Antr wk 3 and 4

Compare and contrast the anterior and posterior cruciate knee ligaments (ACL, PCL): a. List the common attachment on the femur. b. Differentiate the specific attachment sites on the tibia. c. Differentiate which ligament prevents excessive anterior or posterior movement of the tibia. D. differentiate which ligament prevents hyperextension vs. hyperflexion of the knee.

1. Anterior Cruciate Ligament: attachment on Tibia: anterior intracondylar eminence. Prevents anterior movement of fibia relative to femur. prevents hyperextension Posterior Cruciate Ligament: attachment on tibia: posterior intracondylar eminence. prevents poster movement of tibia relative to femur. prevents hyperflexion.

1. List and describe the two actions at the radioulnar joints. 2. Describe the position of the forearm bones in the pronated and supinated position. 3. Describe the movement of the head of the radius during pronation and supination.

1. Distal RU Joint: near the wrist, distal head of ulna articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius 2. Supination: facing the palms anteriorly, anatomical position, "supinated position" Pronation: facing the palms posteriorly pronated position Supinated position: radius and ulna are parallel, not crossed. Distal radius is lateral, distal ulna is medial Pronated position: radius and ulna are crossed. radius crossed over ulna. distal radius is medial, distal ulna is lateral 3. ru joint spinning head: key to rotations are - head of radius "spins" in the radial notch at the proximal RU joint. - distal radius rolls over the head of the ulna

1. List and describe the actions at the radiocarpal joint. 2. List the forearm bone involved in a wrist fracture. i. Describe the most likely scenario leading to a wrist fracture. ii. Describe a Colles fracture.

1. Flexion: moving the palm towards the anterior forearm. bending the wrist forward from the anatomical position. think of doing a wrist curl with weights Extension: moving the dorsal hand towards the posterior forearm. bend wrist backward from the anatomical position. the wrist is in extension when you are in the push up position Abduction: moving the hand away from the midline. moving the wrist towards the radius (laterally). radial deviation. Adduction: Moving the hand towards the midline. moving the wrist towards the ulna (medially). ulnar deviation Circumduction: inscribing a circle 2: wrist fractures: radius i. fall onto outstretched upper limb, trip, slip/ fracture of distal radius ii. most common is colles fracture, wrist extended, posterior fracture direction scaphoid fracture is the same way or fracture scaphoid only

1. List the bones or bony regions involved in the joints of the hand and fingers. Review and identify them on Figure 7.9 Wrist, Anterior View and 12.15 Locations of the Joints of the Hand: i. Intercarpal joints (Figure 7.9 Wrist, Anterior View only). ii. Carpometacarpal joints (Figure 7.9 Wrist, Anterior View only). iii. Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP joints). iv. Proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP joints). v. Distal interphalangeal joints (DIP joints). vi. Interphalangeal joint of pollex.

1. Hand: intercarpal (IC Joints)- between the carpal bones Carpometacarpal (CMC) joints: - distal row of carpal bones and metacarpal bases Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints "knuckles": metacarpal heads and proximal phalanges. Fingers: interphalangeal (IP) joints "finger bends": 1. proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP) 2. Distal interphalangeal joints (DIP) 3. Interphalangeal only (IP) thumb.

1. List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the sacroiliac joint, pubic symphysis and hip joints a. List the structural and functional type for each joint. b. Identify the following joints on BioDigital 7.5 Pelvis, Anterior View: Sacroiliac (SI) joint. Pubic symphysis. Hip joint.

1. Sacroiliac Joint (SI joint): between the auricular surface of ilium and sacrum. Attaches pelvic girdle to the axial skeleton. Synovial joint. Diarthrodial joint. Gliding joint with minimal movement. Pubic Symphysis: Between right and left hip bones at the pubic region. Cartilaginous pad. Cartilaginous, symphysis joint. Amphiarthroidial joint. Gliding motion. Mobility increases in late pregnancy. hip joints: ball and socket joint. between the hip bone acetabulum and head of the femur. the acetabulum is deep. Acetabulum deepened by labrum. synovial joint. diarthrodial joint. 7 actions of the hip joint.

List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the sternoclavicular joint and acromioclavicular joint. a. Specify the articulation that connects the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton. b. Review the following bony region of articulation for the acromioclavicular joint on Figure 7.2 Scapula (found in Week 3 Learning Objective Images): i. Acromion process. c. Acromioclavicular joint: differentiate the coracoclavicular ligaments from the acromioclavicular ligament. d. List the common name for a dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint and list the ligaments that are involved.

1. Sternoclavicular Joint: between the manubrium of the sternum and sternal end of the clavicle. A joint that connects the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton (connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton). Strong stable joint. considerable elevation action. 2. Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint: Between acromion process of scapula and acromial end of clavicle. Ligaments: connective tissue between 2 bones; "bone to bone". 1) acromioclavicular ligament 2) coracoclavicular ligament A: Sternoclavicular Joint: Your clavicle provides the only direct connection between your pectoral girdle and axial skeleton. C. Acromioclavicular ligament: the Acromioclavicular ligament covers the Acromioclavicular joint coracoclavicular ligament:pec d. shoulder separation: dislocation of ac joint, tear of AC ligament, severe= tear of coracoclavicular ligaments, hard blow, direct impact (fall on), acromion process isn't connected to the acromion end of the clavicle, the clavicle is superior to the acromion process

1. List the two bones of the leg or crural region and compare their location and size. 2. List the major proximal bony features of the tibia. 3. List the major distal bony feature of the tibia at the ankle. 4. List the location of the head of the fibula. 5. List the major distal bony feature of the fibula at the ankle.

1. Tibia palpate is the medial shin bone long bone exposed shaft and Fibula is the lateral thin bone bears little weight but supports ankle 2. medial and lateral condyles proximal, tibial tuberosity anterior palpable projection 3. Medial malleolus, palpable medial ankle bumb. soleal line posterior 4. Head of fibula proximal palpable. neck below head 5. lateral malleolus palpable ankle bump

1. List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the glenohumeral joint. a. Review the following articulating bony features on Figures 7.2 Scapula and 7.4 Humerus (found in Week 3 Learning Objective Images): i. Glenoid cavity (Figure 7.2 Scapula). ii. Head of humerus (Figure 7.4 Humerus). b. List and describe the seven actions at the glenohumeral joint. c. Describe the motions of two other joints that permit full range of motion of the glenohumeral joint.

1. glenohumeral shoulder joint ball and socket joint between the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula b. Flexion: from anatomical position: movement of arm forward in the sagittal plane forward Frankenstein flexion Extension: from arms starting in front of the body/ over head: movement of arm backward in the sagittal plane. Abduction: movement of arm away from the body/midline in the frontal plane Adduction: Movement of the arm towards the midline in the frontal plane Circumduction: inscribing a circle in space. flexion plus extension plus abduction plus adduction Lateral rotation: movement of the anterior surface of humerus away from the body medial rotation : movement of the anterior surface of humerus toward the body C. Sternoclavicular joint : elevation Scapulothoracic joint: upward rotation

1. List the major proximal bony features of the femur. 2. List the major distal bony features of the femur. 3. List the prominent posterior ridge of bone found on the posterior femur.

1. head, neck, greater trochanter lateral large, lesser trochanter medial smaller 2. medial and lateral epicondyles /palpable, medial and lateral condyles /large round most distal, patellar surface/ in between condyles anterior femur 3. Linea aspera/ vertical ridge of bone

1. Explain the relationship between mobility and stability as it applies to the glenohumeral joint. a. Explain the consequences of the mismatch in the size of the head of the humerus (large) compared to the size of the glenoid fossa of the scapula (small). b. Differentiate the roles and locations of the glenoid labrum, rotator cuff muscles, shoulder ligaments and shoulder bursa. c. List the region of the glenohumeral joint that is most vulnerable to dislocation, which is the also the area of the joint with the least amount of support from ligaments and muscles

1. highly mobile, unstable a. ball and socket fit : socket is the glenoid fossa which is small and shallow, the head of humerus (ball) is 3 times larger therefore highly mobile and potentially unstable joint b. glenoid labrum: a rim of fibrocartilage, role: deepen glenoid fossa Rotator Cuff Muscles: its role is to stabilize the shoulder joint, muscles, and their tendons, tendons= muscle to bone connection, rotator cuff surrounds the joint superiorly at the top and posteriorly at the back and anteriorly in front of the joint. the strongest support structure for the shoulder joint. no support inferiorly. inferior = axilla or armpit. the inferior aspect of the joint is weak Shoulder ligaments: coracoacromial ligament- running from the coracoid process to the acromion process, coracohumeral ligament- from coracoid process towards the humerus,- glenohumeral ligament- largest of all covers between the glenoid fossa and roughly near the tubercles and its going to cover the entire region role: stabilize the joint provide a limited amount of support shoulder bursa: bursa = fluid fills sacks 1. subacromial bursa 2. subdeltoid bursa named by structures they appear below, present in highly mobile joints, bursa role to reduce friction during motion

1. List the bony region of the coxal bone when the hands are placed on the hips. 2. List the large depression and the smaller ear shaped surface found on the medial view/surface of the ilium. 3. List the anatomical feature of the ischium described as the "sits bone".

1. iliac crest : most superior hands on hips, palpable iliac spines (4) : most anterior part of iliac crest Named for anatomical position anterior superior iliac spine (asis) palpable 2. iliac fossa : large medial depression 2. auricular surface : ear shaped, medial, for SI joint 3. Ischial Tuberosity : posterior lateral view "sits bone" palpable deep area that contacts your seat in seated position attachment for hamstrings

List the three bony regions that together form the coxal bone (hip, ox coxae bone) including their location and size.

1. ilium largest superior 2. ischium inferior posterior 3. pubis smallest inferior anterior

1. List the three major ligaments that stabilize the ankle. a. Differentiate the anatomical location of the ankle ligaments (medial vs. lateral ankle). b. List the attachment sites of the ligaments. c. Contrast the result of an over-inversion injury of the ankle compared to an over-eversion injury and the likely anatomical structures involved in each injury. d. list the most common type of ankle sprain (inversion vs. eversion) and the most commonly sprained ligament.

1. lateral ligament 2. distal tibiofibular ligaments 3. deltoid ligament - most commonly sprained joint in the body - sprain = tears in ligament fibers a: lateral ligaments of ankle joint Anatomy: reinforces joint laterally. between lateral malleolus to talus and calcaneous. weak think Injuries: injured during overinversion/ inversion ankle sprain/ twisting rolling your ankle/ sole of the foot inward. anterior talofibular ligament, most vulnerable. plantar flexed is a vulnerable position. Distal tibiofibular ligaments of ankle joint: anatomy: reinforces joint laterally. distal tibiofibular joint. between distal tibia and fibula Injuries : high ankle sprains involve the tibifibular ligament. less common than lateral ligament sprain. associated with long recovery. deltoid ligament of ankle joint : anatomy : reinforces joint medially. between the medial malleolus and tarsals. very thick and strong. injuries : eversion ankle sprains (overevert). rarely occur. typically occurs when lateral foot is stepped on or crushed. more likely to avulse the medial malleolus.

1. Compare the bones and organization of the foot compared to the hand. 2. Compare the names and numbers of the bones in the foot to the hand. 3. Describe the arrangement of the talus and calcaneus tarsal bones and their general location. 4. Compare the position of metacarpal 1 to metatarsal 1 in anatomical position. 5. Compare the position of the pollex to the hallux in anatomical position.

1. similar in terms of number of bones and names the order is similar as well 2. tarsals (7 bones) metatarsals (5 bones) 1-5 phalanges 14 bones proximal middle and distal 3. 1st two tarsals are vertically stacked 1. talus 2. calcaneus (heel) 4. Metatarsal: 1 = medial near hallux great toe 5. thumb pollex lateral/ hallux great toe medial

1. Describe the relationship between joint stability and joint mobility (also see Figure 8.2). 2. Explain the difference between functional classification of joints and structural classification of joints.

1. stable joints don't move like the cranial suture very stable. the shoulder has an extensive range of mobility therefore is not stable and can be injured easily 2. Function: amount of movement allowed i. Synarthosis, ii. amphiarthrosis, iii. diarthrosis Structure: what type of connective tissue holds the joint together i. fibrous, ii. cartilaginous, iii. synovial

1. List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the radiocarpal joint. A. Review and identify the following articulating bony features for the wrist joint and identify the wrist joint on Figure 7.9 Wrist, Anterior View: i. Distal radius. ii. Proximal row of carpal bones. iii. Radiocarpal (wrist) joint.

1. wrist (radiocarpal) joint) : between distal radius and proximal row of carpal bones. does not include the ulna

Specify the knee structure that is vulnerable to tearing when changing direction, even without direct contact from another person.

Acl tear: ACL is injured more than PCL because ACL is smaller and thinner. partial or full ACL tear. injuries often non-contact. sudden twisting or change in direction. -injury can involve a blow to the side or back of the knee with the foot fixed.

List the structural and functional classification of all the upper limb joints (hint, this is the same for all the UL joints).

All synovial joints All diarthrodial joints

Describe the location of the humerus in anatomical terms.

Arm ( Brachium ) Proximal Features 1. Head 2. Anatomical Neck 3. Greater ( lateral, large ) and lesser tubercle ( medial ) 4. Surgical Neck Distal Features 1. Medial and Lateral epicondyles; medial larger both palpable 2. Two articulating projections in between epicondyles: a ) capitulum : lateral ; sphere-shaped b ) trochlea : media; ; spool-shaped c ) radial groove in the mid shaft

Define the following terms: Articulation. Articulate.

Articulation: is where two or more bones touch (articulate) each other. (form a joint) the more the joint can move the more likely it is to be injured

A. Review the articulating bony features of the sacroiliac joint, pubic symphysis and hip joints on Figures 7.10, 7.11, 7.12 Medial and Lateral Views of the Hip Bone and Figure 7.16 Femur (found in Week 3 Learning Objective Images): Auricular surface (Figures 7.10, 7.11, 7.12 only). i. Articular surface for pubic symphysis (Figures 7.10, 7.11, 7.12 only). ii. Acetabulum (Figures 7.10, 7.11, 7.12 only). iii. Head of femur (Figure 7.16 Femur only). B. List and describe the seven actions at the hip joint. C. List the major support structures of the hip joint. D. describe the anatomical location of a hip fracture and the primary cause.

B. Hip flexion, Hip extension, Hip abduction, hip adduction, hip lateral rotation, hip medial rotation, circumduction C. Strong ligaments surround entire capsule: -iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament gluteal muscles also support the hip joint. -gluteus medius Hip unlikely to dislocate, head of femur a good fit in the acetabulum, strong ligaments D. hip flexion: thigh forward in the sagittal plane. hip extension: thigh backward in the sagittal plane. hip abduction: thigh away from midline in the frontal plane Hip adduction: thigh towards the midline in the frontal plane Circumduction: inscribing a circle in space Hip lateral rotation (crisis cross apple sauce) : anterior femur surface away from the midline. Hip medial rotation: anterior femur surface towards the midline

Describe the shape of the clavicle and describe its location in anatomical terms. Describe the anatomical location of the acromial and sternal ends of the clavicle. Identify the location of common clavicle fractures. Describe the shape of the scapula and describe its location in anatomical terms.

Clavicle: Shaped like an S Prone to fracture at curve collar bone (palpable) ( Medial ) sternal end articulating with the sternum ( lateral ) acromiaal end articulating with the scapula Scapula: Triangular bone in the posterior upper thorax the anterior view has a large smooth front surface and sitting behind the posterior rib cage Posterior view: has the spine of the scapula Medial Border lateral border Superior angle Inferior angle Lateral angle

Review the following articulating bony features for the elbow joint on Figure 7.4 Humerus and Figure 7.5 Ulna and Radius (found in Week 3 Learning Objective Images): i. Capitulum (Figure 7.4 Humerus). ii. Trochlea (Figure 7.4 Humerus). iii. Head of radius (Figure 7.5 Ulna and Radius). iv. Trochlear notch (Figure 7.5 Ulna and Radius). d. List and describe the two actions at the elbow joint.

D. Elbow joint motions: hinge joint motions: elbow flexion- bending elbow. elbow extension- straightening elbow. strong joint capsule

List the two joints of the elbow and the bones and bony regions that articulate to form these two joints. a. Describe the anatomical location of each joint (medial or lateral). b. List the joint with the tighter fit.

Elbow: Radiohumeral joint -lateral joint, head of the radius, capitulum of the humerus Elbow: ulnohumeral joint -medial joint, the trochlear notch of the ulna, trochlea of the humerus, very tight fit

Define the following structural joint types including and be able to give an example of each: Fibrous joint tissue. Cartilaginous tissue (hyaline cartilage of fibrocartilage) Synovial membrane

Fibrous joint tissue. = bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue (ct), mostly synarthrodial - no movement, examples are cranial sutures between skulls, syndesmoses, radius and ulna, tibia and fibula, gomphosis hold teeth in their sockets Cartilaginous joint tissue (hyaline cartilage of fibrocartilage) = bones are held together by cartilage, 2 types of cartilaginous joints, primary cartilaginous (synchondrosis) epiphyseal plates in growing bones, secondary cartilaginous (symphysis) pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc joints Synovial membrane joints = functionally classified as diarthrodial joints, allow for free movements, most common type of joint in the body, examples include shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, ankle, facet joints, all synovial joints have the following features in common 1. joint capsule 2. synovial membrane 3. joint cavity 4. articulating cartilage. most common joint in our body

List and describe the two primary actions for the interphalangeal joints.

Finger flexion and extension. -actions of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. Finger flexion: bending fingers, making a fist finger extension: straightening fingers. fully extended is the anatomical position

Describe the location of the palpable upper limb bony structures using anatomical terms including any nearby anatomical structures that are helpful landmarks. Iliac crest. Anterior superior iliac spine. Ischial tuberosity. Greater trochanter. Medial and lateral epicondyles of femur. Patella. Tibial tuberosity. Anterior border of tibia. Head of the fibula. Medial and lateral malleoli.

Iliac crest. : hand on hips runs posterior to anterior and ends at Anterior superior iliac spine. : which palpates at your hip bones Ischial tuberosity. : posteriorly ; inferior posterior sits bone in seated position attachment for hanmstrings Greater trochanter. : lateral hip bone Medial epicondyles of femur. : inside knee lateral epicondyles of femur. : outside knee Patella.: anterior surface of the knee bone circle Tibial tuberosity. : top shin bump Anterior border of tibia. : palpated shin Head of the fibula. :somewhat posterior to the tibula and lines up with lateral malleoli Medial malleoli: bump on inside of the ankle and lateral malleoli: bump on outside of the ankle

List the two joints of the knee and the bony regions that articulate to form the two joints. a. Describe which of the bones of the knee joint is a sesamoid bone and how the bone is held in place by identifying connecting structures (ligament, tendon). b. List and describe the two major actions at the knee joint. c. List the four categories of knee joint support structures. d. List the location and role of the medial and lateral meniscus.

KNEE JOINT: two articulations/ relatively unstable joint/ femur involved in both joints fibula not involved 1. patellofemoral joint: posterior patella articulates with the patellar surface of the femur/Patellar ligament: patella to tibia/ patella glides during knee extension and flexion 2. tibiofemoral: femoral condyles/ media and lateral condyles, tibial condyles/ medial and lateral condyles A. patella is a sesmoid bone, encased in a tendon (quadriceps tendon). B. joint type= hinge, major joint actions: flexion- bend the knee extension- straighten the knee c. meniscus- medial and lateral (MM&LM)/ role is to decrease impact and modify tibia shape. fibrocartilage pads. attached superiorly on the tibias condyles. wedge-shaped. the role is to modify the shape of the tibia and absorb shock, flexion >90* can be destructive (deep knee bends) cruciate ligaments - anterior and posterior (ACL & PCL)/ the role is to reduce M/L motion. location knee joint middle. run diagonally between femur and tibia. for a cross. femur attachment: intercondylar fossa. tibia attachment: intercondylar eminence collateral ligaments - medial and lateral (MCL & LCL)/ the role is to reduce M/L motion Quadriceps muscle plays a major role in support as well

Describe the "scapulothoracic joint" and how the scapula is held in place. a. List and describe the six movements of the scapula at the scapulothoracic joint using anatomical terms.

Not a true joint: no bone to bone articulation. Scapula held in place by muscles in the thorax eg serratus anterior. movement of the scapula against the posterior thorax, 6 motions A. Elevation (moving scapula upward): shrug Depression (moving scapula downward): sigh Protraction (moving scapula away from vertebrae; moving scapula forward or anterior on the rib cage;): bad posture, hunching Retraction: (moving scapula closer to vertebrae; moving scapula posterior on the rib cage): squeeze shoulder blades together Upward rotation (rotating the glenoid fossa up): jumping jack Downward rotation (rotating the glenoid fossa down): pull up

Describe the location of the ulna and radius in anatomical terms including specific locations in the anatomical position.

Palm forward Radius: Lateral Bone, thumb side, RAD Proximal to Distal: anterior 1. head 2. radial tuberosity 3. styloid process: palpable pointy Ulna: Medial Pinky side anterior Proximal to Distal: 1. Trochlear notch : butterfly - shaped depression 2. Olecranon: seen only posteriorly, large point of the elbow palpable 3. ulnar tuberosity 4. styloid process palpable pointy 5. head

List the anatomical name of the kneecap and its general shape and location. Identify the following on Figure 7.16 Femur (also see Section 7.6.1 Thigh and Kneecap): Patella.

Patella the kneecap bone, triangular shape

List the 3 categories of hand bones and put them in order from proximal to distal. Explain the arrangement and number of the bones.

Proximal to Distal Anterior 1. carpals base/palm 8 bones two rows of 4 bones proximal row: includes scaphoid most lateral bone in the proximal row distal row 2. metacarpals 5 bones long bones ( 1 - 5 ) 1, pollex (thumb) side 5 pinky Palpate on posterior hand 3. phalanges fingers 14 bones the finger bones proximal, middle, distal

1. List the two radioulnar joints. 2. List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the two joints.

Radioulnar (RU) Joints - proximal and distal RU joints - between radius and ulna proximal radioulnar (ru) Joint: near the elbow, head of the radius involved, radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna (nice depression that perfectly fits this portion of the radius head)

Describe the location of the palpable upper limb bony structures using anatomical terms including any nearby anatomical structures that are helpful landmarks. Sternoclavicular joint. Clavicle. Acromion process. Spine of the scapula. Medial and lateral borders of the scapula. Coracoid process. Greater tubercle. Medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus. Olecranon. Styloid processes of ulna and radius. Scaphoid. Metacarpophalangeal joints. Interphalangeal joints.

Sternoclavicular joint - hole in between your collar bones Clavicle - collar bone coming forward bending anteriorly/ s shape bone changes direction with posterior bend to meet with the scapula Acromion process. top of the shoulder meaty part on scapula itself most lateral portion of the spine of the scalpula superior of shoulder Spine of the scapula. triangular shaped bone (chicken wing bone) Medial borders of the scapula pretty easily palpated straight line posteriorly lateral borders of the scapula. More difficult to palpate /at right diagonal angle bra strap posteriorly Coracoid process. anterior structure of the scapula points forward (anterior) almost to the point of the shoulder mid bra strap Greater tubercle. top of the shoulder bony point Medial epicondyles of humerus bony process on side of the elbow closer to you lateral epicondyles of humerus. same function but on the outside and not as prominent Olecranon. Styloid processes of ulna and radius. palpate most proximally elbow (ulna) Scaphoid. best palpated posteriorly between thumb and pointer finger Metacarpophalangeal joints. are the knuckles Interphalangeal joints. finger bends knuckles and near tips thumb only has one

Compare the mobility and stability of the hip to the glenohumeral joint. a. Compare the actions or degrees of freedom, range of motion, support structures and fit of ball and socket. b. Compare the common injuries

Strong ligaments surround entire capsule: -iliofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament. gluteal muscles also support the hip joint. -gluteus medius Hip unlikely to dislocate, head of the femur a good fit in the acetabulum, strong ligaments Hip fracture: fracture of the femoral neck, much more likely than a dislocation. 90% are related to osteoporosis plus fall. subcapital fracture: near the head intertrochanteric fracture: HIP JOINT VS SHOULDER JOINT a. 1. actions: same 2. mobility - hip less mobile -ROM: hip less ROM 3. stability - hip more stable - socket/depth: hip: deep; GH: shallow - head/socket fit: hip: good fit GlenoHumeral joint: poor fit 4. major support sturctures -hip: strong ligaments; GH: rotator cuff muscles. 5. likely injuries - hip: fracture; Gh: dislocation

Specify the locations of the following joints: a. Gomphosis. b. Suture. c. Syndesmosis.

Sutures connect the membranous bones of the skull.these joints are rendered mostly immovable and are considered to be synarthroses. syndesmosis, bones are connected by an interosseous ligament in the ankle/distal tibiofibular articulation/interosseous ligament joining the tibia and fibula is another example. ​Teeth articulate with the maxillary and mandibular sockets via gomphosis joints

Describe the differences between synchondroses and symphyses and give examples of each type of joint.

Sychondrosis (primary cartilaginous joints)= functionally classified as synarthrodial joints do not move very strong, united by hyaline cartilage examples include joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone, joint between costal cartilage of rib #1 and sternum Symphysis (Secondary Cartilaginous) Joints united by fibrocartilage, acts as a shock absorber, functionally classified as amphiarthrodial joints, allow for small amount of movement, examples include pubic symphysis, interverterbral disc joints, manubrosternal joint

Define the following functional joint types and be able to give an example of each: Synarthrosis. Amphiarthrosis. Diarthrosis.

Synarthrosis. = synarthrodial joint, no movement so its very stable and strong, bones are held close to one another, space filled by cartilage or fibrous connective tissue, examples: cranial sutures held together by fibrous ct, joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone, held together by cartilage. not all joints move Amphiarthrosis. = amphiarthrodial joint, small amount of movement, examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc joints, in between joints that allow for a limited amount of movement Diarthrosis.= diarthrodial joint, allows for free movement, all major joints eg shoulder elbow wrist hip knee and ankle. all synovial joints are diarthrodial joints most common joint we have in our body

List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the talocrural joint and subtalar joint. Review and identify the following articulating bony features and joints on Figure 7.17 Tibia and Fibula and Figure 8.38 Joints of the Leg and Foot. a. Medial malleolus. b. Lateral malleolus. c. Talus. d. Calcaneus. e. Talocrural joint. f. Subtalar joint.

Talocrural joint: talo: talus crural: leg 3 bones: tibia: medial malleolus/ fibula: lateral malleolus/ talus leg bones form a socket for the talus. in anatomical position, tight-fitting joint. fit changes during plantarflexion. Subtalar Joint: joint below talus. between talus and calcaneus, gliding joint.

Specify the bony features that make up the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) (See also 8.6.1.A Jaw -Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) in Reading Assignment: Articulations).

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Structural classification: synovial joint functional classification: diarthrodial joint located between: mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the mandibular condyle (head of mandible)

Describe the location of the coronoid process and olecranon process of the ulna and the anatomical structures of the humerus that these processes articulate with during elbow flexion and extension. Section 7.4.1 Brachium (Arm) & Section 7.4.2 Antebrachium

The anterior most tip of the trochlear notch is the coronoid process, which snugly fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus during elbow flexion. The coronoid fossa ( shallow depression located on the anterior side of the humerus) aids in flexion of the elbow, as it fits the coronoid process of the ulna during this movement. On the posterior aspect of this notch is projection of bone known as the olecranon process. This can be palpated (felt) and is what we typically think of as our elbow. The olecranon process is the distal attachment of the triceps brachii muscle.

Describe the location of the femur in anatomical terms.

The femur is found in the thigh. It is the largest bone in the body and is the only bone in the upper leg. The femur is known as a long bone

Compare the location of the head of the radius to the head of the ulna.

The head of the radius is at the top of the bone proximally. The head of the ulna is the most distal on the bone.

List the anatomical structure of the scapula that forms a roof over the head of the humerus. Section 7.3.2 Scapula

The scapula has three edges called the medial, lateral, and superior borders as well as three points called the superior, inferior, and lateral angles. The anterior and posterior surfaces of the scapula are called the costal (or subscapular) and dorsal sides, respectively.On the dorsal side of the scapula, there is a ridge of bone called the spine, which can be palpated (felt) as the shoulder "blade." The lateral edge of the spine becomes the acromion process, which effectively forms a "roof" over the head of the humerus

Define the following terms used to describe joint movements and give an example of each: a. Abduction. b. Adduction. c. Flexion. d. Extension. e. Pronation. f. Supination. g. Rotation.

a. Abduction. = occur in the frontal plane, movement away from midline/abduct- kidnap-take someone away b. Adduction. = occur in the frontal plane, movement toward the midline, add-going back to the group c. Flexion. = occur in the sagittal plane, typically decreases the joint angle example: bending your elbow, bending over to touch your toes, usually results in forward movement, except in the lower limb, knee flexion goes backward lateral flexion (side bending) special movement for axial skeleton, head/neck/back occurs in frontal plane midline moves during this movement d. Extension.= occur in the sagittal plane, typically increases the joint angle example: straightening your elbow, doing a backbend, usually results in backward movement, except in the lower limb e. Pronation. = forearm bone cross palm face backward f. Supination. = forearm bones are parallel palm faces forward Oliver twist holding soup g. Rotation.= occurs around a longitudinal axis, axial skeleton: head, neck nack, rotate to the left of right ball and socket joints: hip/shoulder, medial (internal) rotation lateral (external) rotation first position ballet

Specify the bony features that form the following joints and the actions allowed by each: a. Atlantooccipital. b. Atlantoaxial. c. Zygopophyseal (facet). d. Intervertebral disc.

a. Atlantooccipital. attaches skull to vertebral column structural classification: synovial joints functional classification: diarthrodial joints Paired joints located between them: occipital condyles, superior articular facets of C1 Allows for flexion/extension (nodding yes) b. Atlantoaxial. between C1 and C2 structural classification: synovial joint functional classification: diarthrodial joint located between: C1 (atlas) C2 (axis) 3 joints, pivot joints median, between the anterior arch of C1 and dens of C2 Lateral (right and left) action: allows for rotation of head "no" c. Zygopophyseal (facet) joint. structural classification: synovial joint functional classification: diarthrodial joint, located between super articulating processes and inferior articulating processed, paired joints, first pair between c2/c3 and continue down to l5/s1, motions vary though vertebra column, cervical-flexion/extension, thoracic- rotation, lumbar- flexion/extension 24 pairs more stabilized in lumbar but allows for some flexion and extension due to wrapped appearance cervical region sloped from anterior to posterior allows for flexion/extension of neck gliding thoracic region is much more vertical and allows more for rotation left to right d. Intervertebral disc. single joints between adjacent superior articulating processes and inferior articulating processed from C2/C3 to L5/S1 structural classification: symphysis functional classification: amphiarthrodial location: between adjacent vertebral bodies from C2/C3 to L5/S1, absorb shock, allow for flexion/extension/lateral flexion (de-bending) of vc, united by intervertebral disc, intervertebral disc layers, : nucleus pulposus: inner layer-gelatinous annulus fibrous: outer layer fibrocartilage

Specify the bony features that form the following joints: a. Costovertebral. b. Costotransverse. c. Manubriosternal. d. Sternocostal. e. Costochondral.

a. Costovertebral. synovial/diarthodial, gliding joints, between head of ribs and vertebral body b. Costotransverse. synovial diarthrodial, gliding joints, between tubercle of ribs and transverse processes paired c. Manubriosternal. between manubrium and sternal body, marks sternal angle, symphysis/amphiarthrodial d. Sternocostal. between costal cartilage and sternum rib 1- synchondrosis/amphiarthrodial ribs 2-7 synovial/diarthrodial e. Costochondral. between rib bones and costal cartilages of ribs 1-7

Review and identify the following structures AND describe the anatomical relationship between structures for the following on Figure 7.16 Femur: a. Medial epicondyle of femur. b. Lateral epicondyle of femur. c. Patellar surface. d. Medial condyle of femur. e. Lateral condyle of femur. f. Intercondylar fossa. g. Quadriceps tendon. h. patellar ligament. i. Intercondylar eminence. j. Tibial tuberosity. k. Head of fibula. l. Patella. m. Patellofemoral joint.

a. Medial epicondyle of femur. b. Lateral epicondyle of femur. c. Patellar surface. d. Medial condyle of femur. e. Lateral condyle of femur. f. Intercondylar fossa. g. Quadriceps tendon. h. patellar ligament. i. Intercondylar eminence. j. Tibial tuberosity. k. Head of fibula. l. Patella. m. Patellofemoral joint.

List an example of the following types of synovial joints: a. Ball and socket. b. Hinge. c. Pivot. d. Plane (gliding)

a. shoulder/hip b. elbo/knee c. atlanto-axial d. acromioclavicular zygaphoyseal (facet) costovertebral

List the two bones that make up the pectoral girdle.

clavicle and scapula attaches upper limb to axial skeleton

Distinguish the joints involved in a shoulder separation vs. a shoulder dislocation (also see Section 8.6.5 Acromioclavicular Joint in Reading Assignment: Articulations).

dislocation: humerus out of glenoid fossa :out of socket" head of humerus inferior and anterior to glenoid fossa=causes: injured during abduction and lateral rotation (quarterback), injured during fall onto outstretched hand. glenohumeral joint: very mobile joint and unstable/most commonly dislocated joint SHOULDER SEPERATION= ac joint SHOULDER DISLOCATION= glenohumeral joint or shoulder joint

List 4 similarities between the upper and lower limb bones.

girdle, number and distribution of bones, small bones of foot and hand, bony processes

List and describe the two primary actions of the interphalangeal joints of the toes.

interphalangeal joints: pip dip ip Action at IP joints -flexion: bending the toes/sole of foot gripping the surface. -extension: straighten toes/ flaring toes up

List the locations and attachment sites of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments. a. List the common role of the collateral ligaments

ligaments between the epicondyles and leg bones. Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL): tibial collateral ligament, attachments: medial epicondyle and proximal tibia Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL): fibular collateral ligament, attachments: lateral epicondyle and head of the fibula Role: limit medial lateral knee motion: abduction and adduction of the tibia.

List the bones that form the pelvic girdle. where the lower limb attaches to the axial skeleton

right and left hip coxal bones

List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the joints of the mid- and forefoot.

similar to upper limb hand joints joints of the mid- and forefoot 1. intertarsal joints 2. tarsometatarsal joints 3. metatarsophalangeal joints: 4. interphalangeal joints:

Compare the actions at the talocrural and subtalar joints.

talocrural :actions: hinge joint only plantar flexion and dorsiflexion: moving the foot down and up. plantar flexion: sole of the foot towards the posterior leg. toes down. up on ball of foot. push on gas pedal. dorsiflexion: dorsum of foot towards anterior leg. foot with toes up. Subtalar Joint: action inversion = sole of foot medial/inward. eversion = sole of foot turning lateral/outward

Explain how the anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligament help to stabilize the spine (also see Section 8.6.2 Joints of the Vertebral Column in Reading Assignment: Articulations)

two ligaments attach to all of the vertebrae and intervertebral disc joints to support the vertebra column (VC) Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) -prevents hyperextension of the VC Posterior longitudinal: ligament (pll) -prevents hyperflexion of the VC

Explain how an injury to the intervertebral disc can occur and what happens to the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc when it is injured (herniated) (also see Figure 6.16 in PowerPoint)

whiplash: anterior longitudinal ligament (all) prevent hyperextension of neck/vertebral column, can be damaged in "whiplash" injuries, pll can also be damaged if hyperflexion occurs too Herniated disc sites of herniated disk neck C5-C6 or lumbar region L4-L5 L5-S1 most common severe or unexpected compression of intervertebral disc nucleus pulpous bulges out of the annulus fibrosis, most commonly occur posterio-laterally due to strong posterior longitudinal ligament, lead to compression of the adjacent spinal nerve, resulting in severe back and/or leg pain -sciatica: shooting pain down leg leakage tends to go posterior lateral

Explain how the sternal angle can be used as a landmark to locate other anatomical structures. A. List the other structures found at the level of the sternal angle.

you can see and feel sternal angle through a person skin sternal angle manubriosternal joint marks attachment of rib 2, landmark for listening to heart valves, location of the transverse thoracic plane, marks aortic arch and trachea bifurcation

1. List the 8 carpal bones and be able to identify the 8 carpal bones on Figure 7.9 Wrist, Anterior View, and describe the anatomical location of each bone. 2. List the anatomical structures that form the carpal tunnel. 3. Describe and identify the base, shaft, and head of the metacarpals on Figure 7.9 Wrist, Anterior View. Section 7.4.3 Wrist & Section 7.4.4 Hand and Fingers

​Moving from the lateral to medial edge of the hand, the proximal bones are: Scaphoid - boat shape articulates with radius Lunate- moon shaped articulates with radius and ulna Triquetrum- triangle shaped and articulates with ulna and pisiform Pisiform- small and round shape articulates with Triquetrum The distal bones are: Trapezium- articulates with scaphoid Trapezoid - articulates with scaphoid Capitate - articulates with scaphoid and lunate Hamate - articulates with triquetrum