralism is usually an adaptation to __________________________
semi-arid open country
What was centralized control
small group in control of power and wealth
For anthropologists, the word "horticulture" refers to:
small scale, low intensity farming
Which of the following things happened to human societies as we changed over time from foraging to horticulture and eventually intensive agriculture?
societies became more complex
Most historically known pedestrian foraging societies ____________________________ .
subsisted mainly on vegetable foods rather than meat.
What commonly functions as a rudimentary beginning of a taxation system in chiefdoms?
the redistribution of surplus goods by the chief
Neocolonialsim
the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies
Which of the following were intended functions of the Kwakiutl potlatch ceremonies in the 19th century?
to celebrate major life events in a family
Which of the following kinds of pastoralists would be most likely to have stable, permanent villages that they return to every year?
transhumance pastoralists
The break-up of the former empire of the Soviet Union into largely ethnic based nations is an example of ___________ .
tribalism
What was horticulture religion like?
tribe=animism chiefdom=animism and polytheism
The transition to intensive agriculture was originally made possible by:
water management systems and the domestication of large animals for pulling plows