AP Bio: Intro to Statistics-Summer Assignment

State at least 5 elements that any graph should always display

1. TITLE, tells the "story" of the graph 2. UNITS 3. LABEL AXIS 4. LINEAR NUMBERS of the axis to scale are drawn equal distances (do not have to start at zero) 5. DATA POINTS may or may not be connected.

Pause the video and calculate the SD from the 2 ndset of data given BY HAND. Show your work.

2.7

1 SD means ____of the population falls within this range; while 2 SD means _ ____falls in this range.

68% 95%

What is x (bar)?

Average or mean

Explain the difference in a bar graph and a histogram.

Bar graph has space between bars with groups defined by a category ; histograms have bars that are touching with groups defined by a number or quantity

Which type of graph is best for comparing 2 or more different groups?

Bar graph; usually the bar shows the average or mean for that group

Explain 'Degrees of Freedom' (with any example) and why the formula is n-1.

D f is n-1; it represents the numbers we are "free" to chose as Mr. Anderson explained in the video.

What was the range of the sample he gave?

Difference between extremes

Which type of graph is better for showing distribution of data?

Histogram uses bins or groups of data

Distinguish between the independent variable and dependent variable and where they are placed on a graph.

Independent variable is shown on the x-axis and is what you vary or control in an experiment; dependent variable is shown on the y-axis and is what you are measuring.

What type of graph shows a change over time?

Line graph; dots connected

What is M?

Median or midpoint

Explain the significance if SEM bars overlap, but the Means do not overlap.

No evidence that the two sets of data are similar or different.

What is meant by normal distribution?

Normal bell-shaped curve with the highest point at the mean and 68 % of the items with range of that mean.

What is n?

Number or sample size

Explain when a pie graph should be used and give (draw) any example.

Pie graphs show that part in relation to a whole

What type of graph uses a 'best fit' line?

Scatter plot; average of data

What type of graph displays a correlation of variables?

Scatter plots; points are NOT connected; best fit line used.

Explain the significance of standard error among 2 different sets of data with different sample sizes that have the same Mean (in terms of precision). How is SEM calculated?

Shows how "good" your data is. The more data points there are, the more precise the mean is; standard error is a measure of precision; the larger the sample size the more confidence in your mean.

What does standard deviation (SD) measure?

Standard deviation is a measure of the spread of the data. The larger the S.D. the more spread out the data points are.

Explain the significance if there is no overlap between SEM bars.

Strong evidence that the two sets of data are in fact different.

What do SEM bars that have overlapping Means on a graph indicate?

Strong evidence that there is NO difference between two sets of data.

Can 2 sets of data have the same mean but a different SD?

Yes