ap bio 45-51

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Which of the following experiments best addresses the hypothesis that moths stop flying in response to high-intensity bat sounds? A) Isolate and characterize the neurons that control flight muscle. B) Play prerecorded high-intensity bat sounds to flying moths. C) Observe responses of moths to bats in nature. D) Put bats and moths in an enclosure and make detailed observations of predator-prey interactions.

Which of the following has a coefficient of relatedness of 0.25? A) a father to his daughter B) an uncle to his nephew C) a brother to his brother D) a sister to her brother

Which of the following structures in females is analogous in function to the vas deferens in males? A) urethra B) oviduct C) uterus D) vagina

10) Hormone X activates the cAMP second messenger system in its target cells. The greatest response by a cell would come from _____. A) applying a molecule of hormone X to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell B) injecting a molecule of hormone X into the cytoplasm of the cell C) applying a molecule of cAMP to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell D) injecting a molecule of activated, cAMP-dependent protein kinase into the cytoplasm of the cell

12) Based on their effects, which pair below would NOT be expected to be active at the same time and place? A) prostaglandin and nitric oxide B) endocrine and exocrine glands C) hormones and target cells D) neurosecretory cells and neurotransmitters

13) The steroid hormone that coordinates molting in arthropods is _____. A) ecdysteroid B) glucagon C) thyroxine D) growth hormone

15) The cell is not hyperpolarized; however, repolarization is in progress, as the sodium channels are closing or closed, and many potassium channels have opened at label _____. A) B B) C C) D D) E

19) Which of the following ions is most likely to cross the plasma membrane of a resting neuron? A) K+ B) Na+ C) Ca2+ D) Cl-

2) In experiments where researchers suspect that a hormone may be responsible for a certain physiological effect, they may cut the neurons leading to the organ where the effect being studied occurs. What is the purpose of cutting these neurons? A) to make sure that the effect is not occurring through actions in the nervous system B) to make sure that the organ being affected cannot function unless the researchers stimulate it with an external electrical probe C) to impair the normal functions of the organ so that the hormonal effect can be more easily studied D) to numb the organ so that it can be probed without inducing pain in the lab animal

21) What property of steroid hormones allows them to cross the phospholipid bilayer? A) Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and easily cross the phospholipid bilayer. B) Steroid hormones can act in very small concentrations and very few molecules of steroids need to cross the lipid bilayer. C) Steroid hormones act on cells close to where they were produced and very few molecules are required to travel such a short distance to cross the lipid bilayer. D) Steroid hormones act on the same cells in which they are produced and, therefore, are within the cell they are acting upon.

23) When adenylyl cyclase is activated ________. A) cAMP is created B) cAMP is destroyed C) G proteins bind to cAMP D) steroid hormones pass through the lipid bilayer

24) Self-propagation and refractory periods (states) are typical of _____. A) action potentials B) graded hyperpolarizations C) excitatory postsynaptic potentials D) threshold potentials

28) After the depolarization phase of an action potential, the resting potential is restored by _____. A) the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the closing of sodium channels B) a decrease in the membrane's permeability to potassium and chloride ions C) a brief inhibition of the sodium-potassium pump D) the opening of more voltage-gated sodium channels

28) When the beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood, _____. A) the skeletal muscles and the adipose cells take up glucose at a faster rate B) the liver catabolizes glycogen C) the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucose into the blood D) the kidneys begin gluconeogenesis

29) The steroid hormone that coordinates molting in arthropods is _____. A) ecdysteroid B) glucagon C) thyroxine D) growth hormone

32) The relationship between the insect hormones ecdysteroid and PTTH is an example of _____. A) an interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems B) competitive inhibition of a hormone receptor C) how peptide-derived hormones have more widespread effects than steroid hormones D) homeostasis maintained by antagonistic hormones

40) Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesized in the _____. A) hypothalamus B) adenohypophysis C) anterior pituitary D) posterior pituitary

43) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) occurs in a membrane made more permeable to _____. A) potassium ions B) sodium ions C) ATP D) all neurotransmitter molecules

46) Ionotropic receptors found at synapses are operated via _____. A) ligand-gated ion channels B) electrical synapses C) inhibitory, but not excitatory, synapses D) excitatory, but not inhibitory, synapses

47) Nitric oxide and epinephrine _____. A) both function as neurotransmitters B) both function as steroid hormones C) bind the same receptors D) both cause a reduction in the blood levels of glucose

49) The amino acid tyrosine is a starting substrate for the synthesis of _____. A) epinephrine B) steroid hormones C) parathyroid hormone D) acetylcholine

5) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by _____. A) the presynaptic membrane B) axon hillocks C) cell bodies D) ducts on the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

50) When two excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) occur at a single synapse so rapidly in succession that the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential has not returned to the resting potential before the second EPSP arrives, the EPSPs add together producing _____. A) temporal summation B) spatial summation C) tetanus D) the refractory state

54) The botulinum toxin, which causes botulism, reduces the synaptic release of _____. A) acetylcholine B) endorphin C) nitric oxide D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

55) The heart rate decreases in response to the arrival of _____. A) acetylcholine B) endorphin C) nitric oxide D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

57) People with type II diabetes mellitus have defective insulin receptors that cannot respond to insulin properly. Relative to normal individuals, what would be the effect on blood glucose levels under conditions of chronic stress that kept blood cortisol levels high? There would be _____. A) a greater increase in blood glucose levels in individuals with type II diabetes mellitus than in normal individuals B) less increase in blood glucose levels in individuals with type II diabetes mellitus than in normal individuals C) be a greater decrease in blood glucose levels in individuals with type II diabetes mellitus than in normal individuals D) less decrease in blood glucose levels in individuals with type II diabetes mellitus than in normal individuals

57) Which of the following is a direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal? A) Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open. B) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane. C) The postsynaptic cell produces an action potential. D) Ligand-gated channels open, allowing neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft.

58) Osteoporosis is a condition in which the density of bones is decreased so much that the individual is at a higher risk of fractures. The more calcium in the bones, the better the bone density. Which of the following would produce the greatest increase in bone calcium levels? A) calcitonin injection B) calcitonin receptor blocker C) parathyroid hormone injection D) glucagon receptor blocker

59) Predict the effects of a drug that increases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) synthesis. A) increase in glucocorticoid production B) increase in release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) C) decrease in cortisol release D) decrease in release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

6) Aspirin and ibuprofen both _____. A) inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins B) inhibit the release of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator C) activate the paracrine signaling pathways that form blood clots D) stimulate vasoconstriction in the kidneys

6) In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by _____. A) the postsynaptic membrane B) the presynaptic membrane C) axon hillocks D) cell bodies

62) What happens if a neuron is stimulated enough midway in an axon to trigger an action potential? A) The nerve impulse would go both directions from the stimulus point, but only the axon end could transfer the message trough neurotransmitters to another neuron. B) Since neuron transmission is one-way, the nerve impulse would only be transmitted to the end of the axon and then through neurotransmitters to the next neuron. C) The nerve impulse could not be transmitted because it must be initiated at the dendrite end of a neuron. D) The nerve impulse would go both directions and the dendrite end would be stimulated to send a second message through this neuron.

63) C.elegans is a model organism and was the first eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced. The free-living nematode is often used in laboratories investigating reproduction, particularly egg-laying. There are 16 muscles, 2 types of neurons, and multiple receptors involved in the process of laying eggs in C.elegans, and there are mutations in all of those structures for the study of the process. One particular mutation that prevents the laying of eggs by the worm is rescued by the neurotransmitter, serotonin. That rescue suggests that this mutation is most likely in which of the following? A) a post-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying B) a pre-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying C) a receptor for serotonin on cells needed for egg-laying D) one of the muscles needed for egg-laying

7) Although the membrane of a "resting" neuron is highly permeable to potassium ions, its membrane potential does not exactly match the equilibrium potential for potassium because the neuronal membrane is also _____. A) slightly permeable to sodium ions B) fully permeable to calcium ions C) impermeable to sodium ions D) highly permeable to chloride ions

A cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top, through which the sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the earphone and go through all of the steps of copulation. What is the best explanation for this behavior? A) Copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that initiates it. B) The sound from the earphone irritates the male mosquitoes, causing them to attempt to sting it. C) The reproductive drive is so strong that when males are deprived of females, they will attempt to mate with anything that has even the slightest female characteristic. D) Through classical conditioning, the male mosquitoes have associated the inappropriate stimulus from the earphone with the normal response of copulation.

A region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the nonbreeding season and enlarges when breeding season begins. This change is probably associated with the annual _____. A) addition of new syllables to a canary's song repertoire B) crystallization of subsong into adult songs C) renewal of mating and nest-building behaviors D) elimination of the memorized template for songs sung the previous year

A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation? A) sign stimulus B) cognition C) imprinting D) classical conditioning

After eating a large meal, which nerves are most active in your digestive system? I) parasympathetic nerves II) somatic (motor) nerves III) sympathetic nerves A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III

Among mammals, the male and female genital structures that consist of erectile tissue include the _____. A) penis and clitoris B) vas deferens and oviduct C) testes and ovaries D) prostate and ovaries

An injury to the occipital lobe will likely impair the function of the _____. A) primary visual cortex B) thalamus C) sense of taste D) sense of touch

Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to their parent. What type of cell process occurs to generate this type of offspring? A) mitosis B) meiosis C) cell fusion

At the time of fertilization, the maturation of the human oogonium has resulted in _____. A) one secondary oocyte B) two primary oocytes C) four secondary oocytes D) four zygotes

Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that _____. A) schizophrenia typically involves hallucinations B) schizophrenia typically involves manic and depressive states C) bipolar disorder involves both genes and environment D) bipolar disorder increases biogenic amines

Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function. A) astrocytes — metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness B) oligodendrocytes — produce the myelin sheaths of myelinated neurons in the peripheral nervous system C) radial glia — the source of immunoprotection against pathogens D) Schwann cells — provide nutritional support to non-myelinated neurons

Evidence that parthenogenic whiptail lizards are derived from sexually reproducing ancestors includes _____. A) the requirement for male-like behaviors in some females before their partners will ovulate B) the development and then regression of testes prior to sexual maturation C) the observation that all of the offspring are haploid D) the persistence of a vestigial penis among some of the females

For your internship at the local zoo, you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan- breeding program. Little is known about orangutan reproductive hormones, but hormone feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals. You have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormones to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit. Refer to the paragraph on the orangutan breeding program. Which of the following hormones would you use if you want to induce ovulation in a few days? A) estradiol (estrogen) B) progesterone C) luteinizing hormone (LH) D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Fred and Joe, two unrelated, mature male gorillas, encounter one another. Fred is courting a female. Fred grunts as Joe comes near. As Joe continues to advance, Fred begins drumming (pounding his chest) and bares his teeth. Joe then rolls on the ground on his back, gets up, and quickly leaves. This behavioral pattern is repeated several times during the mating season. Choose the most specific behavior described by this example. A) agonistic behavior B) territorial behavior C) learned behavior D) fixed action pattern

Which of the following shows a brain structure correctly paired with one of its primary functions? A) frontal lobe — decision making B) occipital lobe — control of skeletal muscles C) temporal lobe — visual processing D) occipital lobe — speech production

Which of the following statements about evolution of behavior is correct? A) Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction. B) An animal may show behavior that minimizes reproductive fitness. C) If a behavior is less than optimal, it will eventually become optimal through natural selection. D) Innate behaviors cannot be altered by natural selection.

17) If you experimentally increase the concentration of Na+ outside a cell while maintaining other ion concentrations as they were, what would happen to the cell's membrane potential? A) The membrane potential would decrease. B) The membrane potential would increase. C) The membrane potential would be unaffected. D) The answer depends on the thermodynamic potential.

20) The Nernst equation specifies the equilibrium potential for a particular ion. This equilibrium potential is a function of _____. A) hydrostatic pressure B) ion concentration gradient C) osmotic gradient D) temperature (thermal) gradient

21) For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in the _____. A) depolarization of the neuron B) hyperpolarization of the neuron C) replacement of potassium ions with sodium ions D) replacement of potassium ions with calcium ions

43) Which of the following is the most likely explanation for hypothyroidism in a patient whose iodine level is normal? A) greater production of T3 than of T4 B) hyposecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) C) hypersecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) D) a decrease in the thyroid secretion of calcitonin

44) When a person drinks alcohol, the rate of urination increases. This suggests that antidiuretic hormone (ADH) may be affected by alcohol consumption in some way. Which of the following best accounts for the increase in urination? A) Alcohol stimulates the release of ADH. B) Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH. C) Alcohol inhibits the binding of ADH to receptors in the nephron. D) Alcohol could inhibit ADH release or the binding of ADH to receptors in the nephron.

45) Removing which of the following glands would have the most wide-reaching effect on bodily functions of an adult human? A) adrenal glands B) pituitary gland C) thyroid gland D) ovaries (in female) or testes (in male)

47) An example of ligand-gated ion channels is _____. A) the spreading of action potentials in the heart B) acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction C) cAMP-dependent protein kinases D) action potentials on the axon

49) Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) produced nearly simultaneously by different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron can also add together, creating _____. A) a temporal summation B) a spatial summation C) a tetanus D) the refractory state

5) Prostaglandins are local regulators whose chemical structure is derived from _____. A) oligosaccharides B) fatty acids C) steroids D) amino acids

52) In response to stress, the adrenal gland promotes the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates via the action of the steroid hormone _____. A) glucagon B) cortisol C) thyroxine D) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

53) Melatonin is secreted by the_____. A) hypothalamus during the day B) pineal gland during the night C) autonomic nervous system during the winter D) posterior pituitary gland during the day

58) How could you increase the magnitude of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) generated at a synapse? A) increase sodium-potassium pump activity B) increase K+ permeability C) increase the influx of calcium D) All of the listed responses are correct.

60) Motor neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase degrades ACh in the synapse. If a neurophysiologist applies onchidal (a naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitor produced by the mollusc Onchidella binneyi) to a synapse, what would you expect to happen? A) paralysis of muscle tissue B) convulsions due to constant muscle stimulation C) decrease in the frequency of action potentials D) no effect

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the lack of a filter blocking the passage of alcohol between the maternal and fetal circulations in humans? A) There has not been enough time to evolve such a barrier. B) Such a barrier would probably also block important molecules that need to be passed to the fetus. C) The maternal and fetal blood mix directly together in an area with many villi, so a barrier is impossible. D) Alcohol has some positive effects on the fetus, so evolution has resulted in an intermediate level of filtering that blocks all but the worst abuses of alcohol.

During a field trip, an instructor touched a moth resting on a tree trunk. The moth raised its forewings to reveal large eyespots on its hind wings. The instructor asked why the moth lifted its wings. One student answered that sensory receptors had fired and triggered a neuronal reflex culminating in the contraction of certain muscles. A second student responded that the behavior might frighten predators. Which statement best describes these explanations? A) The first explanation is correct, but the second is incorrect. B) The first explanation refers to proximate causation, whereas the second refers to ultimate causation. C) The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis, whereas the second is not. D) Both explanations are reasonable and simply represent a difference of opinion.

59) What happens if twice as many inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) as excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) arrive at a postsynaptic neuron in close proximity? A) A stronger action potential results. B) A weaker action potential results. C) No action potential results.

60) Of the following types of molecules, which can function as both neurotransmitters and hormones? A) glucocorticoids B) second messengers C) catecholamines D) adipocytes

7) A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that hormone's _____. A) secretory cell B) endocrine cell C) target cell D) regulatory cell

A lizard's bobbing dewlap (a colorful flap of skin hanging from an Anolis lizard's throat) is an example of a(n) _____. A) stimulus B) reflex C) signal D) innate releasing mechanism

In vertebrate animals, spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in that _____. A) oogenesis begins at the onset of sexual maturity, whereas spermatogenesis begins during embryonic development B) oogenesis produces four functional haploid cells, whereas spermatogenesis produces only one functional spermatozoon C) cytokinesis is unequal in oogenesis, whereas it is equal in spermatogenesis D) oogenesis ends at menopause, whereas spermatogenesis is finished before birth

Labor contractions can be increased by the medical use of a synthetic drug that mimics the action of _____. A) inhibin B) luteinizing hormone C) oxytocin D) prolactin

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Choose the letter of the correct term (A-E) that matches each example in the following question(s). A. operant conditioning B. agonistic behavior C. innate behavior D. imprinting E. altruistic behavior A human baby performs a sucking behavior perfectly when it is put in the presence of the nipple of its mother's breast. A) A B) B C) C D) D

One of the complications of Alzheimer's disease is an interference with learning and memory. This disease would most likely involve _____. A) changes in the concentration of ions in the extracellular fluid surrounding neurons B) changes in myelination of axons C) molecular and structural changes at synapses D) structural changes to ion channels in axons

Our understanding of mental illness has been most advanced by discoveries involving the _____. A) degree of convolutions in the brain's surface B) sequence of developmental specialization C) chemicals involved in brain communications D) nature of the blood-brain barrier

Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty _____. A) generating speech B) recognizing faces C) understanding language D) experiencing emotion

Regeneration, the regrowth of lost body parts, normally follows _____. A) all types of asexual reproduction B) fission C) fragmentation D) parthenogenesis

Scientists have tried raising endangered whooping cranes in captivity by using sandhill cranes as foster parents. This strategy is no longer used because _____. A) the fostered whooping cranes' critical period was variable such that different chicks imprinted on different "mothers" B) sandhill crane parents rejected their fostered whooping crane chicks soon after incubation C) none of the fostered whooping cranes formed a mating pair-bond with another whooping crane D) sandhill crane parents did not properly incubate whooping crane eggs

The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have _____. A) a complete gut B) bilateral symmetry C) radial symmetry D) a closed circulatory system

The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the _____. A) axon hillock B) dendrite C) synapse D) glia

The surgical removal of the seminal vesicles would likely _____. A) cause sterility because sperm would not be produced B) cause sterility because sperm would not be able to exit the body C) greatly reduce the volume of semen D) cause the testes to migrate back into the abdominal cavity

The unconscious control of respiration and circulation are associated with the _____. A) thalamus B) cerebellum C) medulla oblongata D) cerebrum

Two contraceptive methods that are generally irreversible and which block the gametes from moving to a site where fertilization can occur are _____. A) the male condom and female condom B) the male condom and oral contraceptives C) vasectomy and tubal ligation D) the diaphragm and subcutaneous progesterone implant

Wakefulness is regulated by the reticular formation, which is present in the _____. A) basal nuclei B) cerebral cortex C) brainstem D) limbic system

Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect _____. A) olfaction B) vision C) speech D) hearing

What type of signal is brief and can work among obstructions at night? A) olfactory B) visual C) auditory D) magnetic

When Phineas Gage had a metal rod driven into his frontal lobe, or when someone had a frontal lobotomy, they would _____. A) lose their sense of balance B) lose all short-term memory C) have greatly altered emotional responses D) have greatly increased long-term memory

Which of the following examples describes a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause? A) A cat kills a mouse to obtain nutrition. B) A male sheep fights with another male because it helps to improve its social position. C) A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day. D) A goose squats and freezes motionless to escape a predator.

Which of the following is a challenge to the hypothesis that bats, which produce an unusually large number of sperm, increase the probability of conception when females engage in multiple matings? I) Female bats can eject the sperm of certain males after mating. II) A female can actively choose which male mates with her last, thus increasing the odds of conception with that male's sperm. A) Only I is correct. B) Only II is correct. C) Both I and II are correct.

Which of the following is required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection? A) The behavior is determined entirely by genes. B) The behavior is the same in all individuals in the population. C) An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed. D) The behavior is not genetically inherited.

A pregnant woman comes into the hospital past her due date. The doctor decides it is time for the baby to be delivered. Before performing a cesarean section, the doctor wants to try to induce labor. Which of the following would she most likely inject? A) progesterone B) luteinizing hormone (LH) C) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) D) oxytocin

A reproductive hormone that is secreted directly from a structure in the brain is _____. A) estradiol B) progesterone C) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) D) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A vasectomy _____. A) eliminates spermatogenesis B) eliminates testosterone synthesis C) prevents implantation of an embryo D) prevents sperm from exiting the male urethra

After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in front of him, but pays attention only to objects in his right field of vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely damaged by the stroke? A) the left frontal lobe B) the right frontal lobe C) the left parietal lobe D) the right parietal lobe

Asexual reproduction results in greater reproduction success than does sexual reproduction when _____. A) pathogens are rapidly diversifying B) there is some potential for rapid overpopulation C) a species is expanding into diverse geographic settings D) a species is in stable and favorable environments

Bottlenose dolphins breathe air but can sleep in the ocean because _____. A) they sleep for only thirty minutes at a time, which is the maximum interval they can cease breathing B) they fill their swim bladder with air to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water while they sleep C) they move to shallow water to sleep, so they do not need to swim to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water D) they alternate which half of their brain is asleep and which half is awake

Environmental cues that influence the timing of reproduction generally do so by _____. A) increasing the body temperature B) providing access to water for external fertilization C) increasing ambient temperature most favorable for sex D) direct effects on hormonal control mechanisms

Feeding behavior with a high energy intake-to-expenditure ratio is called _____. A) autotrophy B) heterotrophy C) search scavenging D) optimal foraging

Females of many insect species, including honeybee queens, can store gametes shed by their mating partners in_____. A) their nests B) their abdominal tract C) the uterus D) the spermatheca

From the figure above, what can we determine about the location of the food source? A) The waggle dance in the top figure indicates that the food is directly under the hive. B) The waggle dance in the bottom figure indicates that the food is to the west of the hive. C) The waggle dance in the top figure indicates that the food is close to the hive. D) The waggle dance in the bottom figure indicates that the food is 90 degrees to the right of the Sun.

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) hypothalamus

If a doctor attempts to trigger the patellar tendon reflex and a lack of response occurs, what are potential regions where pathology might exist? I) the brain II) the knee III) the spinal cord A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III

If a patient has an injury in the brain stem, which of the following would be observed? A) auditory hallucinations B) visual hallucinations C) an inability to regulate body temperature D) an inability to regulate heart function

If a prairie dog had the opportunity to perform an altruistic act (that is, give an alarm call) to help its relatives, which combination of the following relatives would the prairie dog be most likely to help (base your answer solely on the genetic relationships)? A) two nieces, two cousins, and one half-brother B) two half-sisters and two nieces C) one son, one niece, and one half-sister D) The prairie dog would be equally likely to act altruistically to each of the combinations described.

If the figure above shows the dances of bees in a hive at twelve noon on March 21 in the northern hemisphere, which dance is communicating that the food is to the south of the hive? A) dance A B) dance B C) dance C D) It is not possible to tell if any of the dances indicate the food is to the south of the hive.

In excreted urine, a reliable "marker" that a pregnancy has initiated is _____. A) progesterone B) estrogen C) follicle-stimulating hormone D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

In the above figure, which letter points to the corpus luteum? A) A B) B C) C D) D

In the above figure, which letter points to the vas deferens? A) A B) B C) C D) D

Increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system leads to _____. A) decreased heart rate B) increased secretion by the pancreas C) increased contractions of the stomach D) relaxation of the airways in the lungs

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Choose the letter of the correct term (A-E) that matches each example in the following question(s). A. operant conditioning B. agonistic behavior C. innate behavior D. imprinting E. altruistic behavior ) Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead, a sentry prairie dog gives a warning call to other foraging members of the prairie dog community. A) B B) C C) D D) E

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Choose the letter of the correct term (A-E) that matches each example in the following question(s). A. operant conditioning B. agonistic behavior C. innate behavior D. imprinting E. altruistic behavior A mother goat can recognize its own kid by smell. A) A B) B C) C D) D

Look at the evolutionary relationship of protein kinases in the figure above. Knowing that there is evidence that this particular protein kinase is linked to food-related behaviors in the animals studied, what conclusions can you draw? A) There is enormous variation in amino acid sequences between taxa. B) There is likely a conserved evolutionary relationship between these genes and their behavioral phenotype. C) PKG influences food-related behaviors in a wide variety of animals, and there is enormous variation in amino acid sequences between taxa. D) PKG influences food-related behaviors in a wide variety of animals, and there is likely a conserved evolutionary relationship between these genes and their behavioral phenotype.

Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in the _____. A) gray matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord B) white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord C) gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord D) white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord

On a submarine expedition to the ocean bottom, you discover a population of fish that are only female. What type of reproduction does this fish most likely use? A) sexual B) budding C) cloning D) parthenogenesis

One of the fundamental processes by which memories are stored and learning takes place _____. A) is related to changes in the degree of myelination of axons B) results in an increase in the diameter of axons C) results in a shift from aerobic to anaerobic respiration in neurons D) involves two types of glutamate receptors

Scientists believe that the direction birds go when migrating is guided in part by _____. I) the stars in the night sky II) the Sun during the day III) the magnetic field of the Earth A) only I B) only II C) only III D) I, II, and III

Short-term and long-term memory are related but have important differences. Short-term memory _____. A) involves temporary links formed in the cerebral cortex while long-term memory involves permanent connections within the hippocampus B) and long-term memory store information in the cerebellum but use different neurotransmitters C) is essential for acquiring and retaining long-term memories D) is essential for acquiring new long-term memories but not for maintaining them

Short-term memory information processing usually causes changes in the _____. A) brainstem B) medulla C) hypothalamus D) hippocampus

Some dogs love attention, and Frodo the beagle learns that if he barks, he gets attention. Which of the following might you use to describe this behavior? A) The dog is displaying an instinctive fixed action pattern. B) The dog is trying to protect its territory. C) The dog has been classically conditioned. D) The dog's behavior is a result of operant conditioning.

Stem cell transplants may someday be used to treat Parkinson's disease. Researchers are hopeful that these cells would alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease by _____. A) preventing temporal lobe seizures B) repairing sites of traumatic brain injury C) replenishing missing ion channels D) secreting the neurotransmitter dopamine

The brain reward system _____. A) represents an emergent brain property that has arisen independent of natural selection B) is a reflex of the peripheral nervous primarily under autonomic control C) is housed in the thalamus and primarily regulates the enteric division of the autonomic nervous system D) utilizes the neurotransmitter dopamine and is affected by drug addiction

The color of throats of males in a population of side-blotched lizards is determined by _____. A) ambient temperature: blue = cold; orange = normal; yellow = hot B) stage of development/maturity C) their receptiveness to mate D) the success of the mating behavior of each of the throat color phenotypes

The fru gene in fruit flies _____. I) controls sex-specific development in the fruit fly II) is a master regulatory gene that directs expression of many other genes III) can be genetically manipulated in females so that they will perform male sex behaviors IV) programs males for appropriate courtship behaviors A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only II, III, and IV D) I, II, III, and IV

14) The minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels is indicated by the label _____. A) A B) B C) D D) E

30) Which of the following statements are correct? I) Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions. II) Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function. III) Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in exocrine glands. IV) Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops. A) only II and III B) only I and III C) only III and IV D) only I and IV

) In testing a hypothesis that "territorial defense in European robins is a fixed action pattern that is released by the sight of orange feathers," researchers found that robins defended their territory by attacking anything that was of similar size and had an orange patch. What experiment would you perform next to determine that the color initiated the defense response? A) Repeat the experiment using a blue patch instead of an orange patch. B) Repeat the experiment by removing the patch completely. C) Repeat the experiment by using a model of a robin that was twice the size of a normal robin but with a small orange patch. D) Repeat the experiment by using a model of a robin that had an orange patch that was twice the size of a normal patch.

Genetic mutations in asexually reproducing organisms lead to more evolutionary change than do genetic mutations in sexually reproducing ones because _____. A) asexually reproducing organisms, but not sexually reproducing organisms, pass all mutations on to their offspring B) sexually reproducing organisms can produce more offspring in a given time than can asexually reproducing organisms C) more genetic variation is present in organisms that reproduce asexually than is present in those that reproduce sexually D) asexually reproducing organisms have more dominant genes than organisms that reproduce sexually

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection? A) By his/her actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation. B) The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because its survivability has been enhanced by virtue of its risky behavior. C) Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations. D) Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population.

If you were writing an essay, the part(s) of your brain that would be actively involved in this task is/are the _____. A) frontal lobes B) parietal lobe C) Broca's area D) occipital lobe

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are received by _____. A) the postsynaptic membrane B) the presynaptic membrane C) axon hillocks D) cell bodies

In the figure above, which of the following conclusions is most logical based on the data? A) Females produce more eggs more quickly when exposed to breeding males. B) Females produce eggs more quickly when exposed to many males than females paired with a male. C) All non-isolated females do just as well as isolated females. D) After four weeks together, females with males produce mature follicles to the same extent as females without males.

Increases and decreases of the heart rate result from changes in the activity of the _____. A) medulla oblongata B) thalamus C) pituitary D) cerebellum

Learning has the most influence on behavior when _____. A) making mistakes does not result in death B) animals reproduce asexually C) animals have enormous cognitive ability D) making mistakes result in death

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Choose the letter of the correct term (A-E) that matches each example in the following question(s). A. operant conditioning B. agonistic behavior C. innate behavior D. imprinting E. altruistic behavior Through trial and error, a rat learns to run a maze without mistakes to receive a food reward. A) A B) B C) C D) D

Mature human sperm and ova are similar in that they _____. A) both have the same number of chromosomes B) are approximately the same size C) each have a flagellum that provides motility D) are produced from puberty until death

Menopause is characterized by _____. A) the loss of responsiveness by the ovaries to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) B) a decline in production of the gonadotropin hormones by the anterior pituitary gland C) wearing away of the uterine endometrium D) a halt in the synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by the brain

Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation of the _____ nervous system A) sympathetic B) somatic C) central D) parasympathetic

The activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is associated with _____. A) resting and digesting B) release of epinephrine into the blood C) increased metabolic rate D) intensive aerobic exercise

The cerebrospinal fluid is _____. A) a filtrate of the blood B) a secretion of glial cells C) cytosol secreted from ependymal cells D) secreted by the hypothalamus

The human knee-jerk reflex requires an intact _____. A) spinal cord B) corpus callosum C) cerebellum D) medulla

The limbic system in the central nervous system sustains many vegetative functions in mammals and is closely associated with structures that process cues about _____. A) olfaction B) vision C) audition D) mechanosensation

The motor cortex is part of the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) spinal cord D) medulla oblongata

Which of the following is most true of sexual reproduction? A) Only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females. B) Asexual reproduction produces offspring of greater genetic variety. C) Sexual reproduction is completed more rapidly than asexual reproduction. D) Asexual reproduction is better suited to environments with extremely varying conditions.

The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that _____. A) genes enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes B) companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each other C) critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen, like other traits, through natural selection D) natural selection has generally favored the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and submissive behaviors to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants

The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that _____. A) the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed with no extensive fluid flow out of the body, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body B) behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of menstrual cycles C) season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on menstrual cycles D) copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual cycles copulation only occurs during the period surrounding ovulation

The suprachiasmatic nuclei are found in the _____. A) hypothalamus B) epithalamus C) amygdala D) Broca's area

Upon witnessing a robber hold up a convenience store at gunpoint, which of the following reactions would your nervous system initiate? A) increased heartbeat B) constriction of airways C) constriction of pupils D) decreased heartbeat

Wernicke's area _____. A) is active when speech is heard and comprehended B) is active during the generation of speech C) coordinates the response to olfactory sensation D) is found on the left side of the brain

What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey? A) Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant banana slugs had increased fitness. No such selection occurred inland, where banana slugs were absent. B) Banana slugs are camouflaged, and inland snakes, which have poorer vision than coastal snakes, are less able to see them. C) Garter snakes learn about prey from other garter snakes. Inland garter snakes have fewer types of prey because they are less social. D) Inland banana slugs are distasteful, so inland snakes learn to avoid them. Coastal banana slugs are palatable to garter snakes.

What type of signal is long-lasting and works at night? A) olfactory B) visual C) auditory D) electrical

Which of the following best describes "game theory" as it applies to animal behavior? A) The fitness of a particular behavior is influenced by other behavioral phenotypes in a population. B) The total of all of the behavioral displays, both male and female, is related to courtship. C) The play behavior performed by juveniles allows them to perfect adult behaviors that are needed for survival, such as hunting, courtship, and so on. D) The evolutionary "game" is played between predator and prey. The prey evolve a behavior in response to the nature of the predatory behavior.

Which of the following correctly describes a difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis? A) Spermatogenesis results in four mature sperm cells, while oogenesis results in one mature egg cell. B) Spermatogenesis results in one mature sperm cell, while oogenesis results in four mature egg cells. C) In spermatogenesis, mitosis occurs twice and meiosis once, while in oogenesis, mitosis occurs once and meiosis twice. D) Spermatogenesis results in four mature sperm cells, while oogenesis results in one mature egg cell. In spermatogenesis, mitosis occurs twice and meiosis once, while in oogenesis, mitosis occurs once and meiosis twice.

White-crowned sparrows can only learn the "crystallized" song for their species by _____. A) listening to adult sparrow songs during a sensitive period as a fledgling, followed by a practice period until the juvenile matches its melody to its memorized fledgling song B) listening to the song of its own species during a critical period so that it will imprint to its own species song and not the songs of other songbird species C) performing the crystallized song as adults when they become sexually mature, as the song is programmed into the innate behavior for the species D) observing and practicing after receiving social confirmation from other adults at a critical period during their first episode of courtship behavior

You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating behavior. You see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On this basis, you can probably conclude that the species is _____. A) polygamous B) monogamous C) polyandrous D) agonistic

You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only pretends to hide food. Your experiments associate the presence of other individuals with the frequency of pretending to cache food. A colleague shows you animals of the same species that do not perform this pretend caching. How does this information affect your conclusions about this behavior? A) It suggests that this behavior might be learned. B) It prevents you from making conclusions. C) It suggests that your experimental design is flawed. D) It does not change your initial conclusions.

13) The membrane's permeability to sodium ions is at its maximum at label _____. A) A B) B C) C D) D

16) A cluster of tumor cells that produces and secretes growth factors to induce surrounding cells to grow and divide is showing which type of cell-to-cell signaling? A) autocrine B) paracrine C) endocrine D) neuroendocrine

22) Tadpoles must undergo a major metamorphosis to become frogs. This change includes reabsorption of the tail, growth of limbs, calcification of the skeleton, increase in rhodopsin in the eye, development of lungs, change in hemoglobin structure, and reformation of the gut from the long gut of an herbivore to the short gut of a carnivore. Amazingly, all of these changes are induced by thyroxine. What is the most likely explanation for such a wide array of effects of thyroxine? A) There are many different forms of thyroxine, each specific to a different tissue. B) Different tissues have thyroxine receptors that activate different signal transduction pathways. C) Some tissues have membrane receptors for thyroxine, while other tissues have thyroxine receptors within the nucleus. D) Different releasing hormones release thyroxine to different tissues.

24) Insect hormones and their receptors _____. A) act independently of each other B) are a focus in pest control research C) utilize cell-surface receptors only D) are active independently of environmental cues

27) A toxin that binds specifically to voltage-gated sodium channels in axons would be expected to _____. A) prevent the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential B) prevent the depolarization phase of the action potential C) prevent graded potentials D) increase the release of neurotransmitter molecules

27) Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for twenty-four hours would be expected to reveal high levels of _____. A) insulin B) glucagon C) gastrin D) glucose

29) The "undershoot" phase of after-hyperpolarization is due to _____. A) slow opening of voltage-gated sodium channels B) sustained opening of voltage-gated potassium channels C) rapid opening of voltage-gated calcium channels D) slow restorative actions of the sodium-potassium ATPase

3) The motor (somatic nervous) system can alter the activities of its targets, the skeletal muscle fibers, because _____. A) it is electrically coupled by gap junctions to the muscles B) its signals bind to receptor proteins on the muscles C) its signals reach the muscles via the blood D) it is connected to the internal neural network of the muscles

31) An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is _____. A) thyroxine and parathyroid hormone in calcium balance B) insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism C) progestins and estrogens in sexual differentiation D) epinephrine and norepinephrine in fight-or-flight responses

32) Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction? A) The nodes of Ranvier conduct potentials in one direction. B) The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels. C) The axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the terminals of the axon. D) Voltage-gated channels for both Na+ and K+ open in only one direction.

33) If you experimentally increase the concentration of K+ inside a cell while maintaining other ion concentrations as they were, what would happen to the cell's membrane potential? A) The membrane potential would become more negative. B) The membrane potential would become less negative. C) The membrane potential would remain the same.

35) The interrelationships between the endocrine and the nervous systems are especially apparent in a _____. A) steroid-producing cell in the adrenal cortex B) neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus C) brain cell in the cerebral cortex D) cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes

37) A neurophysiologist is investigating nerve reflexes in two different animals: a crab and a fish. Action potentials are found to pass more rapidly along the fish's neurons. What is the most likely explanation? A) The fish's axons are smaller in diameter; small axons transmit action potentials faster than large axons do. B) Unlike the crab, the fish's axons are wrapped in myelin. C) There are more ion channels in the axons of the crab compared with fish axons. D) Unlike the crab, the fish's axons are wrapped in myelin, and the fish's axons are smaller in diameter; small axons transmit action potentials faster than large axons do.

38) Tetrodotoxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels and ouabain blocks sodium-potassium pumps. If you added both tetrodotoxin and ouabain to a solution containing neural tissue, what responses would you expect? A) immediate loss of resting potential B) immediate loss of action potential with gradual loss of resting potential C) slow decrease of resting potential and action potential amplitudes D) No effect; the substances counteract each other.

39) In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, are _____. A) prolactin and calcitonin B) prolactin and oxytocin C) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone D) luteinizing hormone and oxytocin

40) In multiple sclerosis the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged and demyelination results. How does this disease manifest at the level of the action potential? I) Action potentials move in the opposite direction on the axon. II) Action potentials move more slowly along the axon. III) No action potentials are transmitted. A) only I B) only II C) only III D) only II and III

41) Which endocrine disorder is correctly matched with the malfunctioning gland? A) dwarfism — the adrenal cortex B) gigantism — the anterior pituitary gland C) goiter — the adrenal medulla D) diabetes mellitus — the parathyroid glands

42) Acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle binds to a sodium channel and opens it. This is an example of _____. A) a voltage-gated potassium channel B) a ligand-gated sodium channel C) a second-messenger-gated sodium channel D) a chemical that inhibits action potentials

61) The myelin sheath plays an important role in neuron structure and function. However, when the myelin sheath is missing or not fully intact, there are consequences. There are many conditions that cause demyelination of neurons, some are autoimmune disorders, such as multiple schlerosis, and others are hereditary. The symptoms of these conditions vary, but often include speech impairment and difficulty coordinating movement. Which of the following correctly connects the symptoms of demyelination with the process of nerve impulse transmission? A) Demyelination prevents the formation of an action potential in sensory neurons that transmit signals from the environment to the central nervous system. B) Demyelination slows nerve impulse transmission. C) Demyelination prevents the uptake of neurotransmitters needed to propagate a message to the next neuron. D) Demyelination targets the central nervous system.

8) The reason that the steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body is that _____. A) only its target cells get exposed to aldosterone B) only its target cells contain aldosterone receptors C) it is unable to enter nontarget cells D) nontarget cells destroy aldosterone before it can produce any effect

9) Different body cells can respond differently to the same peptide hormones because _____. A) different target cells have different sets of genes B) a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways C) the circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets D) the hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system

A male's primary sex characteristics include _____. A) deepening of the voice at puberty B) development of the seminal vesicles and associated ducts C) elongation of the skeleton prior to puberty D) onset of growth of facial hair at puberty

A primary response by the Leydig cells in the testes to the presence of luteinizing hormone is an increase in the synthesis and secretion of _____. A) inhibin B) testosterone C) oxytocin D) progesterone

Among non-mammalian vertebrates, the cloaca is an anatomical structure that functions as _____. A) a specialized sperm-transfer device produced only by males B) a shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems C) a source of nutrients for developing sperm in the testes D) a gland that secretes mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening

An inactivating mutation in the progesterone receptor gene would likely result in _____. A) the absence of secondary sex characteristics B) the inability of the uterus to support pregnancy C) enlarged and hyperactive uterine endometrium D) the absence of mammary gland development

Behaviors are diverse and important for survival and reproduction. Some behaviors are learned, such as the species-specific song of a yellow warbler which is different from the song of a blue-winged warbler. Other behaviors are innate, such as a female cat in heat urinating more often and in many places to attract a mate or honeybees do a "dance" that indicates the distance and direction of a food source when they return to their hive. Which of the following statements supports the idea that behaviors are important in survival and therefore affect natural selection? A) Learned behaviors may not necessarily increase fitness. Baby warblers can learn the song of another species. B) Innate behaviors are the result of selection for individual survival and reproductive success. C) All behaviors are survival mechanisms that increase reproductive fitness by increasing mutation rates. D) Both innate and learned behaviors are entirely based on genes inherited from parents.

Biological rhythms in animals isolated from light and dark cues _____. A) continue to have cycles of exactly twenty-four hours' duration B) continue to have cycles of approximately twenty-four hours duration; some more rapid, some slower C) synchronize activity with whatever lighting cycle is imposed on them D) cease having any rhythms

C.elegans is a model organism and was the first eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced. The free-living nematode is often used in laboratories investigating nervous system development with all 302 of its neurons and their effectors categorized. Interesting control mechanisms have been investigated with reproduction, particularly with egg-laying in the nematode. There are 16 muscles, 2 types of neurons, and multiple receptors involved in the process of laying eggs in C.elegans, and there are mutations in all of those structures for the study of the process. One particular mutation that prevents the laying of eggs by the worm is rescued by the neurotransmitter, serotonin. That rescue suggests that the mutation is most likely in which of the following? A) a post-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying B) a pre-synaptic neuron involved in egg-laying C) a receptor for serotonin on cells needed for egg-laying D) one of the muscles needed for egg-laying

Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are human activities associated with increased activity in the _____. A) hypothalamus B) cerebrum C) cerebellum D) spinal cord

Central coordination of vertebrate biological rhythms in physiology and behavior reside in the _____. A) pituitary gland B) hypothalamus C) cerebrum D) thalamus

Cephalization, the clustering of neurons and interneurons in the anterior part of the animal, is apparent in _____. A) cnidarians B) Planaria C) sea stars D) invertebrate animals with radial symmetry

Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by _____. A) periods of food availability B) periods of daylight and darkness C) magnetic fields D) lunar cycles

Estrogens found in the environment have raised concerns about effects on reproductive health of animals. Researchers studied the effects that estrogens in the water have on sexual differentiation in zebrafish. They exposed embryo-larval (0-21 days post-hatching), juvenile (21-42 days post- hatching), and adult (over 200 days post-hatching) fish to three concentrations of 17β-estradiol (5, 25, and 100 nanograms/liter) that are within the range of concentrations found in water leaving sewage treatment plants in different countries. They then examined the proportion of males and females when the fish exposed at embryo-larval and juvenile stages reached adulthood. Embryo-larval stage fish that had been exposed to 100 ng/l 17β-estradiol resulted in adult populations that had substantially more females than males compared to control groups. Embryo-larval fish that had been exposed to 5 and 25 ng/l of 17β-estradiol did not show a statistically significant shift in the proportion of females. (Brion, F., C. R. Tyler, X. Palazzi, B. Laillet, J. M. Porcher, J. Garric, and P. Flammarion. 2004. Impacts of 17β-estradiol, including environmentally relevant concentrations, on reproduction after exposure during embryo-larval-, juvenile-, and adult-life stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology 68:193-217.) Refer to the paragraph on the effects of estrogens in the environment. What is the significance of using the concentrations of 5, 25, and 100 ng/l of 17β-estradiol for the dose in this experiment? A) These concentrations are similar to those found in many animals. B) These concentrations are found in the environment. C) These concentrations are effective, yet not lethal to the fish. D) These concentrations are standard in toxicology assays.

Exercise and emergency reactions include _____. A) increased activity in all parts of the peripheral nervous system B) increased activity in the sympathetic, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic divisions C) decreased activity in the sympathetic, and increased activity in the parasympathetic divisions D) increased activity in the enteric nervous system

Females are typically larger and more ornamented than males where _____ occurs. A) monogamy B) polyandry C) polygamy D) polygyny

Forming new long-term memories is strikingly disrupted after damage to the _____. A) thalamus B) cerebral cortex C) somatosensory cortex D) primary motor cortex

Group 1 Group 2 Daily injections of progesterone (mgs): 0.25 20 Percentage of rats that carried fetus to birth: 0 100 56) In an experiment, rats' ovaries were removed immediately after impregnation and then the rats were divided into two groups. Treatments and results are summarized in the table above. The results most likely occurred because progesterone exerts an effect on the _____. A) general health of the rat B) metabolism of the uterus C) gestation period of rats D) number of eggs fertilized

Imagine that a woman is in the final week of her pregnancy. Her doctor gives her an injection of oxytocin. The likely result of this is that the pregnant woman would _____. A) stop secreting prostaglandins from the placenta B) undergo vigorous contractions of her uterine muscles C) increase the synthesis and secretion of progesterone D) be prevented from lactation

In a cephalized invertebrate, the system that transmits "efferent" impulses from the anterior ganglion to distal segments is the _____. A) central nervous system B) peripheral nervous system C) autonomic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by _____. A) the dendritic membrane B) the presynaptic membrane C) axon hillocks D) cell bodies

In an animal that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction, when is sexual reproduction more likely to occur? A) when conditions for survival are favorable B) when conditions for survival are unfavorable C) when males and females find each other D) What conditions favor sexual over asexual remains a complete mystery

In close comparisons, external fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal fertilization. However, internal fertilization typically offers the advantage that _____. A) it requires less time and energy to be devoted to reproduction B) the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount of parental investment C) it permits the most rapid population increase D) it requires expression of fewer genes and maximizes genetic stability

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human uterine cycle are _____. A) follicular → luteal → secretory B) menstrual → proliferative → secretory C) follicular → ovulation → luteal D) proliferative → luteal → ovulation

In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become _____. A) the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses B) a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum C) the thickened portion of the uterine wall D) the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus

In the above figure, which letter points to the prostate gland? A) A B) B C) C D) D

Increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2°C (that is, near the normal body core temperature) and holding it there would most likely_____. A) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing the production of gonadal steroid hormones B) reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis C) reduce the man's sexual interest D) increase the fertility of the affected man by enhancing the rate of steroidogenesis

One way to understand how early environment influences behaviors in similar species is through the "cross-fostering" experimental technique. Suppose that the curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways, including being much more aggressive. How would you set up a cross-fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression? A) You would cross curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats and hand-rear the offspring to see if any grew up to be aggressive. B) You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents and place newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents. Finally, let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. Then you would compare the outcomes. C) You would remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their parents, raise them in the same environment but without parents, and then compare the outcomes. D) You would replace normal newborn mud rats with deformed newborn mud rats to see if it triggered an altruistic response.

Pair-bonding in a population of prairie voles can be prevented by _____. A) the ensuing confusion caused by introducing meadow voles B) administering a drug that inhibits the brain receptor for vasopressin in the central nervous system (CNS) of males C) dying the coat color from brown to blond in either male or female prairie voles D) allowing the population size to reach critically low levels

Sexual reproduction _____. A) allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions B) can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment C) enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly colonizing habitats D) guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring

The coordination of groups of skeletal muscles is driven by activity in the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) medulla oblongata

The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic, or opposing, actions are _____. A) motor and sensory systems B) sympathetic and parasympathetic systems C) presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes D) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

The primary function of the corpus luteum is to _____. A) nourish and protect the egg cell B) maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred C) stimulate the development of the mammary glands D) support pregnancy in the second and third trimesters

The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by _____. A) hormones B) evolution C) pheromones D) the nervous system

The stretch sensors of the sensory neurons in the human knee-jerk reflex are located in the _____. A) cartilage of the knee B) quadriceps muscles on the front side of the thighs C) hamstring muscles on the back side of the thighs D) brain, the sensorimotor relay

Upon returning to its hive, a European honeybee communicates to other worker bees the presence of a nearby food source it has discovered by _____. A) vibrating its wings at varying frequencies B) performing a round dance C) performing a waggle dance D) visual cues

Using the figure above and the accompanying paragraph, and knowing that the PKG encoded by the foraging gene has recently been associated with the maturation of out-of-nest behavior in honeybees, what would be a logical explanation for this relationship? As animals mature, they _____. A) require more food; therefore, PKG levels must increase. B) are more likely to forage; therefore, PKG levels must increase. C) respond to pheromones from the queen, which increases PKG levels. D) are able to fly, an activity that is connected to the increase in PKG levels.

What makes sexually reproduced offspring genetically different from their parents? A) genetic recombination during meiosis B) genetic recombination during mitosis C) crossing over during mitosis D) Sexual reproduction does not produce genetically different offspring

What type of signal is fast and requires daylight with no obstructions? A) olfactory B) visual C) auditory D) tactile

What was the main reason the honeybees switched from the "round dance" to the "waggle dance"? A) The waggle dance communicates the presence of nectar. B) The preferred food source was farther away. C) The round dance uses too much energy. D) The round dance did not communicate the quality of the food.

You decide to study two species of birds, both of which form monogamous pairs (one male and one female). In species 1, you find that the eggs in a pair's nest are in fact almost always the offspring of that pair. In species 2, you are surprised to find that many of the eggs in a nest were actually fathered by males of neighboring pairs. Apparently, mating outside of monogamous pairings is widespread in species 2. Given this information, what would be the logical prediction to make before comparing testes size of males of the two species? A) Testes of species 1 are larger than testes of species 2. B) Testes of species 2 are larger than testes of species 1. C) There is no relationship between this observation and the size of testes.

You have captured a number of rats from a wild population and quickly surmise with tests that they are very good at avoiding food with poisons. What would best explain this observation? A) Rats are probably just intelligent enough to avoid poison. B) Rats may experience a large variety of toxins in their environment and learn to avoid them. C) Rats are taught by their parents to test small bits of food first and then return later if the food seems safe. D) Rats may be able to tolerate large amounts of poison.

You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only pretends to hide food. What kind of experiment could you perform to test whether this behavior was random or in response to another signal? A) Observe more of these behaviors in the wild and try to determine if the behavior is random. B) Hypothesize a set of signals that could produce this behavior and try to match the behaviors with the signals. C) Attempt to reproduce the behavior in captivity by using bird models and a computer simulation.

51) Receptors for neurotransmitters are of primary functional importance in assuring one-way synaptic transmission because they are mostly found on the _____. A) axonal membrane B) axon hillock C) postsynaptic membrane D) presynaptic membrane

54) DES is called an "endocrine disrupting chemical" because it structurally resembles, and interferes with, the endocrine secretions of the _____. A) thyroid gland B) adrenal medulla C) ovaries D) hypothalamus

55) Epinephrine is an example of _____. A) an androgen B) an estrogen C) a catecholamine D) a glucocorticoid

10) The membrane potential in which there is no net movement of the ion across the membrane is called the _____. A) graded potential B) threshold potential C) equilibrium potential D) action potential

11) Two fundamental concepts about the ion channels of a "resting" neuron are that the channels _____. A) are always open, but the concentration gradients of ions frequently change B) are always closed, but ions move closer to the channels during excitation C) open and close depending on stimuli, and are specific as to which ion can traverse them D) open in response to stimuli, and then close simultaneously, in unison

11) When a steroid hormone and a peptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of target cells, then _____. A) the steroid and peptide hormones must use the same biochemical mechanisms B) the steroid and peptide hormones must bind to the same receptor protein C) the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas peptide hormones activate effector proteins already present in the cell D) the steroid hormones affect the activity of certain proteins within the cell, whereas peptide hormones directly affect the processing of mRNA

14) Growth factors are local regulators that _____. A) are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth B) are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division C) bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells D) convey messages between nerve cells

15) Steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common _____. A) the building blocks from which they are synthesized B) their solubility in cell membranes C) their requirement for travel through the bloodstream D) their reliance on signal transduction in the cell

17) If a portion of the pancreas is surgically removed from a rat and the rat subsequently loses its appetite, one explanation is that the removed portion contains cells that secrete a chemical signal that somehow stimulates appetite. Given this scenario, what type of chemical signaling is occurring? A) autocrine B) paracrine C) endocrine D) neuroendocrine

18) The concentrations of ions are very different inside and outside a nerve cell due to _____. A) osmosis B) diffusion C) sodium-potassium pumps D) symports and antiports

2) Most of the neurons in the human brain are _____. A) sensory neurons B) motor neurons C) interneurons D) peripheral neurons

25) During mammalian labor and delivery, the contraction of uterine muscles is enhanced by oxytocin. This is an example of _____. A) a negative feedback system B) a hormone that acts in an antagonistic way with another hormone C) a hormone that is involved in a positive feedback loop D) signal transduction immediately changing gene expression in its target cells

25) The "threshold" potential of a membrane is the _____. A) lowest frequency of action potentials a neuron can produce B) minimum hyperpolarization needed to prevent the occurrence of action potentials C) minimum depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels D) peak amount of depolarization seen in an action potential

26) Action potentials move along axons _____. A) more slowly in axons of large than in small diameter B) by activating the sodium-potassium "pump" at each point along the axonal membrane C) more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons D) by reversing the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions

33) Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the _____. A) cerebellum B) thalamus C) hypothalamus D) medulla oblongata

34) Which of the following statements about action potentials is correct? A) Action potentials for a given neuron vary in magnitude. B) Action potentials for a given neuron vary in duration. C) Action potentials are propagated down the length of the axon. D) Movement of ions during the action potential occurs mostly through the sodium pump.

56) A chemical that affects neuronal function but is not stored in presynaptic vesicles is _____. A) acetylcholine B) epinephrine C) nitric oxide D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

35) Why do Na+ ions enter the cell when voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened in neurons? A) because the Na+ concentration is much lower outside the cell than it is inside B) because the Na+ ions are actively transported by the sodium-potassium pump into the cell C) because the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, and the Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior D) because the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, and the Na+ ions are actively transported by the sodium-potassium pump into the cell

36) Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the _____. A) hypothalamus and thalamus B) anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary C) hypothalamus and anterior pituitary D) posterior pituitary and thyroid gland

36) What would probably happen if a long neuron had one continuous myelin sheath down the length of the axon with no nodes of Ranvier? A) The action potential would be propagated nearly instantaneously to the synapse. B) There could be no action potential generated at the axon hillock. C) The signal would fade because it is not renewed by the opening of more sodium channels.

39) Which of the following will increase the speed of an action potential moving down an axon? I) Action potentials move faster in larger diameter axons. II) Action potentials move faster in axons lacking potassium ion channels. III) Action potentials move faster in myelinated axons. A) only I and II B) only II and III C) only I and III D) I, II, and III

4) The point of connection between two communicating neurons is called the _____. A) axon hillock B) dendrite C) synapse D) cell body

44) The following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse. 1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane. 2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm. 3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the presynaptic axon terminal. 4. The ligand-gated ion channels open. 5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Which sequence of events is correct? A) 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 B) 2 → 3 → 5 → 4 → 1 C) 3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 4 D) 4 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 5

46) Glucocorticoids do which of the following? A) promote the immune response B) promote the release of fatty acids C) increase blood glucose levels D) increase insulin production

48) Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of the _____. A) parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate B) anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function C) adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine D) pancreas, leading to a reduction in the blood sugar concentration

50) A disease that destroys the adrenal cortex should lead to an increase in the plasma levels of _____. A) glucocorticoid hormones B) epinephrine C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) D) acetylcholine

51) During a stressful interval, _____. A) thyroid-stimulating hormaon (TSH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and medulla to secrete acetylcholine B) the alpha cells of islets secrete insulin and simultaneously the beta cells of the islets secrete glucagon C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla D) the calcium levels in the blood are increased due to actions of two antagonistic hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine

A male stickleback fish will attack other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory. It will only attack male fish, which display the red belly characteristic of the species. Why has natural selection favored this behavior? A) The behavior reduces interspecific competition, which gives the male stickleback access to more food. B) The behavior allows the male stickleback to attract females with its aggressive display. C) The behavior allows the male to establish a defined space for breeding with female sticklebacks. D) The behavior is a mechanism to reduce predation and resource competition.

Although many chimpanzees live in environments containing oil palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The likely explanation is that _____. A) the behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences between populations B) members of different populations have different nutritional requirements C) the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some populations D) members of different populations differ in learning ability

Among human males, both semen and urine normally travel along the _____. A) vas deferens B) seminal vesicle C) urethra D) ureter

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants somewhere other than in the lining of the uterus. Usually it implants in the oviduct. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for such a pregnancy being unsuccessful? A) The orientation of the baby would be sideways. B) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) cannot be produced in the oviduct. C) The lining of the oviduct is unable to support the developing fetus. D) The necessary hormones cannot reach the developing fetus in the oviduct.

An organism that lacks integration centers _____. A) cannot receive stimuli B) will not have a nervous system C) will not be able to interpret stimuli D) can be expected to lack myelinated neurons

Animals that have external fertilization are most likely to reproduce in which of the following areas? A) sand dune B) polar ice sheet C) shallow lake D) tallgrass prairie

Animals that help other animals of the same species _____. A) have excess energy reserves B) are bigger and stronger than the other animals C) are usually related to the other animals helped D) are always male

Based on the figure above, showing fetal (A) and adult (B) oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curves, which of the following conclusions is true? A) The mother binds oxygen with greater affinity than the fetus. B) Adult saturation occurs at lower partial pressures of oxygen than fetal saturation does. C) At 50 percent saturation, fetal blood will have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult blood will. D) As the partial pressure of oxygen increases, adult hemoglobin approaches saturation faster than fetal hemoglobin does.

Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as which of the following? I) functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones through the brain II) a product of the filtration of blood in the brain III) functioning to cushion the brain IV) filling spaces between glial cells and neurons in the gray matter A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and III D) only II, III, and IV

Displays of nocturnal mammals are usually _____. A) visual and auditory B) tactile and visual C) olfactory and auditory D) visual and olfactory

In mammals, advanced cognition is usually correlated with a large and very convoluted neocortex, but birds are capable of sophisticated cognition because they have _____. A) a more advanced cerebellum B) a cerebellum with several flat layers C) a pallium with neurons clustered into nuclei D) microvilli to increase the brain's surface area

In the above figure, which letter points to the cervix? A) A B) B C) C D) D

In the human knee-jerk reflex of a seated individual, as the calf is raised from a vertical position to a horizontal position, the muscles of the quadriceps (on the front of the thighs) and the muscles of the hamstring (on the back side of the thighs) are _____. A) both excited and contracting B) both inhibited and relaxed C) excited and inhibited, respectively D) inhibited and excited, respectively

Estrogens found in the environment have raised concerns about effects on reproductive health of animals. Researchers studied the effects that estrogens in the water have on sexual differentiation in zebrafish. They exposed embryo-larval (0-21 days post-hatching), juvenile (21-42 days post- hatching), and adult (over 200 days post-hatching) fish to three concentrations of 17β-estradiol (5, 25, and 100 nanograms/liter) that are within the range of concentrations found in water leaving sewage treatment plants in different countries. They then examined the proportion of males and females when the fish exposed at embryo-larval and juvenile stages reached adulthood. Embryo-larval stage fish that had been exposed to 100 ng/l 17β-estradiol resulted in adult populations that had substantially more females than males compared to control groups. Embryo-larval fish that had been exposed to 5 and 25 ng/l of 17β-estradiol did not show a statistically significant shift in the proportion of females. (Brion, F., C. R. Tyler, X. Palazzi, B. Laillet, J. M. Porcher, J. Garric, and P. Flammarion. 2004. Impacts of 17β-estradiol, including environmentally relevant concentrations, on reproduction after exposure during embryo-larval-, juvenile-, and adult-life stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology 68:193-217.) Refer to the paragraph on the effects of estrogens in the environment. You are assigned to write the report to the Environmental Protection Agency, which needs to decide what level of 17β-estradiol to permit in sewage output. You do not want to make the level any lower than necessary, because it requires substantial additional money for the extra treatment of sewage. Given the data presented above, what level of 17β-estradiol would you suggest is safe to prevent feminization of fish? A) 2.5 ng/l B) 12.5 ng/l C) 25 ng/l D) 100 ng/l

Every morning at the same time, John went into the den to feed his new tropical fish. After a few weeks, he noticed that the fish swam to the top of the tank when he entered the room. This is an example of _____. A) cognition B) imprinting C) classical conditioning D) operant conditioning

Female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and, after mating and egg laying, leave the clutch of young for the male to incubate. This sequence may be repeated several times with different males until no available males remain, forcing the female to incubate her last clutch. Which of the following terms best describes this behavior? A) monogamy B) polygyny C) polyandry D) promiscuity

Food and water appetites are under the regulatory influence of the _____. A) cerebrum B) thalamus C) hypothalamus D) medulla oblongata

For water fleas of the genus Daphnia, switching from a pattern of asexual reproduction to sexual reproduction coincides with _____. A) environmental conditions becoming more favorable for offspring B) greater abundance of food resources for offspring C) periods of temperature or food stresses on adults D) exhaustion of an individual's supply of eggs

For which of the following is the number the same in spermatogenesis and oogenesis? A) timing of meiotic divisions B) functional gametes produced by meiosis C) meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete D) different cell types produced by meiosis

For your internship at the local zoo, you have been assigned to help with the new orangutan- breeding program. Little is known about orangutan reproductive hormones, but hormone feedback cycles are often the same in closely related animals. You have been asked to use your knowledge of the interactions of human reproductive hormones to recommend injections to promote ovulation in a female orangutan when a visiting male arrives for a brief breeding visit. Refer to the paragraph on the orangutan breeding program. Which of the following hormones would you use if you want to induce ovulation right away? A) estradiol (estrogen) B) progesterone C) luteinizing hormone (LH) D) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

How would you classify the genetic basis for most behavioral traits in the animal kingdom? A) One gene typically codes for one behavior. B) One gene typically codes for many behaviors. C) Many genes typically code for one behavior. D) Behaviors are learned, not coded by genes.

Human sperm cells first arise in the _____. A) prostate gland B) vas deferens C) seminiferous tubules D) epididymis

Imagine you are resting comfortably on a sofa after dinner. This could be described as a state with _____. A) increased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems B) decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems C) decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems D) increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems

In correct chronological order, the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are _____. A) follicular → luteal → secretory B) menstrual → proliferative → secretory C) follicular → ovulation → luteal D) proliferative → luteal → ovulation

Which of the following structures are correctly paired? A) forebrain — cerebellum B) midbrain — cerebrum C) hindbrain — cerebellum D) brainstem — anterior pituitary gland

Which statement about human reproduction is correct? A) Fertilization occurs in the uterus. B) In humans, spermatogenesis and oogenesis function best at normal, core body temperatures. C) A human oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it. D) The earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

1) A simple nervous system _____. A) must include chemical senses, mechanoreception, and vision B) includes a minimum of twelve effector neurons C) has information flow in only one direction: away from an integrating center D) includes sensory information, an integrating center, and effectors

1) You are dissecting a fish in your biology laboratory section. Your teaching assistant points out a long oval structure and tells you it is an endocrine gland. Which of the following would you then know is a true statement about this structure? A) It secretes a product that is released through a series of ducts. B) The gland's product will only interact with receptors on the cell membrane. C) The gland's product is lipid soluble. D) The gland produces and secretes its product into the blood.

12) The membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for potassium at label _____. A) A B) B C) C D) D

16) The neuronal membrane is at its resting potential at label _____. A) A B) B C) D D) E

18) If a biochemist discovers a new molecule, which of the following pieces of data would allow her to draw the conclusion that the molecule is a steroid hormone? I) The molecule is lipid soluble. II) The molecule is derived from a series of steps beginning with cholesterol. III) The molecule acts at a target tissue some distance from where it is produced. IV) The molecule uses a carrier protein when in an aqueous solution such as blood. A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, III, and IV D) I, II, III, and IV

19) Which of the following are similar in structure to cholesterol? A) leptin and serotonin B) luteinizing hormone and insulin C) melanocyte-stimulating hormone and vasopressin D) testosterone, estradiol, and cortisol

20) Polypeptides can have which of the following types of effects? I) autocrine II) paracrine III) endocrine A) only I and III B) only II and III C) only I and II D) I, II, and III

22) Opening all of the sodium channels on an otherwise typical neuron, with all other ion channels closed (which is an admittedly artificial setting), should move its membrane potential to _____. A) -90 mV B) 0 mV C) +30 mV D) +62 mV

23) A graded hyperpolarization of a membrane can be induced by _____. A) increasing its membrane's permeability to Na+ B) decreasing its membrane's permeability to Cl- C) increasing its membrane's permeability to Ca++ D) increasing its membrane's permeability to K+

26) Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine activity? A) the pituitary gland B) parathyroid glands C) salivary glands D) the pancreas

3) What is the only type of chemical signal that does not alter the physiology of the animal producing that signal? A) neural B) paracrine C) neuroendocrine D) pheromones

30) The fastest possible conduction velocity of action potentials is observed in _____. A) thin, non-myelinated neurons B) thin, myelinated neurons C) thick, non-myelinated neurons D) thick, myelinated neurons

31) Action potentials are normally carried in only one direction: from the axon hillock toward the axon terminals. If you experimentally depolarize the middle of the axon to threshold, using an electronic probe, then _____. A) no action potential will be initiated B) an action potential will be initiated and proceed only in the normal direction toward the axon terminal C) an action potential will be initiated and proceed only back toward the axon hillock D) two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going back toward the hillock

34) Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt _____. A) short-term memory B) coordination during locomotion C) executive functions, such as decision making D) regulation of body temperature

37) If a person loses a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from dehydration. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can help reduce water loss through its interaction with its target cells in the _____. A) anterior pituitary B) posterior pituitary C) bladder D) kidney

38) A product of the anterior pituitary gland that causes color changes in its target cells is _____. A) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) B) luteinizing hormone (LH) C) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) D) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

4) Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it, the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone is an example of _____. I) an autocrine signal II) a paracrine signal III) an endocrine signal A) only I and II B) only II and III C) only I and III D) I, II, and III

41) Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals via _____. A) osmosis B) active transport C) diffusion D) exocytosis

42) The body's reaction to PTH (parathyroid hormone), raising plasma levels of calcium, can be opposed by _____. A) thyroxine B) epinephrine C) growth hormone D) calcitonin

45) The activity of acetylcholine in a synapse is terminated by its_____. A) diffusion across the presynaptic membrane B) active transport across the postsynaptic membrane C) diffusion across the postsynaptic membrane D) degradation on the postsynaptic membrane

48) Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory are expected to _____. A) act independently of their receptor proteins B) close potassium channels C) open sodium channels D) hyperpolarize the membrane

52) Neurotransmitters affect postsynaptic cells by _____. I) initiating signal transduction pathways in the cells II) causing molecular changes in the cells III) affecting ion-channel proteins IV) altering the permeability of the cells A) I and III B) II and IV C) III and IV D) I, II, III, and IV

53) The amino acid that operates at most inhibitory synapses in the brain is _____. A) acetylcholine B) endorphin C) nitric oxide D) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

61) Correct and appropriate signal transduction processes are generally under strong selective pressure and are determined by the properties of the molecules involved, the concentrations of signal and receptor molecules, and the binding affinities between signal and receptor. Therefore, a hormone action is very specific in a species at any one point in time. However, there are examples of very diverse functions of a specific hormone between groups of organisms. For example, thyroxin, which is produced in all vertebrates and many invertebrates, can trigger growth, differentiation, metamorphosis, maturation, reproduction, behavior, temperature tolerance, osmoregulation, or seasonal adaptation depending on the organism in which it is produced. What is the most logical explanation for such different responses triggered by thyroxin in organisms? A) The concentration of thyroxin varies in different organisms. Invertebrate organisms do not have as much thyroxin as vertebrate organisms. B) Thyroxin and its receptor molecules have a different binding affinity in different organisms. C) Receptor molecules for thyroxin are located on different tissues in different organisms. D) The structure of thyroxin is substantially different in different organisms.

8) The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves _____. A) sodium and potassium ions into the cell B) sodium and potassium ions out of the cell C) sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell D) sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

9) In a resting potential, an example of a cation that is more abundant as a solute in the cytosol of a neuron than it is in the interstitial fluid outside the neuron is _____. A) Cl- B) Ca++ C) Na+ D) K+

A physician finds that a nine-year-old male patient is entering puberty much earlier than is usual. Such a condition is most likely the result of a tumor in the _____. A) hypothalamus, producing elevated levels of testosterone B) anterior pituitary, producing elevated levels of testosterone C) testes, producing elevated levels of estrogen D) anterior pituitary, producing elevated levels of gonadotropin-stimulating hormone

The graph indicates that males leave the area where they were born while females stay in the area. What is the most likely reason for the evolution of this behavior? A) Movement of males out of the territory reduces competition for food among the males. B) The females are not as strong as the male ground squirrels and therefore stay closer to their birthplace. C) Females reproduce by parthenogenesis, which means they produce offspring from unfertilized eggs so the males are not needed. D) Within the ground squirrel population, males leave the area of their birth and are replaced by new males, thus maintaining genetic diversity in the population.

The regulation of body temperature derives from the activity of the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) hypothalamus

The regulatory centers for the respiratory and circulatory systems are found in the _____. A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) medulla oblongata

The telencephalon region of the developing brain of a mammal _____. A) divides further into the metencephalon and myelencephalon B) develops from the midbrain C) is the brain region most like that of ancestral vertebrates D) gives rise to the cerebrum

Tubal ligation _____. A) reduces the incidence of ovulation B) prevents fertilization by preventing sperm from entering the uterus C) prevents sperm from exiting the male urethra D) prevents oocytes from entering the uterus

Which of the following aspects of eukaryotic reproduction are found only among invertebrate animals? A) sexual and asexual reproduction B) external and internal fertilization C) hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis D) fission and budding

Which of the following is most likely associated with the evolution of mating systems? A) population density B) territoriality C) certainty of paternity D) sexual dimorphism

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors? Innate behaviors _____. A) are only weakly influenced by genes B) occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals C) are limited to invertebrate animals D) are expressed in most individuals in a population

Which of the following might affect the foraging behavior of an animal in the context of optimal foraging? I) risk of predation II) prey size III) prey defenses IV) prey density A) only I and III B) only II and IV C) only I, II, and III D) I, II, III, and IV

Which of the following statements is true about certainty of paternity? A) Certainty of paternity is high in most species with internal fertilization because the acts of mating and birth are separated by time. B) Certainty of paternity is low when males guard females they have mated. C) Certainty of paternity is low when egg laying and mating occur together, as in external fertilization. D) Paternal behavior exists because it has been reinforced over generations by natural selection

Which of the following structures or regions is correctly paired with its function? A) limbic system — motor control of speech B) medulla oblongata — emotional memory C) cerebellum — homeostatic control D) corpus callosum — communication between the left and right cerebral cortices

You observe a species of bird that, upon hatching, has contact with its parents only while being fed. You also never hear the parents sing during the feeding process. What would you propose about song learning in this species of bird? A) Song learning in this species is most likely learned. B) The period of imprinting is likely later in the bird's life. C) The males will learn song when they congregate with other males of their species during the winter. D) Song learning in this species is most likely innate.

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