AP Bio

All of the following cell components are found in prokaryotic cells EXCEPT

D.) nuclear envelope

Site of transport of materials into and out of the cell? A.) Mitochondria B.) Chloroplast C.) Golgi Apparatus D.) Cell Membrane E.) Vacuole (large)

D.) Cell Membrane

Synthesized at the ribosome Directions: This group of questions consists of five lettered headings followed by a list of phrases or sentences. For each phrase or sentence, select the one heading to which it is most closely related. Each heading may be used once, more than once, or not at all. This group of questions refers to the following groups of biological compounds.

A.) Proteins

Which of the following is true about the structure of the prokaryotic cell represented in the figure? The prokaryotic has no organelles that are membrane bound and free floating DNA in it.

C.) It has a cell wall exterior to the plasma membrane and contains ribosomes.

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?

C.) Ribosomes

Site of conversion of chemical energy of glucose to ATP? A.) Mitochondria B.) Chloroplast C.) Golgi Apparatus D.) Cell Membrane E.) Vacuole (large)

A.) Mitochondria

All eukaryotic cells contain at least one Golgi complex, typically located in the cytoplasm and near the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex?

A.) Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins. Correct. The Golgi complex is a membrane-bound structure to which some proteins are moved from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they are enzymatically modified before being sent to a cellular membrane.

Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations?

B.) An ancestral cell most likely engulfed anaerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells.

Evolved from a photoautotrophic prokaryote? A.) Mitochondria B.) Chloroplast C.) Golgi Apparatus D.) Cell Membrane E.) Vacuole (large)

B.) Chloroplast

Liver cells manufacture glycoproteins, while adipose cells store fat. Which of the following subcellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells?

B.) Golgi apparatus

Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose, while fungal cell walls are composed of chitin. A group of scientists hypothesize that this difference means the cell wall has largely different functions in plant cells and fungal cells. Alternatively, another group of scientists hypothesize that despite their biochemical differences, plant and fungal cell walls serve similar functions. Which of the following observations would best support the alternative hypothesis described above?

B.) In both plant cells and fungal cells, the cell wall surrounds the outside of the cell membrane. Correct. In both plants and fungi, a major function of the cell wall is to confer structural rigidity to the cell. Thus, in both cell types, the cell wall's location is similar. This is evidence supporting the alternative hypothesis proposed above.

The figure above represents a rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes the role of the structure labeled Y? The structure Y is a ribosome.

C.) Structure Y is the location where proteins are synthesized.

A pathogenic bacterium has been engulfed by a phagocytic cell as part of the nonspecific (innate) immune response. Which of the following illustrations best represents the response?

C.) There are Lysosomes in it.

A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes. The cell continues to transcribe the genes that code for the hydrolytic enzymes that are normally found in lysosomes and continues to translate the mRNAs for those proteins on membrane-bound ribosomes. The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?

D.) Golgi complex

Which of the following best describes the numbered areas?

Areas 1 and 3 are polar, since the membrane molecules are aligned with water molecules. Correct. As indicated in the diagram, the heads of the phospholipids in areas 1 and 3 are adjacent to water molecules, which shows that the phospholipid heads are hydrophilic.

Site of glucose synthesis? A.) Mitochondria B.) Chloroplast C.) Golgi Apparatus D.) Cell Membrane E.) Vacuole (large)

B.) Chloroplast

A prokaryotic cell has which of the following?

C.) Plasma membrane

The endosymbiont theory proposes a model for the evolution of mitochondria. According to the model, an ancestral eukaryote engulfed a small, free-living prokaryotic organism. The engulfed prokaryote then formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the eukaryotic host. Which of the following observations best supports the model?

Mitochondria and some prokaryotes share similar metabolic reactions that produce ATP. Correct. The observation that mitochondria and some prokaryotes share similar metabolic reactions that produce ATP supports the model that mitochondria are endosymbionts that originated from a free-living prokaryote.

The figure below illustrates a eukaryotic cell. Which of the following best describes how the three structures indicated by the arrows work together? The three structures are a Rough ER, Golgi Apparatus, Vesicle.

B.) To synthesize and isolate proteins for secretion or for use in the cell

Individuals with an inherited autosomal recessive disorder called primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) often have severe respiratory problems due to defective cilia. Males with PCD are often sterile because they produce sperm with defective flagella. Which of the following most likely explains the effect of the recessive allele?

D.) The cells do not produce functional motor proteins in flagella and cilia.

Site of modification and packaging of proteins and lipids prior to export from the cell? A.) Mitochondria B.) Chloroplast C.) Golgi Apparatus D.) Cell Membrane E.) Vacuole (large)

C.) Golgi Apparatus

Membrane-bound organelles have been an important component in the evolution of complex, multicellular organisms. Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes?

C.) Organelles isolate specific reactions, increasing metabolic efficiency. This option is correct. It demonstrates understanding and provides an explanation of how internal membrane-bound organelles contribute to cell function by providing a favorable local environment for metabolic reactions, and by protecting the cell from potentially damaging metabolic reactions.

Which of the following claims is scientifically accurate and consistent with an observation that a decrease in lysosome production within a cell leads to a decline in mitochondrial activity?

B.) Fewer lysosomes will be available to break down macromolecules to provide the necessary nutrients for cellular respiration. Correct. A function of the lysosomes is the breakdown and recycling of macronutrients, such as carbohydrates. Products of carbohydrate breakdown such as glucose are utilized by the mitochondria in the process of cell respiration.

Contains hydrolytic enzymes associated with the intracellular digestion of macromolecules?

B.) Lysosome

The model below shows the structure of a portion of a plasma membrane in an animal cell. Which statement best explains the orientation of the phospholipid molecules in this model?

B.) The hydrophilic phosphate groups of the phospholipid molecules are attracted to the aqueous internal and external environments. Correct. The hydrophilic polar phosphate groups of the phospholipid molecules orient toward the polar internal and external aqueous environments, forming a bilayer that keeps the hydrophobic portions of the phospholipids away from the polar molecules.

Organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have membranes that compartmentalize reactions and other metabolic processes. To function properly, the organelles must move substances across their membranes. Which of the following statements describes a feature shared by mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum that increases the efficiency of their basic functions?

B.) They have highly folded membranes.

Changing the shape or morphology of the mitochondrial inner membrane can change the efficiency of mitochondrial function. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a change in the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane from a highly folded surface to a smooth, flat surface?

D.) Mitochondria will become less efficient because the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membranes will decrease. Correct. The change to the inner mitochondrial membrane will result in a decrease in the membrane's surface area, which will reduce the efficiency of mitochondrial function because there will be less surface area for reactions to occur.

Cells contain smaller components called organelles that are necessary for a cell's survival. Organelle functions have often been compared to components of larger systems. Which of the following functional differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is explained by the structural differences between them?

D.) Rough ER can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth ER cannot. Correct. The ribosomes associated with rough ER synthesize proteins that are then exported from the cell.

Which of the following statements best supports the claim that certain organelles within eukaryotic cells evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells?

D.) Some organelles contain their own DNA that is more similar to prokaryotic DNA in structure and function than to the eukaryotic DNA found in the cell's nucleus. Correct. The mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA more similar to prokaryote DNA in structure and function than to eukaryotic DNA. Eukaryotic DNA in the nucleus has additional structural proteins and a more complex process of protein synthesis. The most reasonable explanation involves the incorporation of one free-living prokaryotes that eventually integrated with the structures and processes of their eukaryotic hosts.