AP 202

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The following is a list of some airways. 1. secondary bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole. The order in which air passes through is a) 4 1 2 7 5 3 6 b) 1 4 2 7 5 3 6 c) 2 4 1 7 5 3 6 d) 1 4 2 5 7 3 6 e) 4 1 2 5 7 3 6

a) 4 1 2 7 5 3 6

Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the a) bone marrow b) liver c) spleen d) kidneys e) thymus

a) bone marrow

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following , except that it doesn't a) build up bone b) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys c) stimulate osteoclast activity d) stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitrioil at the kidneys e) inhibit osteoblast activity

a) build up bone

Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in a) capillaries b) arteries c) arterioles d) veins e) venules

a) capillaries

These vessels may be continuous or fenestrated a) capillaries b) veins c) arteries d) venules e) arterioles

a) capillaries

What structure do RBCs move through single file? a) capillary b) venule c) artery d) vein e) arteriole

a) capillary

Resistance is a force that a) decreases blood flow b) acts with pressure to move blood along a vessel c) increases blood flow d) is always higher than blood pressure e) never changes in a blood vessel

a) decreases blood flow

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n)_____organ. a) endocrine b) cardiovascular c) muscular d) hepatic e) renal

a) endocrine

Which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells? a) erythropoietin b) thymosin c) aldosterone d) cortisol e) atrial natriuretic peptide

a) erythropoietin

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by: a) large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma b) hypertonic solutions separated by a cell membrane c) osmosis of water d) a greater salt concentration in blood cells e) the force of blood pushing against the vessel wall

a) large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma

The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces a) mineralocorticoids b) androgens c) epinephrine d) norepinephrine e) glucocorticoids

a) mineralocorticoids

A patient has an infected puncture wound to her foot. Which type of white blood cell would you expect to be elevated in a differential white cell count? a) neutrophils b) basophils c) eosinophils d) monocytes e) lumphocytes

a) neutrophils

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the a) phagocytes b) plasma cells c) B cells d) brain cells e) T cells

a) phagocytes

Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the a) precapillary sphincter b) vasa vasorum c) plexus d) thoroughfare channel e) venule

a) precapillary sphincter

When a catecholamine or peptied hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the a) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm b) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of the DNA c) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm d) cell becomes inactive e) cell membrane becomes depolarizd

a) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of a) t cells b) b lymphocytes c) NK Cells d) neutrophils e) red blood cells

a) t cells

The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in a) the sinoatrial node b) the Purkinje fibers c) the atrioventricular node d) the wall of the left ventricle e) both the left and right ventricles

a) the sinoatrial node

The muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel is the a) tunica media b) tunica intima c) tunica adventitia d) tunica externa e) tunica interna

a) tunica media

The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. 1. antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage 2. cytotoxic t cells migrate to focus of infection 3. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen 4. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or memory T cells 5. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin. The correct sequence for these steps is a) 3 2 4 1 5 b) 1 3 4 2 5 c) 1 2 4 3 5 d) 4 1 5 3 2 e) 3 4 5 1 2

b) 1 3 4 2 5

The followin are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitatin would move through the system is a) 1 4 3 2 5 B) 4 3 2 5 1 c) 3 2 4 5 1 d) 3 5 4 2 1 e) 4 2 3 5 1

b) 4 3 2 5 1

List in correct order the sequence of blood vessels that blood would travel in the systemic circuit starting at the aorta. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries a) 7 4 2 3 1 5 6 b) 4 7 2 3 1 5 6 c) 5 6 1 3 2 7 4 d) 6 5 1 3 2 7 4 e) 2 7 6 3 1 5 6

b) 4 7 2 3 1 5 6

The posterior pituitary gland secretes a) MSH b) ADH c) FSH d) ACTH e) TSH

b) ADH

Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body, EXCEPT the a) groin b) CNS c) throat d) periphery e) axillary area

b) CNS

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually a) cAMP b) a G protein c) calcium ion levels d) cGMP e) adenyl cyclase

b) a G protein

Cells of the suprarenal cortex produce a) angiotensin b) aldosterone c) epinephrine d) norepinephrine e) ACTH

b) aldosterone

The suprarenal medulla produces the hormones a) norcortisol and cortisol b) epinephrine and norepinephrine c) androgens and progesterone d) corticosterone and testosterone e) synephrine and neosynephrine

b) epinephrine and norepinephrine

The effects of activating the complement system include all of the following, EXCEPT a) opsonization b) inhibition of the immune response c) destruction of target cell plasma membranes d) stimulation of inflammation e) chemotaxis

b) inhibition of the immune response

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is a) somatotropin b) insulin c) aldosterone d) cortisol e) glucagon

b) insulin

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by a) trabeculae b) lymphocytes c) arteries d) fibrous connective tissue e) veins

b) lymphocytes

As blood travels from the arteries to veins, a) diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller b) pressure drops c) pressure builds d) flow becomes turbulent e) viscocity increases

b) pressure drops

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the follwowing, EXCEPT increased a) muscular compression b) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein c) valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood d) the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries e) the respiratory pump

b) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the a) left ventricle b) right atrium c) right ventricle d) left atrium e) conus arteriosus

b) right atrium

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by a) innate immunity b) skin defenses c) immunological surveillance d) adaptive immunity e) fever

d) adaptive immunity

Which of the following statements about MHC proteins is NOT true? a) allow the body to differentiate its own cells from foreign cells b) are found on all nucleated cells c) fall into two major classes d) bind complement e) function in antigen presentation

d) bind complement

Steroid Hormones a) are proteins b) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time c) cannot diffuse through cell membranes d) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells e) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma

d) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells

______ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. a) fibrinolysis b) the platelet phase c) retraction d) coagulation e) vascular spasm

d) coagulation

Platelets are a) tiny cells with a polynucleus b) large cells with a prominent, concave nucleus c) red cells that lack a nucleus d) cytoplasmic fragments of large cells e) blue cells that have a nucleus

d) cytoplasmic fragments of large cells

What vessels contain elastic fibers in the walls that are stretched during systole? a) veins b) venules c) capillaries d) arterioles e) arteries

e) arteries

Blood type is identified primarily by a) the Kahn blood group b) the Rh blood group c) the ABO blood group d) the HB blood system e) both the ABO and Rh blood groups

e) both the ABO and Rh blood groups

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is a) sodium ion b) bicarbonate ion c) hemoglobin d) oxygen e) carbon doxide

e) carbon doxide

Peptide hormones are a) lipids b) derived from the amino acide c) chemically related to cholesterol d) produced by the suprarenal glands e) composed of amino acids

e) composed of amino acids

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are _____ cells. a) B b) helper T c) suppressor T d) plasma e) cytotoxic T

e) cytotoxic T

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a _____ cell. a) NK b) B c) plasma d) helper T e) cytotoxic T

e) cytotoxic T

Alpha cells are to ____ as beta cells are to ____. a) pancreatic; polypeptide insulin b) insulin; glucagon c) glucagon; somatostatin d) somatrostatin; insulin e) glucagon; insulin

e) glucagon; insulin

Which group of hormones cause an anti-inflammatory action? a) pancreatic hormones b) antidiuretic hormones c) mineralocorticoids d) thyroglobulins e) glucocorticoids

e) glucocorticoids

Lymphocytes provide an adaptive or specific defense known as the a) lymphocytic response b) adaptive defense c) phagocytic response d) inflammation of tissues e) immune response

e) immune response

Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the a) right atrium b) left ventricle c) right ventricle d) conus arteriosus e) left atrium

e) left atrium

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following? a) red blood cells b) all body cells with a nucleus c) liver cells and macrophages in the spleen d) granulocytes and microphages e) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

e) lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

In the middle of the thoracic cavity is a region occupied by the heart, great vessels, thymus, espohagus, and trachea called the a) cardiac notch b) ventral cavity c) pericardial space d) pleural space e) mediastinum

e) mediastinum

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following, EXCEPT the a) blood vessel diameter b) turbulence c) length of a blood vessel d) blood viscocity e) osmolarity of interstitial fluids

e) osmolarity of interstitial fluids

The right pulmonary veins carry ______ bloood to the _____. a) deoxygenated; superior venacava b) deoxygenated; left atrium c) oxygenated; right lung d) deoxygenated, right atrium e) oxygenated, left atrium

e) oxygenated, left atrium

Blood pressure increases with all of the following, EXCEPT increased a) force of cardiac contraction b) cardiac output c) blood volume d) peripheral resistance e) parasympathetic innervation

e) parasympathetic innervation

TSH plays a key role in the _____ of thyroid hormones. a) inhibition and secretion b) destruction c) inhibition d) incubation e) synthesis and release

e) synthesis and release

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the a) right lymphatic duct b) dural sinus c) hepatic portal vein d) cisternal chyli e) thoracic duct

e) thoracic duct

The hypothalaums controls secretion by the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) by a) indirect osmotic control b) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system c) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary d) gap synaptic junctions e) direct neural stimulation

b) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

Immunoglobulins that are the most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are a) IgA b) IgM c) IgG d) IgD e) IgE

c) IgG

End-systolic volume is defined as the a) amount of blood remaining in an atrium after atrial systole b) stroke volume multiplied by the heart rate c) amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction d) amount of blood a ventricle ejects per cycle e) amount of blood which backflows into a ventricle

c) amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction

Blood leaves the left ventircle by passing through the a) bicuspid valve b) tricuspid valve c) aortic valve d) pulmonary valve e) mitral valve

c) aortic valve

White blood cells that release histamine at the site of the injury are a) lymphocytes b) neutrophils c) basophils d) eosinophils e) monocytes

c) basophils

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with a) hyaline cartilage b) brain tissue c) blood vessels d) sensory nerve endings e) both blood vessels and brain tissue

c) blood vessels

The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to a) increased membrane permeability to potassium ion b) movement of fewer sodium ions across the cell membrane c) calcium channels remaining open d) increased membrane permeability to sodium ions e) decrease in the amount of calcium diffusing across the membrane

c) calcium channels remaining open

The function of hemoglobin is to a) produce antibodies b) aid in the process of blood clotting c) carry dissolved blood gases d) stimulate erythropoiesis e) carry bicarbonate ion

c) carry dissolved blood gases

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection, EXCEPT a) epithelium b) secretions c) complement d) body hair e) basement membranes

c) complement

The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the _______ arteries. a) carotid b) circumflex c) coronary d) subclavian e) pulmonary

c) coronary

External respiration involves the a) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and interstital fluid b) movement of air into and out of the lungs c) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood d) binding of oxygen and hemoglobin e) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism

c) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood

White blood cells that are increased in allergic individuals are the a) lymphocytes b) basophils c) eosinophils d) neutrophils e) monocytes

c) eosinophils

Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system? a) growth hormone b) cortisol c) epinephrine d) insulin e) parathyroid hormone

c) epinephrine

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the _____ muscle a) diaphragm b) scalene c) internal intercostal d) external intercostal e) serratus anterior

c) internal intercostal

Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of a) calcium b) magnesium c) iron d) copper e) sodium

c) iron

When the semilunar valves close, the AV valves then a) close b) contract c) open d) make the third heart sound e) prolapse

c) open

Lymph nodes do all of the following, EXCEPT that they a) produce antibodies b) accumulate cancer cells c) remove excess nutrients from the lymph d) monitor the contents of lymph e) remove debris and pathogens from the lymph

c) remove excess nutrients from the lymph

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the a) end-diastolic volume b) cardiac reserve c) stroke volume d) cardiac output e) end-systolic volume

c) stroke volume

T is to ____ as B is to ____. a) top; bottom b) trabeculae; bursa c) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived d) non-thymus dependent; bottom e) thyroid; bowel

c) thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ______ valve. a) pulmonary semilunar b) bicuspid c) tricuspid d) mitral e) aortic semilunar

c) tricuspid

Blood pressure is lowest in the a) venules b) arterioles c) veins d) capillaries e) arteries

c) veins

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the _____ cells. a) helper T b) B c) suppressor T d) NK e) plasma

d) NK

All of the following are true of the thymus gland, EXCEPT that it a) produces T cells b) lies in the anterior mediastinum c) reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life d) activates B cells e) involutes after puberty

d) activates B cells

The primary function of the lymphatic system is a) circulation of dissolved gases b) the transport of hormones c) circulation of nutrients d) defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats e) the production and distribution of plasma proteins

d) defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats

All target cells a) secrete hormones b) produce their own hormones c) are in the blood d) have hormone receptors e) respond to electrical signals

d) have hormone receptors

_______ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. a) neurotransmitters b) humoral antibodies c) antigens d) hormones e) neuropeptides

d) hormones

Each of the following factors will increase cardiac output, EXCEPT a) increased heart rate b) increased force of contraction c) increased venous return d) increased parasympathetic stimulation e) increased sympathetic stimulation

d) increased parasympathetic stimulation

Melatonin is producted by the a) thymus b) skin c) heart d) pineal gland e) kidneys

d) pineal gland

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are the ______ cells. a) liver b) helper T c) NK d) plasma e) thymus

d) plasma

Helper T cells do all of the following, EXCEPT a) enhance production of memory and cytotoxic T cells b) attract macrophages to the affected area c) enhance nonspecific defenses d) provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen e) trigger B-cell division, plasma cell maturation and antibody production

d) provide a rapid response to a future exposure to the antigen

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure is called the ____ pressure. a) blood b) critical closing c) mean arterial d) pulse e) circulatory

d) pulse

Most of the iron that is removed from degraded hemoglobin is a) stored in yellow bone marrow b) excreted by the liver c) excreted by the kidneys d) recycled to the red bone marrow e) excreted by the intestines

d) recycled to the red bone marrow

In adults, erythropoiesis exclusively takes place in a) the spleen b) yellow bone marrow c) the liver d) red bone marrow e) lymphoid tissue

d) red bone marrow

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood prsssure, EXCEPT a) decreased levels of aldosterone b) decreased peripheral resistance c) decrease in blood volume d) release of renin e) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

d) release of renin

The most abundant component of plasma is ____ a) proteins b) gases c) nutrients d) water e) ions

d) water

The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. venae cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulomonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation? a) 5 3 1 7 8 4 2 6 b) 1 7 3 8 2 1 6 5 c) 5 1 3 8 7 2 4 6 d) 1 2 7 8 3 4 6 5 e) 5 1 3 7 8 2 4 6

e) 5 1 3 7 8 2 4 6

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ____ cells. a) cytotoxic T b) helper T c) suppressor T d) NK e) B

e) B

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include a) amino acid derivatives b) eicosanoids c) peptides d) steroids e) all of the answers are correct