Ap Bio

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17. A large population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a number of generations. After several generations, 49 percent of the animals display a recessive trait (bb), the same percentage as at the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominant phenotype, with heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants. What is the frequency of allele b in the gene pool?

0.70

Five new species of bacteria were discovered in Antarctic ice core samples. The nucleotide (base) sequences of rRNA subunits were determined for the new species. The table below shows the number of nucleotide differences between the species. Which of the following phylogenetic trees is most consistent with the data?

3 4 2 1 5

The cladogram shown below depicts an accepted model of the evolutionary relationships among selected species. The amino acid at position 104 in the beta-hemoglobin protein for each of these four organisms is listed below. The validity of the cladogram is best supported by molecular evidence for which of the following changes in the amino acid composition of the beta-hemoglobin protein during the evolution of these species?

Arginine to leucine at position X on the cladogram

A number of different phylogenies (evolutionary trees) have been proposed by scientists. These phylogenies are useful because they can be used to

B evaluate which groups of organisms may be most closely related

Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data?

Bonobos are more closely related to humans than to gorillas because bonobos and humans share a more recent common ancestor than bonobos and gorillas do.

Based on morphological characteristics, the phylogenetic tree above has been developed for species I, II, III, and IV. DNA sequencing has recently been completed for a particular gene found in all four species. The sequencing will provide additional information for answering which of the following questions?

C Are species III and IV the most closely related?

Transposable elements are significant features in the genomes of almost all eukaryotic organisms. The accumulation of these elements in various species can help determine their relatedness. Table 1 indicates the presence ( ) or absence ( ) of 5 segments of that have been moved by transposition (transposons) in 6 primate species. Which of the following best predicts how phylogenetic relationships might be revised if transposon 1 was not found in chimpanzees?

Chimpanzees would be more closely related to humans than to bonobos.

18. The fossils in a layer of rock are significantly different from those in the rock layer directly above it. One hypothesis to explain the difference is that a major extinction event occurred at the point in time represented by the transition between the two rock layers. Which of the following is the best plan for collecting data to use in a test of the hypothesis?

Examining the upper part of the lower rock layer for evidence of a catastrophic event, such as the presence of shocked quartz, iridium, or soot particles

The table above shows derived characters for selected organisms. Based on the information in the table, which of the following cladograms best represents the evolutionary relationships among the organisms?

Fish , Amphibians , crocodilians , birds and mammals

Experimental evidence shows that the process of glycolysis is present and virtually identical in organisms from all three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Which of the following hypotheses could be best supported by this evidence?

Glycolysis is a universal energy-releasing process and therefore suggests a common ancestor for all forms of life.

19. Which of the following observations best supports the hypothesis that a large object collided with Earth in a period of time associated with a mass extinction?

Iridium, which is common in meteorites but rare on Earth, is found in sedimentary rock that contains the last appearance of many species in the fossil record.

To determine the evolutionary history and relationships among organisms, scientists gather evidence from a wide variety of sources including paleontology, embryology, morphology, behavior, and molecular biology. A phylogenetic tree of vertebrates is shown. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the phylogenetic tree shown?

The common ancestor of reptiles, birds, and mammals produced amniotic eggs.

8. All of the following are examples of prezygotic genetic isolating mechanisms EXCEPT:

The progeny of a cross between two different lizard species fail to develop properly.

Data regarding the presence (+) or absence (-) of five derived traits in several different species are shown in the table below. Which of the following cladograms provides the simplest and most accurate representation of the data in the table?

Y W V Z X

Scientists are studying several populations of finches on neighboring islands in the South Pacific. Previous genetic analysis has shown that a single gene controls tail-feather length in the finch populations and that the allele for long tail feathers is dominant to the allele for short tail feathers . On two separate islands, the scientists recorded the number of finches with long tail feathers and the number of finches with short tail feathers. The results are shown in the table below. If the two finch populations are each in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and are isolated from each other, then which of the following graphs correctly displays the relative genotype frequencies?

c

The table above shows the presence (+) or absence (-) of three different derived characters (vascular tissue, seeds, and flowers) for several selected plant species. The cladogram below was created based on the information in the table to represent groups of related species. The presence of the derived characters is indicated with arrows. Group IV of the cladogram most likely includes which of the following species?

p and s only

The fossil record indicates that in some cases reasonably well-defined species appear suddenly and remain unchanged for a long time before they become extinct. This phenomenon is referred to as

punctuated equilibrium

The condition in which there are barriers to successful interbreeding between individuals of different species in the same community is referred to as

reproductive isolation

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is an organic molecule necessary for the health of plants and animals. The majority of animals, including most mammals, synthesize ascorbic acid from organic precursors, but some primates are unable to synthesize ascorbic acid and must instead acquire it from dietary sources, such as certain fruits and vegetables. The L-gulonolactone oxidase (GULO) gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes a required step in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid. Most mammals carry a functional copy of the GULO gene, but some primates carry only a GULO pseudogene, which is a nonfunctional variant. A comparison of GULO genes and GULO pseudogenes from different animals can provide insight into the evolutionary relatedness of the animals. In Table I, selected members of some mammalian groups are listed, along with an indication of their ability to synthesize ascorbic acid. Table II shows an alignment of amino acid coding sequences from homologous regions of the GULO genes and GULO pseudogenes of the organisms listed in Table I. Figure 1 represents the universal genetic code. Which of the following phylogenetic trees best illustrates (with the X) the point at which the mutation in the GULO gene most likely occurred during the evolutionary history of these organisms?

x on branch before the orangutan , chimpanzee , and human


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