Anthropology2200#1

Which of the following is a plausible explanation for the clinal variation observed in regards to skin color in humans?

Darker skin pigmentation protects from overexposure to UV radiation and prevents folate deficiency in low-latitudes settings; Lighter skin pigmentation allows for sufficient vitamin D synthesis and proper mineralization of the skeleton in high-latitude settings.

__________ and __________ acclimatizations are sometimes referred to as functional adaptability because they occur during an individual's lifetime and increase fitness within a particular environment.

Developmental, physiological

The bottleneck effect is an example of____because only a random of alleles in the population makes it to the next generation.

Genetic drift

Why is the term "race" NOT an appropriate biological term for the categorization human beings?

Genetic methods do not support the classification of humans into discrete races, [and] racial assumptions are not good biological guideposts. Races are not genetically homogenous and lack clear-cut genetic boundaries.

Gene flow and mutation:

are the two forces of evolution that introduce new genetic variation into a population

Science

as a method, entails formulating, testing, and evaluating theries and hypotheses. Findings can be revisited.

Traits that provide a benefit in particular environments typically create __ when the prevalence within a population is mapped onto the landscape.

clines

The ABO blood group is an example of:

codominance

When the phenotypic expressions of a trait can be separated into a few discrete categories, that trait is said to:

exhibit discontinuous variation

T/F: Men are less susceptible to sex linked deleterious traits

false

T/F: Microevolution occurs over long periods of time, while macroevolution occurs over short periods of time.

false

___________ moves alleles from one population to another population

gene flow

When a small subgroup of a larger population breaks off and becomes reproductively isolated, what force of evolution may occur?

genetic drift

Heritable mutations that have evolutionary consequences, meaning they will be passed to future generations, occur:

in gametes

A breeding population:

includes only individuals who are capable of reproduction

Natural selection occurs on the:

individual level

Genetic drift:

is a random change in allele frequencies across several generations

A pleitropic allele:

is a single allele with multiple effects on an organism.

A cline

is represented by continuous variation following geographic gradients; descriibes the pattern of skin color variation in relation to latitude.

Microevolution:

is the change in allele frequencies between generations.

The __________ states that each pair of homologous chromosomes separates during meiosis so that only one allele for a given trait will be present in each of the gametes produced.

law of segregation

Allen's rule states that:

limb size will be longer in warm climates

____ refers to the position of a particular gene on a chromosome

locus

__________ traits exhibit continuous variation and include influence by the environment.

multifactorial

___________________ can produce new genetic variation within a population, while the other forces of evolution only operate on pre-existing variation

mutation

__ and __ likely coevolved in order to allow human ancestral populations to cope with heart stress better.

none.

Which of the following would not be considered an adaptation?

over several generations, the average size of potatoes increased as a result of chemical alterations to fertilizer that increased the soil's nutritional content

Complex traits:

result in phenotypes that exhibit a continuum of variation

Although it is not always considered a force of evolution, ____ often plays a huge role in determining the nature of phenotypic variation within a population.

sexual selection

Human races are

socially-constructed groups

Which of the following is an example of a gamete:

sperm

According to Bermann's and Allen's rules, the Inuit and other cold-adapted populations

tend to have stouter trunks and shorter limbs.

Human adaptation primarily refers to

the development of specific, gene-based traits.

What general concept do Bergmann's and Allen's rules illustrate in human?

thermoregulation

Natural selection:

was described by Charies Darwin in the origin of Species, pubilished in 1859

Lamarck's mechanism for evolution:

was disproved as changes acquired during one's lifetime do not pass to offspring.

Evolution is a theory. This means:

It is a rigorously tested explanation for many observed phenomena.

Often considered the father of geology, ____ was one of the first early scientists to suggest that the earth was significantly older than biblical calculations suggested.

Charles Lyell

T/F: Darwin was the first scientist to propose the idea of evolutionary change.

False

T/F: Natural selection creates new variation

False

T/F: Natural selection is a random process

False

T/F: Research has shown that there is more variation between populations that within a population, validating the typological classification of human into races.

False

T/F:Mendellan traits are controlled by more than one gene

False

Use an "A" for the A allele, a "B" for the B allele, and an "O" for the O allele of the ABO blood group. You may want to refer to your lab background reading as you work. What are the possible genotypes for someone with type A blood? Select all that apply.

-AA -AO

The assumptions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg Equillbrium include:

-Equal number; -Random mating;

Generally speaking, stressors that can affect a person's growth and development can include (select one or more)

-Living in environments of excess heat or cold; -Living at high attitudes -Poor nutrition

Based on the graphs, what did you notice about the difference between rolled tongues and stature? Select all that apply.

-Rolled tongues are a discrete trait; students can either roll or not roll, so there are two distinct phenotypic categories. -Stature is a continuous trait; students have many phenotypes for stature that cannot be easily separated into distinct categories.

Make a punnett square showing the potential offspring of Aa and AA. How many different genotypes are there in the square?

2

Which of the following are observations or ideas that darwin had that let him to describe evolution?

-South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe. - The plants travelled to islands and then adapted.

When we characterize tongue rolling as a dominant trait, what do we mean? Select all that apply.

-The allele for rolled tongues is dominant in expression over a recessive allele for non-rolled tongues. -Non-rolled tongues will only be expressed in the phenotype if there is not a dominant tongue rolling alleles present in the genotype. -Someone who can roll their tongue will have either a homozygous dominant or heterozygous genotype for this trait.

Genes:

-are segments of DNA that code for proteins; -are located on chromosomes; -come in pairs but segregate during the formation of gametes; -assort independently of each other if they are on different chromosomes.

Gene flow

-decreases variation within a population -increases variation within the receiving population -decreases variation between populations

Uniformitariansm is the idea that

-same geologic process shaping Earth today have been at work throughout Earths history -Charles Lyell's theory that geological process in the past is same as today and change is consistent or "uniform" over time. Although various aspects of the Earth's surface vary over time the underlying processes that influence them are constant

For natural selection to result in evolution, which of the following must occur?

-there must be biological variation in a population -the variation present within a population must be heritable - individuals exhibiting certain variants must produce more offspring than individuals without those variants=

If a homozygous individual expressing the DD genotype for a trait is crossed with a heterozygous Dd individual, what percentage of the resulting offspring, on average, would be expected to exhibit the recessive phenotype?

0%

Make a punnett square showing the potential offspring of Aa and AA. How many different phenotypes are there in the square?

1

Transcription is a process in which:

A complementary strand of RNA is synthesized.

Alternative forms of a gene are:

Alleles

Greyhounds, a dog breed, were produced by humans breeding the fasted male and fastest female from each generation. What is this called?

Artificial selection.

____ is an adaptation to dietary excess, while ____ is likely to be an adaption to nutritional deprivation.

CCRS gene- Delta 32/ lactose tolerance

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

D a) none of the four fouces of evolution are in operation b) the population is infinitely large c) all members of the population produce the same number of offspring

The following are Mendelian (or simple) traits, except:

D a) facial dimples b) widow's peak c) hitch hiker's thumb d) height

____ alleles are always expressed; ____ alleles are only expressed only alleles at a locus.

Dominant/ Recessive

Functional adaptations to high attitude include all of the following except:

E a) vasodilation b) increased production of red blood cells c) mare efficient use of oxygen d) greater lung volume e) no answer

Nature selection:

Explains adaptations; results in the gradual accumulation of small changes over time.

T//F: Lactose intolerance evolved in human populations with domesticated dairy animals.

False

T/F: All mutations result in negative consequences for the individual and his or her offspring.

False

T/F: Anthropometry, or measurement of the human body, is an outdated method associated only with "racial" classification, and is therefore no longer used by physical anthropologists.

False

The true beginning of eradication of the racist ideas within anthropology began with whom?

Franz Boaz.

What is the DNA strand complementary to these base pairs: CGTTAGAATC

GCAATCTTAG

Let's assume that a man taken to trial in a paternity suit by a woman claiming that he is the father of her child. He claims he is not the father. At the trial, an expert witness reveals the blood types of all three: Man's blood type - B Mother's blood type - A Child's blood type - O Based on these data, is this man the father? Why?

It is possible, but not certain that this man is the father. The man could have either BB or BO alleles in his genotype. If he carries the O allele, he has a 50% chance of passing that allele to his children. The child has an OO genotype, so it is possible that this man could be the father.

Which of the following traits demonstrate evolution is still occurring?

Lactose tolerance

____states that only one of the two alleles present will be present in the gamete produced by that parent.

Law of segregation

Which force of evolution is the only one that creates new variation?

Mutation

Even though it has "harmful" phenotypic effects, the "sickle cell" allele has frequency in sub-Saharan Africa compared to other parts of the world became to block the effects of malaria. This is a example of____

Natural selection.

In the theory of evolution, which of the four forces provides an explanation for organisms' adaptations to their environment?

Nature selection

Reproductive isolating mechanisms are more evolutionary beneficial if they occur:

Reproductive isolating mechanisms do not play a role in evolution.

Which process can result in a difference of size, appearance, and/or behavior between opposite sexes of the same species?

Sexual selection

If the sequence of bases on one strand of DNA is ATGCCGAT, the sequence on the complementary strand will be:

TACGGCTA

Together, Bergmann's and Allen's rule describes

The relationship between body proportion and climate.

If the observed genotype frequencies in the adults of this population are 35% AA, 61% AS, and 4% SS, what would you conclude regarding whether or not this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

The population is not Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Whose work led to Darwin's recognition of the struggle for existence in organisms due to competition for limited resources?

Thomas Malthus

T/F: Adaptations primarily function to allow organisms to exhibit greater relative fitness.

True

T/F: Differences in skin color are an adaptation for different levels of protection from UV radiation

True

T/F: There is a clinal variation to both phenotype and genotypic traits, such as skin color or blood types.

True

T/F: You cannot determine race based on a person's biology.

True