ANTR 355 Exam 4

Describe the importance of the incomplete closure of the cartilage of the trachea

Allows for movement of the trachea, as well as movement of the esophagus located posteriorly. Allows swallowed foods to pass unobstructed through the esophagus.

Describe the importance of the Eustachian tube.

Allows for the middle ear to adjust to differences in pressure. This equalizing of pressure is what you feel when your "ears pop" during altitude changes. Also serves to drain any build of fluid or mucous in the middle ear. When drainage is blocked this causes ear infections.

Define an anastomosis

An anastomosis is a connection or opening between two things -in this case, two arteries.

Specify which artery is most affected by myocardial infarction

Anterior interventricular artery (widowmaker)

Identify the superficial veins in the upper limb.

Basilic, cephalic, median cubital

Specify the motor supply to the diaphragm -Specify between which two layers this nerve can be located -Specify which anterior primary rami it is composed of

Between mediastinal parietal pleura and fibrous pericardium. The phrenic nerve arises from C3-5 anterior primary rami ("C3, C4, C5 keeps your diaphragm alive"). It contains motor, sensory, and sympathetic nerve fibers. Importantly, the phrenic nerve is the only motor supply to the diaphragm.

Describe the function of valves in the heart

Blood passively fills the atria and then moves into the ventricles once the pressure of the atria exceeds that of the ventricles. Once the pressure of the ventricles exceeds that of the atria, the blood wants to back flow into the atria. This attempted movement closes the AV valves.

Specify which arteries branch from the aortic arch

Brachiocepahlic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

Specify which arteries branch from the abdominal aorta

Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery

List the layers of the pericardial sac from superficial to deep

Fibrous pericardium (outside white portion) → parietal layer of serous pericardium → visceral layer of serous pericardium The pericardial cavity is between the parietal layer and visceral layer

List the bones that contain paranasal sinuses

Frontal- Frontal bone Ethmoidal- Ethmoid bone Sphenoidal- Sphenoid Maxillary- Maxilla

Identify the superficial veins in the lower limb

Great saphenous, small saphenous

Categorize the chambers and great vessels as either containing high or low oxygen blood

High oxygen: left atrium, left AV valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta Low oxygen: right atrium, right AV valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve

Describe patent foramen ovale

Hole in heart that didn't close after birth. Causes high risk of stroke due to blood clot bypassing pulmonary circuit and going straight to brain.

Define venae comitantes in the lower limbs and give examples

In the limbs, deep veins are venae comitantes, meaning that there are two or more veins that are attached to the artery. Thus, you will not see a distinct vein, instead two veins will be located on either side of the artery. Ex: Anterior tibial, posterior tibial, fibular veins

Specify which veins join to form the brachiocephalic veins

Internal jugular and subclavian veins

Describe the relationship of the internal and external jugular veins to the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Internal jugular vein is internal to the SCM and external jugular vein is external to the SCM

Specify which arteries and veins of the heart are paired

Middle cardiac vein runs with posterior interventricular artery, great cardiac vein runs with anterior interventricular artery

List the divisions of the pharynx

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Describe the importance of venae comitantes in blood flood.

Pulsations from the artery aid in moving venous blood back to the heart

List the structures that are classified as the Upper Respiratory Tract

Sphenoidal sinus & frontal sinus (paranasal sinuses), nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx

Trace the path of blood through the heart

Superior and inferior venae cavae → right atrium → right AV valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk and arteries → gas exchange in the lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left AV valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta

Explain the clinical significance of the costodiaphragmatic recesses

The costodiaphragmatic recessesare importantly clinically, as if there is any excess fluid located in the pleural cavities it will pool into these spaces when the individual is standing. Therefore this is the location that a thoracocentesis (pleural tap) is performed by aspirating fluid through a needle and syringe while the patient has fully exhaled, in order to avoid puncturing a lung.

Describe the importance of superficial veins in the upper limbs

The importance of these veins is to help cool the body. When the body is too hot, the body moves blood into the superficial veins to allow for heat to be spread over a larger area and dissipate faster

List the structures found in the carotid sheath

The internal jugular vein, internal and common carotid arteries, and the vagus nerve

Specify the paranasal sinuses that drain into the middle meatus of the lateral nasal wall

The openings of the maxillary sinus, the frontal sinus, and many of the ethmoidal air cells open into the middle meatus of the lateral nasal wall.

Distinguish between the pulmonary and systemic circuits of the cardiovascular system

The pulmonary circuit brings blood through the lungs, where it undergoes oxygenation prior to its return to the heart. The systemic circuit includes the vessels carrying blood between the heart and the rest of the tissues of the body. Systemic circulation allows for the distribution of oxygen to the tissues of the body and for the transportation of carbon dioxide to the pulmonary circulation

Describe the general boundaries of the divisions of the pharynx

The soft palate and uvula separate the nasopharynx from the oropharynx The laryngopharynx(hypopharynx) is that portion of the pharynx located posterior and lateral to the laryngeal inletand larynx.

Specify the primary and secondary arteries that contribute to the formation of the superficialand deep palmar arches

The superficial palmar arch is a continuation of the ulnar artery, receives limited contribution from the radial artery. The deep palmar arch is a continuation of the radial artery, receives some contribution from the ulnar artery.

Describe the condition "caput medusa".

There are multiple anastomoses between the hepatic portal system and the caval system. If these connections are blocked, the result is a condition known as "caput medusa", named based on its resemblance to multiple snakes, like the hair of Medusa

Define venae comitantes and give examples.

There are two or more veins that are attached to the artery.

Describe the importance of the hepatic portal system.

Through processes of digestion, nutrients are removed from the substances moving through the GI tract. These nutrients need to be metabolized prior to entering the blood supply. The hepatic portal system therefore functions to bring these nutrients from our digestive organs to the liver. After the liver has removed the nutrients from the blood for processes, it then returns the low oxygen, low nutrient blood to the IVC via hepatic veins.

Distinguish between a right and left lung

a. The left lung is slightly smaller than the right lung because the heart projects into the left side of the thoracic cavity b. The right lung is subdivided into the superior, middle, and inferior lobes by two fissures, whereas the left lung has only two lobes, superior and inferior c. The lingual of the left lung is located on the superior lobe, whereas the lingual is homologous to the middle lobe of the right lung d. The left lung has a medial surface indentation, called the cardiac impression, that is formed by the heart e. The left lung also has an anterior indented region called the cardiac notch f. The descending thoracic aorta forms a groove-like impression on the medial surface of the left lung

Describe the importance of superficial veins in the lower limbs

cools the body

Identify the structures the hepatic portal system.

hepatic portal vein, splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein