AP Biology Ch. 12/13 Review

If a scientist is going to look for a region with rapid cellular growth, she/he would look at what type of tissue.

Cancer Tissue

Explain the mechanism in which cancer develops?

Cancer develops when the body's normal control mechanism stops working. Old cells do not die and instead grow out of control, forming new, abnormal cells. These extra cells may form a mass of tissue, called a tumor.

The region that attached sister chromatids is called the _____________________.

Centromere

When the chromatin coils, it thickens and becomes a __________________.

Chromosome

DNA in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is a tangled mess of threads called _______________________.

Chromosomes

If a cell undergoes interkinesis between Meiosis I and II, what will not occur?

Chromosomes don't get duplicated

Prokaryotic DNA is _________________ in shape.

Circular

Prokaryotic chromosomes contain _______________ and associated ________________________.

Circular DNA; Protiens

The exchange of homologous segments between non-sister chromatids of bivalents during meiosis I is called ____________________.

Crossing-over

What are the two haploid cells?

Daughter Cells

What are the functions of the enzymes kinases and cyclins?

Kinases are enzymes that remove a phosphate group from ATP and add it to another protein, which is a common way for the cell to turn on metabolic pathways. Cyclins proteins activate kinases, which in turn activates enzymes; one destroys cyclin; therefore cyclin levels vary, which in gives them their name.

The exact location of a gene is called the _________________.

Locus

By what process is a haploid cell produced.

Meiosis

The type of nuclear division reducing chromosome number from diploid (2n) to haploid (n) number (half the diploid number of chromosomes.) is called ___________________.

Meiosis

Completely describe the differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Meiosis has two rounds of genetic separation and cellular division while mitosis only has one of each. In meiosis homologous chromosomes separate leading to daughter cells that are not genetically identical. In mitosis the daughter cells are identical to the parent as well as to each other.

During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes come together and line up (cause unknown) in ______________.

Metaphase

The main microtubule organizer is called the _____________.

Microtubule-Organizing Center (MTOC)

The process by which prokaryotic cells divide producing two identical offsprings is called _______________.

Mitosis

What will reestablish the diploid number in organisms?

Mitosis

Nuclear division is referred to as __________________ and cytoplasmic division is called ________________.

Mitosis; Cytokineses

Prokaryotic chromosomes consist of an irregular shaped region that is not surrounded by a membrane called a ___________________.

Nucleiod

The production of egg cells is called _________________.

Oogenesis

Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular division.

Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome, no nucleus, and few other organelles. Eukaryotic cells, in contrast, have multiple chromosomes contained within a nucleus, and many other organelles.

List and describe the two types of reproduction.

Sexual Reproduction: type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism Asexual Reproduction: process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

Two strands of genetically identical chromosomes are called the ______________________.

Sister Chromatids

Body cells are diploid cells called _________________ cells.

Somatic

The production of sperm is called _________________.

Spermatigenesis

Specialized protein complexes that form sticky ends to bind the centromere to the spindle is a ____________________.

Telomere

What is a life cycle?

The generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism.

Explain the process of spermatogenesis?

The production of sperm cells

Explain the process of oogenesis?

The production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum

What is the branch of biology called genetics?

The scientific study of heredity and inherited variation.

What is meant by the statement that cancer metastasizes?

The spread of cancer to locations distant from their original site.

What are spindle fibers responsible for?

They are responsible in forming a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell. The spindle is necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells.

List the 3 classes of carcinogen.

They can be divided into three major categories: chemical carcinogens (including those from biological sources), physical carcinogens, and oncogenic (cancer-causing) viruses.

Cancer cells invade and destroy normal tissue; this new growth is called ______________________.

Transformation

The protein that microtubules are composed of is _______________________.

Tubulin

What does the term carcinogen mean?

A substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue (cancer causing).

List and fully describe 3 mechanisms that will result in genetic variation.

1)Independent Assortment of Chromosomes: the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes during meiosis 2)Crossing-over: the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring 3)Random Fertilization: the combination of each unique sperm with each unique egg increases genetic variability

How many different combinations exist if only independent assortment is factored in and the diploid number is 16?

2^16= 65536 different combinations

DNA is composed of nucleotides. What 3 things are nucleotides composed of?

A nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group.

What are polar bodies and what do they do?

A polar body is a small haploid cell that is formed concomitantly as an egg cell during oogenesis, but which generally does not have the ability to be fertilized.

Explain the difference between cytokineses in a plant and an animal cell.

Animal cells divide by a cleavage furrow. Plant cells divide by a cell plate that eventually becomes the cell wall. Cytoplasm and cell membranes are necessary for cytokineses in both plants and animals.

What are the two types of tumors?

Benign Tumors (tumors that are surgically removable with little risk of further growth in the body) and Malignant Tumors (masses of cells that result from the reproduction of cancer cells)

The process by which prokaryotic cells divide producing two identical offsprings is called _______________.

Binary Fission

During synapsis, the two sets of paired chromosomes lay alongside each other as _______________ or a ________________.

Bivalents; Tertrads

Explain the difference between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell.

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA.

What is syngamy?

Fusion of gametes

List and FULLY describe the stages of the cell cycle. Interphase, mitosis, and cytokineses.

INTERPHASE - G1: cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated - S: each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell - G2: the cell "double checks" the duplicated chromosomes for error making any needed repairs MITOSIS - Prophase: chromosomes condense, breakdown of the nuclear membrane, spindle fibers appear - Prometaphase: spindle fibers attach to chromosomes, chromosomes condense - Metaphase: chromosomes align - Anaphase: centromeres divide, sister chromatids move to opposite poles - Telophase: nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes decondense, spindle fibers disappear CYTOKINESES - Cytokineses: cytoplasm divides, parent cell becomes 2 daughter cells with identical genetic information

Explain the difference between haploid and diploid.

In diploid organisms, diploid cells contain the complete set of necessary chromosomes, while haploid have only half the number of chromosomes found in the nucleus.

What is apoptosis and what happens during the process?

It is programmed cell death and during apoptosis, the cell shrinks and pulls away from its neighbors.

Why does the cell cycle clock work and why is it important?

It uses enzymes known as cyclins and kinases regulation of passage of cells through two checkpoints and it helps keep the cell cycle in order and regulated.

List and describe the 8 stages of meiosis?

~Prophase I: the chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. crossing- over occurs ~Metaphase I: pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell ~Anaphase I: homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell ~Telophase I and Cytokineses: Chromosomes gather at the poles of the cells. The cytoplasm divides ~Prophase II: A new spindle forms around the chromosomes ~Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at the equator ~Anaphase II: centromeres divides. Chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell ~Telophase II and Cytokineses: A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes. The cytoplasm divides