AP Biology Chapter 16/17 Review

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Erwin Chargaff's Rule (1950)

- DNA composition varies from one species to the next (making it a more credible candidate) - The amount of A=T, C=G (approximately)

Primase

- RNA polymerase - lays down RNA primer

DNA ligase

- enzyme used during replication to attach Okazaki fragments to each other; leading strand to lagging strand

DNA polymerase

- enzyme used to position nucleotides during DNA replication - replaces RNA primer with DNA - can repair mistakes in DNA base pairing

Where do mutations come from?

- mutagens, chemicals, drugs - light - errors in normal cell processes - biological agents

Topoisomerase

- snips one or both strands of template DNA - relieves tension created by helicase - prevents tangling or breaking of the template DNA

Helicase

- unwinds double-stranded DNA, using ATP - creates and widens the replication bubble

Watson and Crick (1953)

- used cardboard and metal to build a model of DNA - franklin's X-ray crystallographic images of DNA enabled Watson to deduce that DNA was helical and to determine the width and spacing of the nitrogenous bases (Purines pair with pyrimidines) - using Chargaff's Rule, they paired A=T, C=G

If a segment of DNA is 5'-TAC GAT TAG-3', the RNA that results from the transcription of this segment will be

3'-AUG CUA AUC-5'

A tobacco plant can be made to express a gene from fireflies, resulting in the emission of light. Which of the following is the basis for this phenomenon?

Transcription and translation are fundamentally similar in both fireflies and tobacco plants

Cells that contain only circular chromosomes are most probably which of the following?

bacterial cells

tRNA

binds amino acids and brings them to the ribosome

Fredrick Griffith (1928)

determined that cells can be transformed; genetic material from one cell can go into another cell and the traits can be expressed

Analysis of DNA sequences from two individuals of the same species results in a greater estimate of genetic variability than does analysis of amino acid sequences from the same individuals because

different DNA sequences can code for the same amino acid

RNA polymerase

enzyme used in synthesis of mRNA

tRNA molecules deliver amino acids to ribosomes where the amino acid next

is covalently bonded to a growing polypeptide

rRNA

major component of ribosome

Transcription

process in which RNA is produced using a DNA template

Translation

process in which a protein is assembled at a ribosome

Transformation

process in which naked DNA is taken up to be a bacterial or yeast cell

mRNA

read by ribosome, as a template for making proteins

Antibiotics interfere with prokaryotic cell functions. Streptomycin is an antibiotic that affects the small ribosomal subunit in prokaryotes. Specifically, streptomycin interferes with the proper binding of tRNA to mRNA in prokaryotic ribosomes. Which of the following best predicts the most direct effect of exposing prokaryotic cells to streptomycin?

synthesis of polypeptides will be inhibited

What normally leads to the production of functional messenger RNA in eukaryotic cells?

the removal of portions of RNA known as intervening sequences (introns)

Ribosome

translation occurs here

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty (1944)

used Griffith's basic experiment but focused on separating the components of the heat-killed (S cells) into DNA, RNA, carbohydrates, and protein to determine which one transformed the bacteria and killed the mouse

Hershey-Chase Experiment (1952)

used a bacteriophage: a virus that infects a bacteria

Rosalind Franklin (1952)

used x-ray diffraction to take pictures of DNA (photo 51) and determined phosphates were on the outside of the structure


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