AP BIO
52. A chemical reaction that has a positive ∆G is best describes as _________. A) endergonic B) exergonic C) spontaneous D) enthalpic
A) endergonic
83. In chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?
A) energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down their electrochemical gradient
109. [Diagram] Evolutionary trees such as this are properly understood by scientists to be _____.
A) hypotheses
40. Refer to the figure. Initially, in terms of tonicity, the solution in side A with respect to the solution in side B is _____. A) isotonic B) hypertonic C) hypotonic D) saturated
A) isotonic
90. Glycolysis is active when cellular energy levels are ______; the regulatory enzyme, phosphofructokinase, is _______ by ATP.
A) low; inhibited
82. Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
A) mitochondrial inner membrane
138. You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying info as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use
A) morphological
11. Hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil are ______. A) nonpolar substances that repel water molecules B) polar substances that repel water molecules C) nonpolar substances that have an attraction for water molecules D) polar substances that have an affinity for water
A) non polar substances that repel water molecules
200.Assuming chimps and gorillas are humans' closest relatives, removing humans from the great ape clade and placing them in a different clade has the effect of making the phylogenetic tree of the great apes ______.
A) paraphyletic
135. The approach to estimating phylogenetic trees is most like the approach of which species concept
A) phylogenetic species concept
71. When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens? The more electronegative atom is _______.
A) reduced, and energy is released
22. A cell with an extensive area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is specialized to _________. A) synthesize large quantities of lipids B) play a role in storage C) actively export protein molecules D) import and export protein molecules
A) synthesize large quantities of lipids
60.According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis, ____.
A) the binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site
23. Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition? A) the lysosome B) mitochondrion C) the endoplasmic reticulum D) the Golgi apparatus
A) the lysosome
19. In a bacterium, we will find DNA in ________. A) the nucleoid B) ribosomes C) mitochondria D) a membrane-enclosed nucleus
A) the nucleoid
124. In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele?
A. 9.0
121. THe higher the proportion of loci that are "fixed" in a population, the lower are that population's ________
A. Nucleotide variability and average heterozygosity
146. Two species of tree frogs that live symmetrically in the northeastern United States differ in ploidy: Hyla chrysoscelis is diploid, and Hyla versicolor is tetraploid. The frogs are identical in appearance but their mating calls, which females use to find mates, differ. Which difference most likely evolved first?
A. polyploidy
147. Among known plant species, which of these have been the two most commonly occurring phenomena that have led to the origin of new species?
A. sympatric speciation; habitat differentiation
181. Insect wings may have begun to evolve as lateral extensions of the body that were used as heat dissipaters for thermoregulation. When they had become sufficiently large, these extensions became useful for gliding through the air. Additional selection refined them as flight-producing wings.
B an exaptation
61.You collect data on the effect of pH on the function of the enzyme catalase in human cells. Which of the following graphs would you expect?
B) (see graph)
191.In the phylogenetic trees above, numbers represent species and the same species are shown in both trees. Which two species are represented as sister species in Tree 2 but are not shown as sister species in Tree 1?
B) 3 and 4
79. For each mole of glucose (C6H12O6) oxidized by cellular respiration, how many moles of CO2 are released in the citric acid cycle (see the accompanying figure)?
B) 4
13. One mole of the compound above would weigh how man grams? (Note: The atomic masses, in daltons are approximately 12 for carbon, 1 for hydrogen, and 16 for oxygen.) A) 150 B) 60 C) 29 D) 30
B) 60
155. Which conclusion can be drawn from this evolutionary tree?
B) A single clade 9that is, a group of species that share a common ancestor) can include species that formed by gradualism and other species that formed by punctuated equilibrium.
151. Which of these habitats is likely to harbor the most recently diverged species?
B) A1
57.Which of the following is the most correct interpretation of the figure?
B) ATP is a molecule that acts as an intermediary to store energy for cellular work.
35. Which component is a glycolipid? A) A B) B C) C D) E
B) B
72. Which of the listed statements describes the results of the following reaction? C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+energy
B) C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced
153. Speciation____________.
B) Can evolve changes to a single gene
24. What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? A) ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane B) ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane C) ER → Golgi → nucleus D) Golgi → ER → lysosome
B) ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
197. Which of the following trees, if any, depicts the same relationship among species as shown above?
B) G F E D C B A
37. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane? A) It works against diffusion. B) It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule. C) It requires the expenditure of cellular energy to function. D) It has no hydrophobic regions.
B) It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule.
87. In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve?
B) It increases the surface for oxidative phosphorylation
36. Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability? A) Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane. B) Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane. C) An input of energy is required for transport. D) There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane.
B) Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.
112. Logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree?
B) Relationships between DNA sequences among the species did not match relationships between skeletal patterns.
41. Refer to the figure. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed? A) The water level is higher in side A than in side B. B) The molarity of sucrose is higher than that of glucose on side A. C) The water level is higher in side B than in side A. D) The water level is unchanged.
B) The molarity of sucrose is higher than that of glucose on side A.
18. Cell size is limited by _________. A) the size of the endomembrane system B) surface to volume ratios C) the number of proteins within the plasma membrane D) the surface area of mitochondria in the cytoplasm
B) surface to volume ratios
46. What will happen to a red blood cell (RBC), which has an internal ion concentration of about 0.9 percent, if it is placed into a beaker of pure water? A) The cell will remain the same size because the solution outside the cell is isotonic. B) the cell would swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC. C) The cell would shrink because the water in the beaker is hypertonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC. D) The cell would shrink because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC.
B) the cell would swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC.
127. The Dunkers are a religious group that moved from Germany to Pennsylvania in the mid-1700s. They do not marry with members outside of their own immediate country. Today, the Dunkers are genetically unique and differ in gene frequencies, at many loci, from all other populations including those in their homeland. Which of the following most likely explains the genetic uniqueness of this population?
B. Founder effect and genetic drift
125. Mutation is the only evolutionary mechanism that...
B. Happens in all populations
145. A researcher notices that in a certain moth species, some females prefer to feed and lay eggs on domesticated solanaceous plants like potatoes and tomatoes. Other females prefer to feed and lay eggs on wild solanaceous plants like Datar. Both male and female moths primarily use scent to find these plants from afar. Females tend to mate where they feed, and the researcher finds a genetic basis for scent preference in these moths. Based on the above information, what might be occurring in this moth species?
B. divergence in sympatry
148. Beetle pollinators of a particular plant are attracted to its flowers' bright orange color. The beetles not only pollinate the flowers, but they mate while inside of the flowers. A mutant version of the plant with red flowers becomes more common with the passage of time. A particular variant of the beetle prefers the red flowers to the orange flowers. Over time, these two beetle variants diverge from each other to such an extent that interbreeding is no longer possible. What kind of speciation has occurred in this example, and what has driven it?
B. sympatric speciation; habitat differentiation
27. Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures? A) free ribosomes and ribosomes attached to the ER B) membrane proteins of the inner nuclear envelope C) components of the cytoskeleton D) cellulose fibers in the cell wall
C) components of the cytoskeleton
9. Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with ________. A) oxygen gas (O₂) molecules B) chloride ions C) compounds that have polar covalent bonds D) oils
C) compounds that have polar covalent bonds
67.The mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway is most precisely described as...
C) feedback inhibition
132. Two populations of birds w somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate btwn the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. What keeps the two populations separate?
C) habitat isolation
74. Carbohydrates and fats are considered high-energy foods because they
C) have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen
106. Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of _____.
C) homology
184.The existence of evolutionary trends, such as increasing body sizes among horse species, is evidence that.
C) in particular environments, similar adaptations can be beneficial to more than one species
25. In a plant cell, DNA may be found __________. A) only in the nucleus and chloroplasts B) only in the nucleus C) in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts D) in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes
C) in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
45. Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff. Similar stalks left in a 0.15 m salt solution become limp. From this we can deduce that the fresh water ______. A) and the salt solution are both hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks B) is isotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalk C) is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks D) is hypertonic and the salt solution is hypotonic to the cells of the celery stalks
C) is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks
20. Which of the following macromolecules leaves the nucleus of a eukaryote cell through pores in the nuclear membrane? A) amino acids B) phospholipids C) mRNA D) DNA
C) mRNA
98. Darwin and Wallace were the first to propose ____.
C) natural selection as the mechanism for evolution
15. What is the pH of a solution with a hydroxyl ion (OH-) concentration of 10^-12 M? A) pH 10 B) pH 4 C) pH 2 D) pH 12
C) pH 2
196.According to the phylogenetic tree in the figure above, G. intestinalis constitutes a _____ group.
C) paraphyletic
21. A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely _______. A) constructing an extensive cell wall or extracellular matrix B) enlarging its vacuole C) primarily producing proteins in the cytosol D) primarily producing proteins for secretion
C) primarily producing proteins in the cytosol
176. The loss of ventral spines by modern freshwater sticklebacks is due to natural selection operating on the phenotypic effects of Pitx1 gene _____.
C) silencing (loss of expression)
101. Which of Darwin's ideas had the strongest connection to his reading of Malthus's essay on human population growth?
C) struggle for existence
165. Which of these observations gives the most support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells?
C) the similarity in size between the cytosolic ribosomes of prokaryotes and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts
172. The Permian period ended and then rapid speciation occurred as new animal and plant forms evolved. The most likely explanation for this is _____.
C) three of the above
117. Which of the following represents the treatment option most likely to avoid the evolution of drug-resistant HIV (assuming no drug interactions or side affects)?
C) using moderate doses of NA and two different PIs at the same time for several months
163. Anatomically, Lystrosaurus ___.
C) was a tetrapod
189.which tree depicts the closest relationship between zygomycetes and chytrids
C)III
150. In which habitat should one find snapping shrimp most closely related to shrimp that live in habitat A4?
C. B4
128. Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing...
C. Gene flow
141. What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries?
C. Gene flow
122. In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the "2" in the term 2pq is necessary because______
C. heterozygotes can come about in two ways
170. Which of the following characteristics are expected in the first animals to have colonized land?
D) 1, 3, and 5 (1- were probably herbivores, 3- had the ability to resist dehydration, 5- were invertebrates)
76. Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are _______.
D) 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
139. Rank the following in order from most general to most specific 1. gametic isolation 2. reproductive isolating mechanism 3. sperm-egg incompatibility in sea urchins 4. prezygotic isolating mechanism
D) 2, 4, 1, 3
80. Starting with citrate, which of the following combination of products would result from three acetyl CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle (see the accompanying figure)?
D) 3 ATP, 6CO2, 9NADH, and 3 FADH2
10. Which of the following effects can occur because of the high surface tension of water? A) Sweat can evaporate from the skin, helping to keep people from overheating. B) Lakes cannot freeze solid in winter, despite low temperatures. C) Organisms can resist temperature changes, although they give off heat due to chemical reactions. D) A raft spider can walk across the surface of a small pond.
D) A raft spider can walk across the surface of a small pond
116. Which statement about variation is true?
D) All new alleles are the result of nucleotide variability.
31. Which component is a peripheral protein? A) A B) B C) C D) D
D) D
95.The cow Bos Primigenius (which is bred for meat and milk) has a smaller brain and larger eyes than closely related wild species of ungulates. These traits most likely arose by ____.
D) artificial selection; because changes in these traits co-occured with human selection for high milk output and high muscle content
88. These inside-out membrane vesicles will ________.
D) become acidic inside the vesicles when NADH is added
134. Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males gave courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact?
D) behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism
113. Which of the following is the best modern definition of evolution?
D) change in the number of genes in a population over time
186.one hypothesis that has been proposed regarding the origin of life suggests that life evolved from an RNA world to today's DNA world.
D) could RNA have provided a template for DNA assembly, thereby enabling a more stable molecule that is replicated more accurately?
63. Which of the following in the figure would be the same in either enzyme-catalyzed or a non catalyzed reaction?
D) d
199.There is some evidence that reptiles called cynodonts may have had whisker-like hairs around their mouths. If true, then hair is a shared _______.
D) derived character of mammals, even if cynodont continue to be classifies as reptiles
91.Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it ___.
D) dismissed the idea that species are a constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in population
62.Which of the following terms best describes the forward reaction in the figure?
D) exergonic, ΔG<0
38. Diffusion ______. A) is very rapid over long distances B) requires an expenditure of energy by the cell C) requires integral proteins in the cell membrane D) is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
D) is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
108. The greatest number of endemic species is expected in environments that are _______.
D) isolated and show little ecological diversity
68. Besides turning enzymes on or off, what other means does a cell use to control enzymatic activity?
D) localization of enzymes into specific organelles or membranes
84. Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells?
D) mitochondrial intermembrane space
178. The duplication of homeotic (Hox) genes has been significant in the evolution of animals because it _____.
D) permitted the evolution of novel forms
73. When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the molecule becomes _______.
D) reduced
43. Refer to the figure. At the beginning of the experiment, ______. A) side A is hypertonic to side B. B) side A is hypertonic to side B with respect to glucose. C) side A is hypotonic to side B with respect to NaCl. D) side A is hypotonic to side B.
D) side A is hypotonic to side B
183.many species of snakes lay eggs. However in the northern minnesota, where growing seasons a re short, only live-bearing snake species are present.
D) species selection
78. Most of the CO2 from the catabolism of glucose is released during _______.
D) the citric acid cycle
28. H.V. Wilson worked with sponges to gain some insight into exactly what was responsible for holding adjacent cells together. He exposed two species of differently pigmented sponges to a chemical that disrupted the cell-cell interaction (cell junction), and the cells of the sponges dissociated. Wilson then mixed the cells of the two species and removed the chemical that caused the cells to dissociate. Wilson found that the sponges reassembled into two separate species. The cells from one species did not interact or form associations with the cells of the other species. How do you explain the results of Wilson's experiments? A) One cell functioned as the nucleus for each organism, thereby attracting only cells of the same pigment. B) The two species of sponge had different enzymes that functioned in the reassembly process. C) The molecules responsible for cell-cell adhesion (cell junctions) were irreversibly destroyed during the experiment. D) the molecules responsible for cell-cell adhesion (cell junctions) differed between the two species of sponge.
D) the molecules responsible for cell-cell adhesion (cell junctions) differed between the two species of sponge.
26. In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the enzymes of the peroxisome remove hydrogen from these molecules and ___________. A) use the hydrogen to break down hydrogen peroxide B) combine the hydrogen with water molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide C) transfer the hydrogen to the mitochondria D) transfer the hydrogen to oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide
D) transfer the hydrogen to oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide
190.which tree depicts the microspodians as a sister group of the fungi, rather than as a fungus.
D)IV
105. Scientific theories _________.
A) cannot be tested because the described events occurred only one
166. Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium?
C) chloroplasts
86. If a cell is able to synthesize 30 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, approximately how many ATP molecules can the cell synthesize for each molecule of pyruvate oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?
A) 14
164. What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on earth?
A) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 (Origin of cyanobacteria, origin of mitochondria, origin of chloroplasts, origin of multicellular eukaryotes, and origin of fungal-plant symbioses.)
119. Suppose 64% of a remote mountain village can taste phenylthiocarbamine (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy-Weinberg expectations for this gene, what percent of the population must be heterozygous for this trait?
A) 48%
171. Assuming that the rate of sea-floor spreading was constant during the one-million-year period depicted above, what should be the approximate age of marine fossils found in undisturbed sedimentary rock immediately overlying the igneous rock at the arrow labeled "II"?
A) 500,000 years
33. Which component is a protein fiber of the extracellular matrix? A) A B) B C) C D) E
A) A
104. Which of the following, if discovered, could refute our current understanding of the pattern of evolution?
A) diverse fossils of mammals in Precambrian rock
56.A number of systems for pumping ions across membranes are powered by ATP. Such ATP-powered pumps are often called ATPases, although they do not often hydrolyze ATP unless they are simultaneously transporting ions. Because small increases in calcium ions in the cytosol can trigger a number of different intracellular reactions, cells keep the cytosolic calcium concentration quite low under normal conditions, using ATP-powered calcium pumps. For example, muscle cells transport calcium from the cytosol into the membranous system called the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). If a resting muscle cell's cytosol has a free calcium ion concentration of 10^-7 while the concentration in the SR is 10^-2, then how is the ATPase acting? A) ATPase activity must be pumping calcium from the cytosol to the SR against the concentration gradient. B) ATPase activity must be transferring Pi to the SR to enable this to occur. C)
A) ATPase activity must be pumping calcium from the cytosol to the SR against the concentration gradient.
182.if one organ is an exaptation of another organ, then these two organs
A) Are homologous
92.During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, " The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?
A) Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.
192.If organisms A,B, and C belong to the same class but different orders and if organisms C,D, and E belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structure homology?
A) D and E
160. Which of the following would be the LEAST likely in the fossil record?
A) Desert dwelling species
131. IF there is no gene flow, the curve shifts to the left and to the right, and the population size consequently increases over successive generations, which of the following is most likely occurring?
A) Directional Selection
58.You have discovered an enzyme that can catalyze two different chemical reactions. Which of the following is most likely to be correct?
A) Either the enzyme has two distinct active sites or the reactants involved in the two reactions are very similar in size and shape.
130. Arrange the following in order from most general to most specific...
A) Evolution, Microevolution, Natural Selection, Sexual Selection, Intrasexual Selection (4,2,1,5,3)
188. Which tree depicts the microsporidians as a sister group of the ascomycetes
A) I
55. When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What happens to the inorganic phosphate in the cell? A) It may be used to form a phosphorylated intermediate B) It enters the nucleus and affects gene expression C) It is secreted as waste D) It is used only to regenerate more ATP
A) It may be used to form a phosphorylated intermediate
118. Every HIV particle contains two RNA molecules. If two genes from one RNA molecule become detached and then, as a unit, get attached to one end of the other RNA molecule withing a single HIV particle, which of these is true?
A) One of the RNA molecules has experienced gene duplication as the result of translocation.
157. The first genetic material on earth was probably _________.
A) Self-replicating RNA molecules
102. Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are classified in the genus Loxodanta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus, which statement should be true?
A) Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z.
70. In a biological reaction, succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, a substance that resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the amount of succinate molecules to those of malonic acid reduces the inhibitory effect in malonic acid. Select the correct identification of the molecules described in the reaction.
A) Succinate in the substrate, and fumarate is the product in the reaction
96. A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed inches field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed. Which of these explanations best explains what happened?
A) Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce
44. Refer to the figure. If you examine side A after three days, you should find _____. A) a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and a decrease in the water level B) a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and glucose and an increase in the water level C) no change in the concentration of NaCl and glucose and an increase in the water level D) a decrease in the concentration of NaCl, an increase in water level, and no change in the concentration of glucose
A) a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and a decrease in the water level
49. Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy? A) a molecule of glucose B) a crawling beetle foraging for food C) light flashes emitted by a firefly D) water rushing over Niagara Falls
A) a molecule of glucose
59.Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's _____.
A) activation energy
77. Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?
A) an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized
29. Some regions of the plasma membrane, called lipid rafts, have a higher concentration of cholesterol molecules. At higher temperatures, these regions __________. A) are less fluid than the surrounding membrane B) detach from the plasma membrane and clog arteries C) have higher rates of lateral diffusion of lipids and proteins into and out of these regions D) are more fluid than the surrounding membrane
A) are less fluid than the surrounding membrane
1.In comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes _______. A) are smaller B) do not have membranes C) are more structurally complex D) are larger
A) are smaller
2. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the complexity of biological systems? A) An understanding of the interactions between different components within a living system is a key goal of a systems biology approach to understanding biological complexity. B) Understanding the chemical structure of DNA reveals how it directs the functioning of a living cell. C) Knowing the function of a component of a living system can provide insight into its structure and organization. D) An ecosystem displays complex properties not present in the individual communities within it.
B) Understanding the chemical structure of DNA reveals how it directs the functioning of a living cell.
162. To assign absolute dates to fossils in this sediment core, it would be most helpful if ___.
B) Volcanic ash layers were regularly interspersed between sedimentary strata
111. Which of these is the extant (that is, living) species most closely related to species X?
B) W
177. A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back helped make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This type of change is illustrative of _____.
B) a change in a developmental gene or its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts
168. You are the lucky student of a professor who develops a time machine. He asks if you will test it with him. You get in and there i an immediate glitch-the date readout fails so that when you land you are not sure what era you are in. Your professor begins to panic, but you see something that tells you that you are in the Cenozoic era. Which of the following could it be?
B) a rabbit eating a daisy
99. A population of organisms will not evolve if ____.
B) all individual variation is due only to environmental factors
173. What does the circled part of the phylogenetic tree above indicate?
B) an adaptive radiation and rapid speciation
114. Which variable is likely to undergo the largest change in value resulting from a mutation that introduces a new allele into a population at a locus for which all individuals formerly had been fully homozygous?
B) average heterozygosity
64. Which of the following represents the activation energy required for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the figure?
B) b
137. Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange btwn their gene pools
B) biological
85. When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the _______.
B) creation of a proton-motive force
17. How would acidification of seawater affect marine organisms? Acidification of seawater would __________. A) decrease dissolved carbonate concentrations and promote faster growth of corals and shell-building animals B) decrease dissolved carbonate concentrations and hinder growth of corals and shell-building animals C) increase dissolved carbonate concentrations and promote faster growth of corals and shell-building animals D) increase dissolved carbonate concentrations and hinder growth of corals and shell-building animals
B) decrease dissolved carbonate concentrations and hinder growth of corals and shell-building animals
133. Two populations of birds w somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate btwn the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. The two populations are ___
B) different subspecies, under the morphological species concept
136. Macroevolution is___
B) evolution above the species level
97. After the drought of 1977, researchers on the island of Daphne Major hypothesized that medium ground finches that had large, deep beaks, survived better than those with smaller beaks because they could more easily crack and eat the tough Tribulus cistoides fruits. A tourist company sets up reliable feeding stations with a variety of bird seeds (different types and sizes) so that tourists can get a better look at the finches. Which of these events is now most likely to occur to finch beaks on this island?
B) evolution of yet larger, deeper beaks over time, until all birds have relatively large, deep beaks
185.which of these fly organs, as they exist in the description above, best illustrates an exaptation
B) halteres
120. For a biologist studying a small fish population in the lab, which Hardy-Weinberg condition is easiest to meet?
B) no mutation
175. Bagworm moth caterpillars feed on evergreens and carry a silken case or bag around with them in which they eventually pupate. Adult female bagworm moths are larval in appearance they lack the wings and other structures of the adult male and instead retain the appearance of a caterpillar even though they are sexually mature and can lay eggs within the bag. This is a good example of _____.
B) paedomorphosis
30. Which of these are NOT embedded in the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer at all? A) transmembrane proteins B) peripheral proteins C) integral proteins D) All of these are embedded in the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer.
B) peripheral proteins
193.Linnaeus believed that species remained fixed in the form in which they had been created. Linnaeus would have been uncomfortable with _______.
B) phylogenies
174. On the basis of their morphologies, how might Linnaeus have classified the Hawaiian silverswords? Linnaeus would have _____.
B) placed more of them in different genera than modern botanists do.
12. Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule depicted here is most likely ________. A) nonpolar B) positively charged C) without charge D) negatively charged
B) positively charged
140. Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the embryos stop developing after a day, and then die. These two frog species separate by ____
B) reduced hybrid viability
14. Identical heat lamps are arranged to shine on two identical containers, one containing water and one methanol (wood alcohol), so that each liquid absorbs the same amount of energy every minute by minute. The covalent bonds of methanol molecules are nonpolar, so there are no hydrogen bonds among methanol molecules. Which of the following graphs correctly describes what will happen to the temperature of the water and the methanol? A) SEE CHART B) SEE CHART C) SEE CHART D) SEE CHART
C - SEE CHART
75. Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis?
C) 100%
16. What is the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution of pH 8? A) 8 x 10⁻⁶ M B) 10⁻⁶ M C) 10⁻⁸ M D) 8 M
C) 10⁻⁸ M
161. If the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5730 years, then a fossil that has one-sixteenth the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 should be about how many years old?
C) 22,900
93. If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum?
C) A
34. Which component is a microfilament (actin filament) of the cytoskeleton? A) A B) B C) C D) D
C) C
167. Which listing of geological periods is in correct order, from oldest to most recent?
C) Cambrian, Devonian, Permian, Cretaceous
5. Refer to the accompanying figure. In every case, caterpillars that feed on oak flowers look like oak flowers. In every case, caterpillars that were raised on oak leaves looked like twigs. These results support which of the following hypotheses? A) Differences in air pressure, due to elevation, trigger the development of different types of caterpillars. B) The differences are genetic. A female will either produce all flowerlike caterpillars or all twig-like caterpillars. C) Differences in diet trigger the development of different types of caterpillars. D) The longer day lengths of summer trigger the development of twig-like caterpillars.
C) Differences in diet trigger the development of different types of caterpillars.
115. Which statement about the beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major during prolonged drought is true?
C) Each bird's survival was strongly influenced by the depth and strength of its beak as the drought persisted.
179. Why would gene duplication events, such as those seen in the Hox gene complex, set the stage for adaptive radiation?
C) One copy of a gene can perform the original function, while other copies are available to take on new functions.
100.Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?
C) Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows
195.Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family. If the molecular data best reflect the evolutionary history of these two groups, then the two morphological similarities of these two species is most likely due to _______.
C) Possession of analogous (convergent) traits
194. Based on this tree, which statement is NOT correct?
C) Salamanders are as closely related to goats as to humans
3. In the diagram below, "A" is _______; "B" is ________. A) the common ancestor of all life; the common ancestor of Bacteria and Archaea B) the most recent species to evolve on Earth; an ancestor of group "A" C) the common ancestor of alllife; the last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya D) he most recent species to evolve on Earth; the last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya
C) The common ancestor of all life; the last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya
69. Protein kinases are enzymes that transfer the terminal phosphate from ATP to an amino acid residue on the target protein. Many are located on the plasma membrane as integral membrane proteins or peripheral membrane proteins. What purpose may be served by their plasma membrane localization?
C) They can more readily encounter and phosphorylate other membrane proteins
107. Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?
C) Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits.
110. [Diagram] Which species is most closely related to species W?
C) V is most closely related to species W.
48. What would be observed by live-cell fluorescence microscopy immediately after HIV entry if HIV is endocytosed first, and then later fuses with the endocytotic vesicle membrane? A) The red fluorescent dye-labeled lipids will appear in the infected cell's interior. B) A spot of red fluorescent will remain outside the cell after delivering the viral capsid. C) A spot of red fluorescence will be visible on the infected cell's plasma membrane, marking the site of membrane fusion and HIV entry. D) A spot of red fluorescence will diffuse in the infected cell's cytoplasm.
C) a spot of red fluorescence will be visible on the infected cell's plasma membrane, marking the site of membrane fusion and HIV entry.
89. Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation) occurs in _______.
C) all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors
66. With respect to the enzyme that converts X to Y, substance A functions as....
C) an allosteric inhibitor
154. According to the biological species concept, for speciation to occur,_________.
C) at least one gene, affecting at least one phenotypic trait, must change
47. In an HIV-infected cell producing HIV virus particles, the viral glycoproteins get to the plasma membrane? They are synthesized ____________. A) on ribosomes on the plasma membrane B) on free cytoplasmic ribosomes and then inserted into the plasma membrane C) by ribosomes in the rough ER and arrive at the plasma membrane in the membrane of secretory vesicles D) by ribosomes in the rough ER, secreted from the cell, and inserted into the plasma membrane from the outside
C) by ribosomes in the rough ER and arrive at the plasma membrane in the membrane of secretory vesicles
4. Refer to the accompanying figure. Which one of the following in NOT a plausible hypothesis to explain the differences in caterpillar appearance observed in this population? A) Differences in diet trigger the development of different types of caterpillars. B) The cooler temperatures of spring trigger the development of flowerlike caterpillars. C) The longer day lengths of summer trigger the development of twig-like caterpillars. D) Differences in air pressure, due to differences in elevation, trigger the development of different types of caterpillars.
D) Differences in air pressure, due to differences in elevation, trigger the development of different types of caterpillars.
159. Which section of sea-floor crust should have the thickest layer of overlying sediment, assuming a continuous rate of sediment deposition?
D) E
32. Which component is cholesterol? A) B B) C C) D D) E
D) E
158. Which of the following steps has yet to be accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life?
D) Formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids
53. In solution, why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily than condensation reactions? A) Hydrolysis increases entropy and is endergonic B) Hydrolysis raises G, or Gibbs free energy C) Hydrolysis decreases entropy and is exergonic D) Hydrolysis increases entropy and is exergonic
D) Hydrolysis increases entropy and is exergonic
152. Male frogs give calls that attract female frogs to approach and mate. Researchers examined mating calls of closely related but separate species of tree frogs in South America. What outcomes could possibly occur where the ranges of two species overlap?
D) I, II, and III
198.Which of the following would be useful in creating a phylogenetic tree of a taxon?
D) I, II, and III
156. Which of the following sequence of events in the origin of life?
D) II, III, I, IV
54. Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism? A) Its terminal phosphate bond has higher energy than the other two phosphate bonds B) Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions C) Its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that, when hydrolyzed, releases free energy D) It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions
D) It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions
94. Which pair of scientists below would probably have agreed with the process that is depicted by this tree?
D) Lamarck and Wallace
6. Refer to the accompanying figure. Recall that eggs from the same female were exposed to each of the eight treatments used. This aspect of the experimental design tested which of the following hypotheses? A) Differences in diet trigger the development of different types of caterpillars. B) The longer day lengths of summer trigger the development of twig-like caterpillars. C) Differences in air pressure, due to elevation, trigger the development of different types of caterpillars. D) The differences are genetic. A female will either produce all flowerlike caterpillars or all twig-like caterpillars.
D) The differences are genetic. A female will either produce all flower-like caterpillars or all twig-like caterpillars
50. For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics? A) The energy content of an organism is constant. B) The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism grows in complexity. C) Organisms grow by converting energy into organic matter. D) The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment.
D) The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment.
42. A patient was involved a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water - equal to the volume of blood lost - is added to the blood directly via one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion? A) The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells. B) The patient's red blood cells will burst because the blood has become hypertonic compared to the cells. C) The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood has become hypertonic compared to the cells. D) The patient's red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells.
D) The patient's red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells.
169. What is true of the Cambrian explosion?
D) There are fossils of animals in geological strata that are older than the Cambrian explosion.
39. When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment, which of the following occurs for substances that can diffuse through the cell? A) There is directed movement of substances into and out of the cell. B) All movement of molecules is directed by active transport. C) There is no movement of substances into and out of the cell. D) There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell.
D) There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell.
103. Currently, two of the living elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta and a third surviving species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Assuming this classification reflects evolutionary relatedness, which of the following is the most accurate phylogenetic tree?
D) Z, X+Y
8. The partial negative charge at the end of a water molecule is attracted to the partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called? A) a van der Waals interaction B) a covalent bond C) an ionic bond D) a hydrogen bond
D) a hydrogen bond
7. In the process of science, which of these is tested? A) a result B) an observation C) a control group D) a hypothesis
D) a hypothesis
65.What is substance X?
D) a substrate
81. Which of the following is formed by the removal of a carbon (as CO₂) from a molecule of pyruvate?
D) acetyl CoA
180. All of the following events can trigger an adaptive radiation EXCEPT _____.
D) an unusual event splitting a habitat, such as a severe hurricane
51. Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell? A) hydrolysis B) catabolic reactions C) digestion D) anabolic reactions
D) anabolic reactions
187.endosymbiosis is an evolutionary theory that explains the orfin of eukaryotes and suggests a specific order in which this might have occurred
D)as earth was becoming more aerobic mitochondria would have provided an advantage to host cells by converting "toxic" oxygen into energy for heterotrophic cells. Since mitochondria are found in all eukaryotes, these combinations likely evolved first. Photosynthesis eukaryotes probably acquired an autotrophic prokaryote, which developed an advantageous symbiotic relationship with the host cell
126. Soon after the island of Hawaii rose above the sea surface (somewhat less than one million years ago), the evolution of life on this new island should have been most strongly influenced by...
D. Habitat Differentiation
123. In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the "pq" in the term 2pq is necessary because ______
D. Heterozygotes have two alleles
129. Which of the following is a fitness trade-off (compromise)?
D. Turtle shells provide protection but are heavy and burdensome when moving
142. The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is _____
D. a species
143. House finches were found only in western North America until 1939, when a few individuals were released in New York City. These individuals established a breeding population and gradually expanded their range. The western population also expanded its range somewhat eastward, and when their expanding ranges met, it would be an example of _____
D. allopatric speciation
144. Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of ___
D. polyploidy
149. Why should deepwater shrimp on different sides of the isthmus have diverged from each other earlier than shallow-water shrimp?
D. they have been geographically isolated from each other for a long time.