AP Benchmark
"Among the various species or modifications of liberty, of which on different occasions we have heard so much in England, I do not recollect ever seeing any thing yet offered on behalf of the liberty of making one's own terms in money lending....No man of ripe years and of sound mind, acting freely, and with his eyes open, ought to be hindered, with a view to his advantage, from making such bargain, in the way of obtaining money, as he thinks fit: nor, (what is a necessary consequence) any body hindered from supplying him, upon any terms he thinks proper to accede to.... You, who fetter contracts; you, who lay restraints on the liberty of man, it is for you to assign a reason for your doing so." Jeremy Bentham, Defence of Usury [Charging of Interest], 1787 Which of the following economic thinkers would most likely agree with Bentham's argument?
A. Adam Smith
Source 1: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HÉRAULT, SOUTHERN FRANCE, 1877-1890 Source 2: Excerpt from a lecture for a civics course for boys' elementary schools, approved by the French Ministry of Education, 1883 "Children, one day you will be soldiers, just as today you are students. You owe military service to your country. In defending her, each of you shall defend your father's home, the place where you were born, the community where you have lived, the patrimony that your parents have bequeathed you. And other things still: the laws that protect you, the benefits of civilization, as well as all that past of work and glory that has made France so great among nations....If your mother is in danger and she calls out to you 'Come to me, children!' how is it possible not to come to her help? Think of France as the noblest of all mothers, who has suffered much and whose injuries have not yet healed!" The two sources together best support which of the following statements about late-nineteenth-century European governments and public education?
A. Governments used the expansion of public education as an opportunity to promote nationalist sentiment.
The next questions refer to the following illustration from René Descartes' Treatise of Man, written circa 1630, published posthumously in 1662. The illustration shows the physical response to a painful stimulus (fire). The sensation of heat at the foot sends a signal to the brain, which causes the arm to move to brush away the fire. Descartes' understanding of the human body, as shown in the image, is most similar to which of the following?
A. Newton's notion of a mechanistic universe
"If the [Catholic clergy], so long paid and honored for abusing the human species, ordered us today to believe that...the world is immovable on its foundations,... that the tides are not a natural effect of gravitation, that the rainbow is not formed by the refraction and the reflection of rays of light, and so on, and if they based their [arguments] on passages poorly understood from the Holy Bible, how would educated men regard these commands? And if they used force and persecution to enforce their insolent stupidity, would the term 'wild beasts' seem too extreme [to describe them]?... This little globe of ours, which is no more than a point, rolls, together with many other globes, in that immensity of space in which we are lost. Man, who is an animal about five feet high, is certainly a very inconsiderable part of the creation; but one of those hardly visible beings says to another of the same kind who inhabits another spot on the globe: 'Listen to me, for the God of all these worlds has enlightened me. There are about nine hundred millions of us little insects who inhabit the earth, but my ant-hill alone is cherished by God who holds all the rest in horror for all eternity; those who live with me upon my spot will alone be happy, and all the rest eternally wretched.' . . . What madman could have made so ridiculous a speech?" Voltaire, A Treatise on Toleration, 1763 The ideas expressed in the passage best illustrate which of the following about Enlightenment intellectuals?
A. Some of them believed that the discoveries of new science warranted new approaches to social and cultural issues.
ESTIMATED AVERAGE DAILY WAGE FOR AN UNSKILLED LABORER, EXPRESSED IN KILOGRAMS OF WHEAT Source: Stephen Broadberry and Bishnupriya Gupta "The early modern great divergence: wages, prices and economic development in Europe and Asia, 1500-1800," Department of Economics, University of Warwick, Coventry, 2003 The pattern shown in the table was partly an effect of which of the following changes in the economy of western Europe?
A. The breakdown of traditional economic systems and the increasing commercialization of agriculture
"From this moment...all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the services of the armies. The young men shall fight; the married men shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn linen into lint [for bandages]; the old men shall betake themselves to the public squares in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic." Decree issued by the republican government of France, August 23, 1793 In subsequent years, the French government used the institutions created by the decree to
A. attempt to spread French Revolutionary ideals throughout Europe
"Among the various species or modifications of liberty, of which on different occasions we have heard so much in England, I do not recollect ever seeing any thing yet offered on behalf of the liberty of making one's own terms in money lending....No man of ripe years and of sound mind, acting freely, and with his eyes open, ought to be hindered, with a view to his advantage, from making such bargain, in the way of obtaining money, as he thinks fit: nor, (what is a necessary consequence) any body hindered from supplying him, upon any terms he thinks proper to accede to.... You, who fetter contracts; you, who lay restraints on the liberty of man, it is for you to assign a reason for your doing so." Jeremy Bentham, Defence of Usury [Charging of Interest], 1787 Bentham's arguments concerning personal liberty reflect most closely the principles of the
B. Enlightenment
ESTIMATED AVERAGE DAILY WAGE FOR AN UNSKILLED LABORER, EXPRESSED IN KILOGRAMS OF WHEAT Source: Stephen Broadberry and Bishnupriya Gupta "The early modern great divergence: wages, prices and economic development in Europe and Asia, 1500-1800," Department of Economics, University of Warwick, Coventry, 2003 Which of the following best explains the changes in wages for unskilled laborers indicated by the data in the table?
B. Population growth in a relatively stagnant economy
"From this moment...all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the services of the armies. The young men shall fight; the married men shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn linen into lint [for bandages]; the old men shall betake themselves to the public squares in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic." Decree issued by the republican government of France, August 23, 1793 Countries in the coalitions that opposed Revolutionary and Napoleonic France were most eager to adopt which provision of the decree?
B. The creation of nationally based mass conscript armies
Image 1: "The Playroom," an etching by German painter Johann Michael Voltz, showing a mother and her children, 1823 bpk, Berlin / Staatliche Museen zu Berlin / Knud Petersen / Art Resource, NY Image 2: German political cartoon, 1848 bpk, Berlin / Art Resource, NY CARTOON CAPTION: Wife: "Ludwig, take care of the child, I am going to my political club." Husband: "OK, dear. When are you coming back home?" Wife: "Don't worry about that; just go to bed." In the late nineteenth century, the ideals of family life and gender roles reflected in the two images underwent which of the following transformations?
B. The ideals were increasingly adopted by working-class families.
The next questions refer to the following illustration from René Descartes' Treatise of Man, written circa 1630, published posthumously in 1662. The illustration shows the physical response to a painful stimulus (fire). The sensation of heat at the foot sends a signal to the brain, which causes the arm to move to brush away the fire. The image demonstrates which of the following regarding scientific advances in early modern Europe?
B. They used information obtained through dissection to reconceptualize the body as an integrated system.
ESTIMATED AVERAGE DAILY WAGE FOR AN UNSKILLED LABORER, EXPRESSED IN KILOGRAMS OF WHEAT Source: Stephen Broadberry and Bishnupriya Gupta "The early modern great divergence: wages, prices and economic development in Europe and Asia, 1500-1800," Department of Economics, University of Warwick, Coventry, 2003 Which of the following was a long-term trend that emerged in response to the economic patterns represented in the table?
B. Western European women began to delay marriage to limit the number of children they would have.
The next questions refer to the passage below. "You should know that the said King of Portugal has leased this island to Christians for ten years, so that no one can enter the bay to trade with the Arabs save those who hold the license. These Christians have dwellings on the island and factories where they buy and sell with the said Arabs who come to the coast to trade for merchandise of various kinds, such as woolen cloths, cotton, silver and coarse cloth, that is cloaks, carpets, and similar articles and above all grain, for they are always short of food. The Arabs give in exchange slaves whom the Arabs bring from the land of the Blacks, and gold dust. The King therefore caused a castle to be built on the island to protect this trade forever. For this reason, Portuguese caravels come and go all year long to this island." Alvise de Ca'da Mosto, Venetian merchant, describing the Portuguese island of Arguim off the west coast of Africa, 1454 The long-term economic effect in Europe of the establishment of trading networks and colonies such as the one described in the passage was
B. a shift in the center of economic power from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states
"If the [Catholic clergy], so long paid and honored for abusing the human species, ordered us today to believe that...the world is immovable on its foundations,... that the tides are not a natural effect of gravitation, that the rainbow is not formed by the refraction and the reflection of rays of light, and so on, and if they based their [arguments] on passages poorly understood from the Holy Bible, how would educated men regard these commands? And if they used force and persecution to enforce their insolent stupidity, would the term 'wild beasts' seem too extreme [to describe them]?... This little globe of ours, which is no more than a point, rolls, together with many other globes, in that immensity of space in which we are lost. Man, who is an animal about five feet high, is certainly a very inconsiderable part of the creation; but one of those hardly visible beings says to another of the same kind who inhabits another spot on the globe: 'Listen to me, for the God of all these worlds has enlightened me. There are about nine hundred millions of us little insects who inhabit the earth, but my ant-hill alone is cherished by God who holds all the rest in horror for all eternity; those who live with me upon my spot will alone be happy, and all the rest eternally wretched.' . . . What madman could have made so ridiculous a speech?" Voltaire, A Treatise on Toleration, 1763 In addition to being informed by general principles, Voltaire's concern with promoting religious toleration was primarily relevant to supporters of the Enlightenment in eighteenth-century France because
B. the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by King Louis XIV in 1685 had led to the persecution of members of the Protestant minority
"You should know that the said King of Portugal has leased this island to Christians for ten years, so that no one can enter the bay to trade with the Arabs save those who hold the license. These Christians have dwellings on the island and factories where they buy and sell with the said Arabs who come to the coast to trade for merchandise of various kinds, such as woolen cloths, cotton, silver and coarse cloth, that is cloaks, carpets, and similar articles and above all grain, for they are always short of food. The Arabs give in exchange slaves whom the Arabs bring from the land of the Blacks, and gold dust. The King therefore caused a castle to be built on the island to protect this trade forever. For this reason, Portuguese caravels come and go all year long to this island." Alvise de Ca'da Mosto, Venetian merchant, describing the Portuguese island of Arguim off the west coast of Africa, 1454 The Portuguese slave trade described in the passage led most directly to which of the following ?
C. The establishment of a European-dominated system of plantation agriculture
The next questions refer to the passage below. "You should know that the said King of Portugal has leased this island to Christians for ten years, so that no one can enter the bay to trade with the Arabs save those who hold the license. These Christians have dwellings on the island and factories where they buy and sell with the said Arabs who come to the coast to trade for merchandise of various kinds, such as woolen cloths, cotton, silver and coarse cloth, that is cloaks, carpets, and similar articles and above all grain, for they are always short of food. The Arabs give in exchange slaves whom the Arabs bring from the land of the Blacks, and gold dust. The King therefore caused a castle to be built on the island to protect this trade forever. For this reason, Portuguese caravels come and go all year long to this island." Alvise de Ca'da Mosto, Venetian merchant, describing the Portuguese island of Arguim off the west coast of Africa, 1454 The Portuguese slave trade described in the passage led most directly to which of the following ?
C. The establishment of a European-dominated system of plantation agriculture
"You should know that the said King of Portugal has leased this island to Christians for ten years, so that no one can enter the bay to trade with the Arabs save those who hold the license. These Christians have dwellings on the island and factories where they buy and sell with the said Arabs who come to the coast to trade for merchandise of various kinds, such as woolen cloths, cotton, silver and coarse cloth, that is cloaks, carpets, and similar articles and above all grain, for they are always short of food. The Arabs give in exchange slaves whom the Arabs bring from the land of the Blacks, and gold dust. The King therefore caused a castle to be built on the island to protect this trade forever. For this reason, Portuguese caravels come and go all year long to this island." Alvise de Ca'da Mosto, Venetian merchant, describing the Portuguese island of Arguim off the west coast of Africa, 1454 The licensing of trade described in the passage is an example of which of the following state policies?
C. The implementation of mercantilism to promote the state's economic interests
"From this moment...all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the services of the armies. The young men shall fight; the married men shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn linen into lint [for bandages]; the old men shall betake themselves to the public squares in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic." Decree issued by the republican government of France, August 23, 1793 The French government issued the decree primarily in response to
C. domestic unrest and foreign aggression against the radical Revolutionary government
"Among the various species or modifications of liberty, of which on different occasions we have heard so much in England, I do not recollect ever seeing any thing yet offered on behalf of the liberty of making one's own terms in money lending....No man of ripe years and of sound mind, acting freely, and with his eyes open, ought to be hindered, with a view to his advantage, from making such bargain, in the way of obtaining money, as he thinks fit: nor, (what is a necessary consequence) any body hindered from supplying him, upon any terms he thinks proper to accede to.... You, who fetter contracts; you, who lay restraints on the liberty of man, it is for you to assign a reason for your doing so." Jeremy Bentham, Defence of Usury [Charging of Interest], 1787 Bentham's argument in the passage is best explained in the context of the
C. increasing use of credit for complex financial transactions
"If the [Catholic clergy], so long paid and honored for abusing the human species, ordered us today to believe that...the world is immovable on its foundations,... that the tides are not a natural effect of gravitation, that the rainbow is not formed by the refraction and the reflection of rays of light, and so on, and if they based their [arguments] on passages poorly understood from the Holy Bible, how would educated men regard these commands? And if they used force and persecution to enforce their insolent stupidity, would the term 'wild beasts' seem too extreme [to describe them]?... This little globe of ours, which is no more than a point, rolls, together with many other globes, in that immensity of space in which we are lost. Man, who is an animal about five feet high, is certainly a very inconsiderable part of the creation; but one of those hardly visible beings says to another of the same kind who inhabits another spot on the globe: 'Listen to me, for the God of all these worlds has enlightened me. There are about nine hundred millions of us little insects who inhabit the earth, but my ant-hill alone is cherished by God who holds all the rest in horror for all eternity; those who live with me upon my spot will alone be happy, and all the rest eternally wretched.' . . . What madman could have made so ridiculous a speech?" Voltaire, A Treatise on Toleration, 1763 Compared with a late-nineteenth-century Social Darwinist view of the world, Voltaire's view in the passage is
C. less reliant on notions of European cultural superiority
"If the [Catholic clergy], so long paid and honored for abusing the human species, ordered us today to believe that...the world is immovable on its foundations,... that the tides are not a natural effect of gravitation, that the rainbow is not formed by the refraction and the reflection of rays of light, and so on, and if they based their [arguments] on passages poorly understood from the Holy Bible, how would educated men regard these commands? And if they used force and persecution to enforce their insolent stupidity, would the term 'wild beasts' seem too extreme [to describe them]?... This little globe of ours, which is no more than a point, rolls, together with many other globes, in that immensity of space in which we are lost. Man, who is an animal about five feet high, is certainly a very inconsiderable part of the creation; but one of those hardly visible beings says to another of the same kind who inhabits another spot on the globe: 'Listen to me, for the God of all these worlds has enlightened me. There are about nine hundred millions of us little insects who inhabit the earth, but my ant-hill alone is cherished by God who holds all the rest in horror for all eternity; those who live with me upon my spot will alone be happy, and all the rest eternally wretched.' . . . What madman could have made so ridiculous a speech?" Voltaire, A Treatise on Toleration, 1763 Compared with Luther's sixteenth-century critique of the Roman Catholic Church, Voltaire's critique in the first paragraph of the passage is
C. less reliant on using Scripture to challenge Catholic tradition
Image 1: "The Playroom," an etching by German painter Johann Michael Voltz, showing a mother and her children, 1823 bpk, Berlin / Staatliche Museen zu Berlin / Knud Petersen / Art Resource, NY Image 2: German political cartoon, 1848 bpk, Berlin / Art Resource, NY CARTOON CAPTION: Wife: "Ludwig, take care of the child, I am going to my political club." Husband: "OK, dear. When are you coming back home?" Wife: "Don't worry about that; just go to bed." A historian of nineteenth-century European society is most likely to use Image 2 as evidence that
C. many men feared that women's participation in the public sphere would undermine the established social order
Source 1: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HÉRAULT, SOUTHERN FRANCE, 1877-1890 Source 2: Excerpt from a lecture for a civics course for boys' elementary schools, approved by the French Ministry of Education, 1883 "Children, one day you will be soldiers, just as today you are students. You owe military service to your country. In defending her, each of you shall defend your father's home, the place where you were born, the community where you have lived, the patrimony that your parents have bequeathed you. And other things still: the laws that protect you, the benefits of civilization, as well as all that past of work and glory that has made France so great among nations....If your mother is in danger and she calls out to you 'Come to me, children!' how is it possible not to come to her help? Think of France as the noblest of all mothers, who has suffered much and whose injuries have not yet healed!" In 1881 and 1882, the French government passed laws making primary education free and compulsory for all children in France. Based on the data in Source 1, all of the following likely influenced French legislators in passing the laws EXCEPT a concern that
C. supporting a large number of small schools was economically inefficient
"If the [Catholic clergy], so long paid and honored for abusing the human species, ordered us today to believe that...the world is immovable on its foundations,... that the tides are not a natural effect of gravitation, that the rainbow is not formed by the refraction and the reflection of rays of light, and so on, and if they based their [arguments] on passages poorly understood from the Holy Bible, how would educated men regard these commands? And if they used force and persecution to enforce their insolent stupidity, would the term 'wild beasts' seem too extreme [to describe them]?... This little globe of ours, which is no more than a point, rolls, together with many other globes, in that immensity of space in which we are lost. Man, who is an animal about five feet high, is certainly a very inconsiderable part of the creation; but one of those hardly visible beings says to another of the same kind who inhabits another spot on the globe: 'Listen to me, for the God of all these worlds has enlightened me. There are about nine hundred millions of us little insects who inhabit the earth, but my ant-hill alone is cherished by God who holds all the rest in horror for all eternity; those who live with me upon my spot will alone be happy, and all the rest eternally wretched.' . . . What madman could have made so ridiculous a speech?" Voltaire, A Treatise on Toleration, 1763 Voltaire's mockery of the notion of one true religion in the second paragraph of the passage is most directly influenced by which of the following?
D. Europeans' deeper awareness of the world's cultural diversity, gained through scientific exploration and travelers' accounts
The next questions refer to the passage below. "I traveled to Montpellier [in southern France] and associated there with several Protestants who have close contacts with Spain in order to learn if they ship books to Spain or know any heretics there. In order to gather this information...I pretended to be a heretic myself and proposed to take some books, such as the works of John Calvin and Theodore Beza, to Spain....A bookseller and a merchant volunteered to bring the books secretly to Barcelona to the home of one of their friends who was, as they said, of their faith. A thousand deceptions were necessary to gather this information....I learned the names of all [Protestants] from the merchant, for he told me that they were of his religion. I am staying here...in the service of God and Your Majesty." Report by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II, 1566 Which of the following is best supported by the passage?
D. Owning and reading Protestant religious literature was illegal in Spain.
"Among the various species or modifications of liberty, of which on different occasions we have heard so much in England, I do not recollect ever seeing any thing yet offered on behalf of the liberty of making one's own terms in money lending....No man of ripe years and of sound mind, acting freely, and with his eyes open, ought to be hindered, with a view to his advantage, from making such bargain, in the way of obtaining money, as he thinks fit: nor, (what is a necessary consequence) any body hindered from supplying him, upon any terms he thinks proper to accede to.... You, who fetter contracts; you, who lay restraints on the liberty of man, it is for you to assign a reason for your doing so." Jeremy Bentham, Defence of Usury [Charging of Interest], 1787 Bentham's argument exemplifies which of the following processes at work in eighteenth-century Europe?
D. The loosening of traditional moral restrictions on economic activity
Image 1: "The Playroom," an etching by German painter Johann Michael Voltz, showing a mother and her children, 1823 bpk, Berlin / Staatliche Museen zu Berlin / Knud Petersen / Art Resource, NY Image 2: German political cartoon, 1848 bpk, Berlin / Art Resource, NY CARTOON CAPTION: Wife: "Ludwig, take care of the child, I am going to my political club." Husband: "OK, dear. When are you coming back home?" Wife: "Don't worry about that; just go to bed." The material prosperity evident in Image 1 was in part attributable to which of the following?
D. The restoration of political stability in the aftermath of the Congress of Vienna
"You should know that the said King of Portugal has leased this island to Christians for ten years, so that no one can enter the bay to trade with the Arabs save those who hold the license. These Christians have dwellings on the island and factories where they buy and sell with the said Arabs who come to the coast to trade for merchandise of various kinds, such as woolen cloths, cotton, silver and coarse cloth, that is cloaks, carpets, and similar articles and above all grain, for they are always short of food. The Arabs give in exchange slaves whom the Arabs bring from the land of the Blacks, and gold dust. The King therefore caused a castle to be built on the island to protect this trade forever. For this reason, Portuguese caravels come and go all year long to this island." Alvise de Ca'da Mosto, Venetian merchant, describing the Portuguese island of Arguim off the west coast of Africa, 1454 Other European states reacted to the Portuguese establishment of a trading-post empire by
D. developing rival colonies and overseas trading networks
The next questions refer to the passage below. "You should know that the said King of Portugal has leased this island to Christians for ten years, so that no one can enter the bay to trade with the Arabs save those who hold the license. These Christians have dwellings on the island and factories where they buy and sell with the said Arabs who come to the coast to trade for merchandise of various kinds, such as woolen cloths, cotton, silver and coarse cloth, that is cloaks, carpets, and similar articles and above all grain, for they are always short of food. The Arabs give in exchange slaves whom the Arabs bring from the land of the Blacks, and gold dust. The King therefore caused a castle to be built on the island to protect this trade forever. For this reason, Portuguese caravels come and go all year long to this island." Alvise de Ca'da Mosto, Venetian merchant, describing the Portuguese island of Arguim off the west coast of Africa, 1454 Other European states reacted to the Portuguese establishment of a trading-post empire by
D. developing rival colonies and overseas trading networks
"I traveled to Montpellier [in southern France] and associated there with several Protestants who have close contacts with Spain in order to learn if they ship books to Spain or know any heretics there. In order to gather this information...I pretended to be a heretic myself and proposed to take some books, such as the works of John Calvin and Theodore Beza, to Spain....A bookseller and a merchant volunteered to bring the books secretly to Barcelona to the home of one of their friends who was, as they said, of their faith. A thousand deceptions were necessary to gather this information....I learned the names of all [Protestants] from the merchant, for he told me that they were of his religion. I am staying here...in the service of God and Your Majesty." Report by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II, 1566 Which of the following events marked the effective end of Spain's ability to act as a champion of Catholicism in Europe?
The outcome of the Thirty Years' War (1648)
The next questions refer to the passage below. "I traveled to Montpellier [in southern France] and associated there with several Protestants who have close contacts with Spain in order to learn if they ship books to Spain or know any heretics there. In order to gather this information...I pretended to be a heretic myself and proposed to take some books, such as the works of John Calvin and Theodore Beza, to Spain....A bookseller and a merchant volunteered to bring the books secretly to Barcelona to the home of one of their friends who was, as they said, of their faith. A thousand deceptions were necessary to gather this information....I learned the names of all [Protestants] from the merchant, for he told me that they were of his religion. I am staying here...in the service of God and Your Majesty." Report by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II, 1566 How did Philip II's religious policies illustrated in the passage compare to the policies pursued by other fifteenth- and sixteenth-century European monarchs?
c. Philip's policies controlling religious beliefs and practices were similar to the policies of most other monarchs at the time.
The next questions refer to the passage below. "I traveled to Montpellier [in southern France] and associated there with several Protestants who have close contacts with Spain in order to learn if they ship books to Spain or know any heretics there. In order to gather this information...I pretended to be a heretic myself and proposed to take some books, such as the works of John Calvin and Theodore Beza, to Spain....A bookseller and a merchant volunteered to bring the books secretly to Barcelona to the home of one of their friends who was, as they said, of their faith. A thousand deceptions were necessary to gather this information....I learned the names of all [Protestants] from the merchant, for he told me that they were of his religion. I am staying here...in the service of God and Your Majesty." Report by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II, 1566 The events described in the passage best illustrate which of the following aspects of the religious conflicts in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
c. Protestants made effective use of the increased availability of printing technology to spread their ideas.
"You should know that the said King of Portugal has leased this island to Christians for ten years, so that no one can enter the bay to trade with the Arabs save those who hold the license. These Christians have dwellings on the island and factories where they buy and sell with the said Arabs who come to the coast to trade for merchandise of various kinds, such as woolen cloths, cotton, silver and coarse cloth, that is cloaks, carpets, and similar articles and above all grain, for they are always short of food. The Arabs give in exchange slaves whom the Arabs bring from the land of the Blacks, and gold dust. The King therefore caused a castle to be built on the island to protect this trade forever. For this reason, Portuguese caravels come and go all year long to this island." Alvise de Ca'da Mosto, Venetian merchant, describing the Portuguese island of Arguim off the west coast of Africa, 1454 The licensing of trade described in the passage is an example of which of the following state policies?
c. The implementation of mercantilism to promote the state's economic interests
