AP 2 - Quiz 5 Chapter 25 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
The normal pH range for extracellular fluid is _____________.
7.35 to 7.45
_________ is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distension because of increased blood volume or blood pressure.
ANP
_____________ is when pH decreases below 7.35 and ____________ is when pH increases above 7.45.
Acidemia, alkalemia
_____________ increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF.
Aldosterone
_____________ plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption by acting on the kidney tubules.
Aldosterone
What effect does aldosterone have on sodium ion concentration in the ECF?
Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF
Summarize the relationship between PCO2 levels and pH
An inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH
What would happen to the blood PCO2 of a patient who has an airway obstruction?
Blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in respiratory acidosis
_____________ can be caused by: decreased aldosterone secretion, kidney failure, use of some diuretics and reduction in sodium reabsorption. It is characterized by a potassium level above 5 mEq/L in plasma.
Hyperkalemia
If the kidneys are conserving HCO3- and eliminating H+ in acidic urine, which is occurring: metabolic
metabolic acidosis
Prolonged vomiting can result in
metabolic alkalosis
The release of _____________ _____________ from the heart will cause: an increase in sodium and water loss in urine, reduction of thirst, and inhibition of ADH, aldosterone, epinephrine and norepinephrine release.
natriuretic peptides
Which hormone(s) is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distension?
natriuretic peptides
An _____________ is a substance that dissociates to release hydrogen ions, decreasing the pH of a solution.
acid
When the pH drops below 7.35, a state of _____________ exists
acidosis
The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by
aldosterone
The triggers for ___________ release are: decrease in blood volume, decrease in blood pressure and hyperkalemia.
aldosterone
Which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption?
aldosterone
When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists.
alkalosis
When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of _____________ exists.
alkalosis
Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by
the kidneys
With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is
the kidneys
The _____________ _____________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by regulating the excretion of hydrogen ions into the urine and the reabsorption of bicarbonate from the urine.
urinary system
A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a _____________.
buffer
A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)
buffer
An increase in the pH of body fluids will _____________ the respiratory rate.
decrease
Increased blood volume will
decrease thirst
With regard to fluid balance, water gains occur primarily in the
digestive tract
When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys
excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions
Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the
extracellular fluid
A _________ ________is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.
fluid shift
Rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid is termed
fluid shift
A decrease in the pH of body fluids will ____________ the respiratory rate.
increase
_____________ is the principal cation in cytoplasm is
Potassium
The primary site of ion loss in the body is the _____________.
kidneys
______________ occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to ______________.
Dehydration, increase
_____________ ____________ occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids, from bicarbonate loss, or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys.
Metabolic acidosis
_____________ ____________: occurs when the body produces too much acid. It can also occur when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body. Diabetic acidosis develops when acidic substances, known as ketone bodies, build up in the body. Hyperchloremic acidosis results from excessive loss of sodium bicarbonate from the body. This can occur with severe diarrhea. Lactic acidosis results from a buildup of lactic acid.
Metabolic acidosis
_____________ ____________ occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated.
Metabolic alkalosis
_____________ ____________: is primary increase an in bicarbonate (HCO3−) with or without compensatory increase in carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pco2); pH may be high or nearly normal. Common causes include prolonged vomiting, hypovolemia, diuretic use, kidney impairment, and hypokalemia.
Metabolic alkalosis
_____________ ____________is the water created inside a living organism through their metabolism
Metabolic water
Consuming a meal high in _______ will result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
Na+
______________ is the process of transport that moves water back and forth across the plasma membrane.
Osmosis
The principal cation in cytoplasm is
Potassium
_____________ ____________: is usually caused by a lung disease or condition that affects normal breathing or impairs the lungs' ability to remove CO2. Some common causes of the chronic form are: asthma. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Respiratory acidosis
_____________ ____________: is a condition marked by a low level of carbon dioxide in the blood due to breathing excessively. Common causes include: anxiety or panic, fever, hyperventilation, pain, trauma, and severe anemia.
Respiratory alkalosis
How would a decrease in the pH of body fluids affect the respiratory rate?
Respiratory rate would increase
The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are _____________and_____________.
Sodium, Chloride.
________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide.
The respiratory system
Identify routes of fluid loss from the body.
Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces
Substances that dissociate to release hydroxide ions or to remove hydrogen ions increasing the pH of a solution are called _____________.
bases
Intracellular fluid is found only within
cells of the body
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?
consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?
consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema
Secretion of potassium into the urine is
increased by aldosterone.
About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed _____________ fluid.
intracellular
When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,
osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid.
When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained, the transport process known as _____________ moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid. This process is called _____________.
osmosis, dehydration
The three major buffer systems are: _____________system, _____________ buffer system, and the _____________ ____________buffer system
phosphate, protein, carbonic acid-bicarbonate
Hypoventilation leads to
respiratory acidosis
The _____________ _____________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide.
respiratory system
