AP 2

What are the main functions of the large intestine?

- Absorb water, nucleotides and vitamins - Produce feces

2. List the only two substances that are absorbed across the stomach's mucosal epithelium:

1. _______water__________________ 2. _________electrolytes________________

What is pepsin?

A enzyme that breaks proteins to small polypeptides

Why doesn't pepsin destroy the cells of the stomach?

Because it is released inactive

Lipids in the intestine cause the release of the hormone _____________________, while acid in the intestine causes the release of _________________________.

CCK & secretin

What are the functions of the acid in gastric juice?

Denature protein and kill bacteria

What are the functions of the stomach?

Digest proteins and lipids, absorption, mechanical digestion

A major proportion of digestion takes place in the large intestine.

False

True or False: The small intestine is the smallest part of the human digestive system.

False

True or false: The digestive system is a system of organs working together only to eliminate waste products out of the body.

False

Bile is stored here until it is needed

Gallbladder

What substances are present in gastric juice?

HCl, pepsin, water

Without _________ ___________, vitamin B12, necessary for normal RBC development, can not be absorbed by the intestine.

Intrinsic factor

What is emulsification and why is it important?

It breaks down fat to small fat droplets. It's needed to digest fats better.

Pancreatic ____________________ is responsible for the majority of fat digestion.

Lipase

Produces bile. Also removes toxins from your blood

Liver

Carbohydrates are digested to ___________

Monosaccharides

1. Food is chewed into smaller pieces and mixed with saliva here

Mouth

The first part of the small intestine, the duodenum, receives secretions via ducts from two other glands/organs. Name the structures.

Pancreas and gallbladder/liver, the ducts are known as bile and pancreatic ducts

What enzymes are involved in the digestion of carbohydrates?

Pancreatic amylase, surcase, maltase, lactase

What substances come from the pancreas?

Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases

What enzyme is involved in the digestion of fats?

Pancreatic lipase

What enzyme is released into the oral cavity?

Salivary amylase

What is the pyloric sphincter and what does it do?

Sphincter between the stomach and small intestine. It opens to let chyme get to the small intestine.

True or False: Mucous protects the lining of the stomach while acid kills bacteria that enter the body along with the food.

True

True or False: The esophagus is a tube joining the pharynx to the stomach made of flexible muscle to ease pushing of food.

True

What enzymes are involved in the digestion of proteins?

Trypsin, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, erepsin, dipeptidase

What structures increase surface area for absorption of nutrients?

Villi and microvilli

Which of the following essential activities of the digestive system takes place only in the mouth? a. Ingestion b. Propulsion c. chemical digestion d. defecation

a. Ingestion

List two main divisions of the digestive system.

a. ____alimentary canal_____ b. ____accessory glands___________

A meal consisting largely of fatty foods will take __________ to digest than a meal consisting mainly of starchy foods. a. a longer time b. a shorter time c. the same time

a. a longer time

The small intestine typically________. a. slows gastric emptying b. accelerates gastric emptying c. has no effect on gastric emptying

a. slows gastric emptying

Proteins are digested to __________

amino acids

The last section of the large intestine

anal canal

Why is the digestive system essential for life? a. It breaks down food. b. Converts food into raw materials that build and fuel our body's cells. c. Absorbs whole foods without breaking it down first It is not essential; it is just important for the species' survival

b. Converts food into raw materials that build and fuel our body's cells.

Which of the following lubricates the digestive organs and allows them to slide across one another? a. Visceral peritoneum b. Peritoneum c. parietal peritoneum d. retroperitoneal organs

b. Peritoneum

Which of the following is not true about salivary glands and saliva? a. We have three pairs of extrinsic glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual. b. Saliva does not have any enzymes that help in digestion. c. Intrinsic glands are scattered throughout the mucosa and keep our mouth moist at all times. d. Our saliva is mostly water but contains other molecules such as lysozyme and uric acid.

b. Saliva does not have any enzymes that help in digestion.

What substance comes from the Liver?

bile

Which of the following is not a reason why bicarbonate is secreted into small intestine? a. It is a base and acts to neutralize acids. b. It works to neutralize the acidic chyme. c. It makes the gallbladder to secrete bile. d. Forms an alkaline environment for optimal enzyme function.

c. It makes the gallbladder to secrete bile.

What do we call the food after it has been chewed and moist with saliva? a. Peristalsis b. Segmentation c. bolus d. chime

c. bolus

Which type of digestion is achieved by the mouth and accessory structures? a. Chemical digestion b. Mechanical digestion c. both chemical and mechanical d. neither, it performs absorption

c. both chemical and mechanical

The type of capillary found in the liver is a. Fenestrated capillary b. Continuous capillary c. sinusoid capillary d. metarteriole capillary

c. sinusoid capillary

Which epithelium is shared by the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus mucosa? a. Transitional epithelium b. Simple squamous epithelium c. stratified squamous epithelium d. simple columnar epithelium

c. stratified squamous epithelium

The portal triad consists of all the following except: a. Hepatic artery b. A bile duct c. hepatic portal vein d. hepatocytes

d. hepatocytes

What do you call the connective tissue associated with the mucosa tunic? a. Muscularis mucosa b. Muscularis externa c. submucosa d. lamina propria

d. lamina propria

Which of the following is not part of the alimentary canal or GI tract? a. Mouth b. Stomach c. large intestine d. pancreas

d. pancreas

Which molecules' enzymes are secreted by the pancreatic cells in an inactive form? a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. nucleic acids d. proteins

d. proteins

A long and narrow muscular tube that relaxes and contracts, moving swallowed food into the stomach

esophagus

Undigested food goes here. Water and mineral salts from undigested food are absorbed

large intestine

What are the main products from the action of this enzyme?

maltose

Fats are digested to______________

monoglycerol and fatty acids

Nucleic acids are digested to ____________

nucleotides

Produces some of the enzymes which are important for digestion

pancreas

The digestive enzyme ____________________ begins the breakdown of proteins in the stomach.

pepsin

What type of muscle contraction moves the food through the esophagus?

peristalsis

Digested food is absorbed here into the bloodstream

small intestine

A muscular bag secrets gastric juice and mixes food around

stomach