Ap bio tri 3 Final

Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that photosynthesis occurred in treatment group 1?

The mean PH of the samples increased after one hour.

Cladogram (grid-in) Based on the information presented, which of the derived characters is shared by alligators and mantees but not salamanders? Give you answer as the number label of a character indicated on the cladogram.

3. Amniotic Egg

The average brood size per individual mated upon reintroduction of food following 30 days of ARD is closest to which of the following?

50

Which of the following best explains why GFP* might exhibit a bright green fluorescence in alkaline conditions but not in acidic conditions?

Addition of an H+ to GFP* at acidic pH changes the shape of the protein, preventing fluorescence.

Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those of many prokaryetic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations?

An ancestral cell most likely engulfed an aerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells.

The results for treatment groups V and VI could you suggest which of the following questions about the design of the experiment?

Does the aquarium water contain livin microorganisms?

Epinephrine is a protein hormone found in many animals. Epinephrine is a signaling pathway that results in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver cells. Which of the following describes the initial steps in the process whereby epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown?

Epinephrine binds to a cell-surface recep receptor; the activated receptor stimulates production of the second messenger, cAMP

Researchers investigating... Based on the model, which of the following best explains why a bright green fluorescence was observed following stimulation of a presynaptic neuron?

GFP* contained in synaptic vesicles moved into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis.

Tables of population 1 and 2, 1980 and 2010 The table shows the changes in allele frequencies of a specific gene in two populations of randomly mating small mammals after 30 years. The populations inhabit adjacent equatorial islands that have similar topography and climate. Which of the following is the most reliable conclusion that can be drawn from the analysis of the data above?

Genetic drift has occurred in population 1

A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes. The cell continues to transcribe the genes that code for the hydrolytic enzymes that are normally found in lysosomes and continues to translate the mRNAs for those proteins on membrane-bound ribosomes. The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?

Golgi complex

Scientists are studying finches... If the two finch populations are each in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and are isolated from each other, then which of the following graphs correctly displays the relative genotype frequencies?

Graphs LL = .21 (island 1) LL= .2 (island 2)

Picture of DNA damage The p53 protein regulates a cellular response to DNA damage. Based on the diagram above, which of the following best describes the role of p53 in the response to DNA damage?

Phosphorylated p53 stimulates transcription of p21, and the resulting p21 protein suppresses cell division until the DNA damage is repaired.

Which of the following best describes the reason for excluding hybrid diseases when calculating the allele frequencies of two interbreeding populations at the intermediate stage of speciation (Figure 2)?

Sterile individuals make no contribution to the next generation.

Which of the following pieces of additional data would help further investigate the relationship between bears, salmon, and the influence of nitrogen into the local environment?

The experimenters should remove the remains of salmon carcasses immediately after the salmon are eaten by the bears and the nitrogen content of the carcasses.

Which of the following statements best justifies the claim that the conditions in at least one of the experiments could generate the molecular building blocks essential for life?

The nitrogen and ammonia gases in experiment 1 could provide the elemental nitrogen required for the formation of the AAs.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the data?

The presence of black bears and salmon correlates with a significant increase in nitrogen influx.

To investigate whether an organism in the study is capable of both photosynthesis and respiration, a comparison of which treatment groups is most appropriate?

1 and 2

Sickle-cell anemia is associated with a mutation in the gene encoding the beta subunit of glutamic hemoglobin that results in a change from acid to valine at position 6. All other amino acids are identical to a normal hemoglobin molecule. Based on the information above, which of the following mutations is the most likely cause of sickle-cell anemia?

A single base-pair substitution in the gene encoding the beta subunit

Previous experiments indicate that CDK5 is active only when attached to a protein called p35. Which of the following best predicts how p35 might play a role in regulating neuron function?

Degration of p35 results in increased synaptic activity.

Table- nitrogenous waste production Which of the following statements is most consistent with the data in the table?

The kidneys of reptiles and birds are highly efficient because little water is needed to excrete Uriel acid.

Which of the following conclusions is most consistent with the data shown in Figure 2?

The number of days an animal spends in ARD does not significantly affect its time of survival after reintroduction of food.

Which of the following most likely describes how the interaction between bears and salmon influences nitrogen dynamic in the environment?

When bears consume salmon, they leave parts of the carcasses on the ground, which decompose, releasing nitrogen into the environment.

Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to model represented in the figure above?

Which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane?

Zucchini squash in sucrose graph... Using teh straight line on the graph above, calculate the water potential (in bars) of the zucchini squash at 21C. Give your answer to one decimal place.

-8.6

Fruit flies (grid-in) A true-breeding female with wild-type wings and white eyes is crossed with a male with vestigial wings and red eyes. What proportion of the offspring are expected to be evil with wild-type wings and white eyes? Give your answer as a fraction or a decimal value from 0 to 1.

.5

Biological communities containing a large number of species that are evenly distributed exhibit high species diversity... Calculate the Simpson's index of diversity for the community of trees. Enter your answer as a value between 0 and 1 to the nearest hundredth.

.65

ABO blood type in humans... Assuming that the population is in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium with respect to blood type what is the frequency of the i allele? Give your answer to two decimal places.

.67

Picture of cladogram The validity of the eladogram is best supported by molecular evidence for which of the following changes in the amino acid composition of the beta-hemoglobin protein during the evolution of these species?

Arginine to leucine at position X on the cladogram

Some strains of the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes secrete poisonous substances called genes encoding the exotoxins are thought to have originated in bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria. Which of the following is the most likely the by which S. pyogenes has the ability to produce the exotoxins?

Bacteriophage DNA became integrated in the bacterial chromosome.

Butterflies of the genus Colias live in the Rocky Mountains, where they experience a wide range of temperatures. Different variants of a particular glycolytic enzyme in the flight muscles are optimally active at dinerent temperatures. Within the same population, but most effective at 29 ° C, while others most effective at 40 C. Still others can be equal at both temperatures, which is most consistent with the observed butterfly behavior?

Butterflies that expre or variations of the enzyme are used over a greater range of temperature.

Based on the model, which of the following describes the most likely mechanism by which CDK5 regulates neurotransmitter release?

CDK5 alters the activity of other proteins involved in the movement of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane.

Based on the model of speciation presented, which of the following describes the most likely consequence to the populations over time?

Hybrid individuals are less likely to pass their genetic information on to the subsequent generations.

Based on the model, which of the following best explains how regulation of neurotransmitter release might increase the range of responses to a stimulus in the nervous system?

Different neurons in the same neural network can release different amounts of neurotransmitter.

Paragraph and picture on human cells- dividing cell, contact inhibition Which of the following statements accurately uses the information presented to support the hypothesis that interruption of M function in a single body cell can result in cancer?

Growth factor signaling can trigger mitosis in cells that are in direct contact with other cells.

2 paragraphs- Which of the following questions would be most appropriate to investigate whether the proteolytic enzymes are evolutionarily conserved among species?

If a proteolytic enzyme from one species is incubated with a precursor protein from another species, does correct cleavage occur?

Paragraph about high blood cholesterol A man with high cholesterol levels is about to marry a woman whose total cholesterol levels are also higher than average. A doctor has suggested they got tested for the HC allele. Which of the following is a valid ethical question about the test?

If both have the allele for HC, should an insurance company raise their rate because of the results of the test?

Which of the following modifications to the experimental design will the best help reduce the standard errors of the means?

Increasing the sample size of each treatment group

Which of the following observations best supports the hypothesis that CDK5 negatively regulates neurotransmitter release?

Inhibition of CDK5 activity in neurons increases the movement of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane in response to a specific stimulus.

In a separate investigation, individual from different populations that are geographically isolated from each other are mated in the laboratory. The hybrid offspring were then mated with individuals from either of the original populations. Only the female hybrid offspring were fertile. The experimental results are most consistent with which of the stages that are depicted in the model?

Intermediate stage (Figure 2)

Which of the following best describes the reproductive ability of C elegans following the ARD induced in the first experiment?

Mating with a well-fed male consistently produced more offspring than did reproduction via self-fertilization.

Second base in Codon chart 5'-GACCGCAUGGUGACGAAAUU UGGCCAUUAA- 3' Based on the universal genetic code, which of the following represents the correct polypeptide that will result from translation of the mRNA molecule shown, beginning with the available start codon?

Met-Val-Thr-Lys-Phe-Gly-His

If a dam is built downstream and prevents salmon migration to the test sites, which of the following most accurately predicts the impact on nitrogen flux?

Nitrogen influx will decrease because there will be less bear-salmon interaction.

Transmission of an action potential across synapse involves the release of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron. The arrival of the action potential triggers to rise in the calcium concentration in the terminal synaptic, and the change in concentration triggers to release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Which of the following representations of the movement of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions best shows how an action is transmitted to the postsynaptic neuron?

Picture NA+ arrow entering on right top. K+ arrow leaving on bottom right. Ca++ entering.

Lab question of light/dark/plants/fish in water Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental results documented in the table?

Picture of bar graph

# of Cacti vs. # of Spines graph- In a species of cactus, the number of spines on a plant is genetically determined. The graph above shows frequency distributions for populations of the cactus growing in the presence or absence of two herbivores: peccaries (a New World pig) and wasp larvae. Which of the following best accounts for the different frequency distributions in the graph?

Precarias eat cacti with a smaller number of spines, and wasp larvae eat cacti with a greater number of spines.

Picture of signaling diagram for steroid hormones Based on the information presented, what of the following will also occur in response to steroid signaling?

Production of a specific mRNA will increase as a result of the binding of the hormone-receptor complex to the DNA.

Eye pigment in a particular strain of fly is determined by two genes. An autosomal gene that controls the color of the pigments in the eye two alleles: a dominant allele has (R) red eyes and a recessive to (r) that results in sepia eyes. A sex-linked gene that controls the expression of the colored pigments also has two alleles: a dominant allele (T that allows for expression of the colored pigments and a recessive allele (t) that does not allow for expression of the colored pigments. Which of the following represents a cross between a white-eyed male and a red-eyed female?

RrX^1X^1 * Rr X^TY

Using the model of speciation and applying it to a different population, which of the following outcomes is most consistent for a different species in which the ailments are homogametic and the females are heterogametic?

Sterility would appear in females before appearing in males.

Based on the experimental results, which of the following is the best evolutionary explanation for occurrence of ARD in C. elegans?

The ability to enter ARD provides a strong selective advantage because reproduction can occur despite periods of food scarcity.

Chart of parents and offspring (cross 1-2-3) The data above represents the results of three different crosses involving the inheritance of a gene that determines whether a certain organism is blue or white. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of inheritance of the gene?

The allele for blue is an X-linked dominant allele because there are no blue male offspring in cross 2

A scientist is evaluating a proposal for raising large numbers of fish in ocean pens for human. As part of the evaluation, the scientist is designing a plan for investigating how the fish in the ocean pens might affect nearby ecosystems. Which of the following is the most appropriate factor to use as the variable variable in the experimental investigation?

The amount of metabolic wastes in the water where the fish are being raised

A group of students designed an experiment to deferinto the compost on the germination and growth of plants. The students ber up plots by mising different ratios of oil and compost. They planted 20 pea and 20 melon seeds in each plot and watered each plot regularly. The students recorded the number of seeds that germinated, and the plants grew, plant length, and size of leaves, and general health observations The following observations were recorded. In all treatments, meme pea seeds germinated than melom seeds. There was a veek of rainy weather at three weeks. Melon plants developed to fungal growth at four weeks, Melon plants grew longer than pea planis, but many melon leaves showed signs of yellowing as the woekx passed. The students said that pea plants grew better in compost than did melon plants. Which of the following best addresses the validity of the conclusion made by the students?

The conclusion is invalid because other variables in the experiment (biotic and abiotic) affected the results.

As depicted in the diagram, honeybees communicate the location of flower patches to members of their model? dances that give information about the direction and distance to the flowers. Which the following statements about how honeybees communicate the position of flower patches is most consistent with the model?

The farther the target flowers from the hive, the longer the waggle phase.

In Drosophila melanogaster for wild-type tan body color (B) is dominant to the recessive allele for black body color (b). Similarly, the allele for wild type wing shape (V) is dominant to the recessive allele for vestigial wing phenotype (v). In the cross diagrammed above, the expected and observed results are shown. Which of the following best explains the observed results of the cross?

The genes for body color and wing shape are located close to each other on the same chromosome.

In the year 2000, specimens of Caulerpa taxifolia, green alga used in tropical aquariums, were found off the coast of California, Native to the Indian Ocean, C. tarifolia is known for aggressive growth and ability to compete with sea grasses' it is currently on an international list of invasive species. Which of the following best predicts the consequences of the introduction of C. tarifolia to the California coast?

Without natural herbivores or competitors. C. taxifolia will grow rapidly and crowd out native species of producers.

Two populations of a species of squirrel are geographically isolated from each other. Although they have the same population density one population is significantly larger in number than the other. A new bacterial disease, which is easily spread and extremely virulent, affects both populations at the same time. Which of the following is the best prediction how will the new disease affect the two populations?

The smaller population will have more affected than will the larger population, because the smaller population has less genetic variation than the larger population has.

The graph above represents the number of individuals in a population of wolves and in a population of moose observed in the same isolated geographic area over a 40-year period, from 1955 through 1995. Which of the following statements about the two populations is best supported by the information presented in the graph?

The wolves were predators of the moose, which were otherwise reproductively successful.

The pedigree below shows the inheritance of a dominant allele of a gene in a family over several generations. Circles represent females and squares represent males. Shaded symbols indicate individuals carrying the allele.

maternal mitochondrial mutations are inherited by all of a mother's offspring