AP Biology Chapter 22.1-22.2

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment?

Adaptation

When Cuvier considered the fossils found in the vicinity of Paris, he concluded that the extinction of species _____.

occurs, but that there is no evolution

From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos islands, Darwin reasoned that _____.

organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species

Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens?

Large hen, large rooster

A farmer wishes to develop a strain of high-yield corn that is also resistant to drought. He has the following individuals from the current year's crop:

A and E A—Yield: 179 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high E—Yield: 200 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium

Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection?

A cow that produces a large quantity of milk.

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring?

Heritability

Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct?

In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties.

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?

Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.

Which of the following observations led to Darwin's major inferences?

The first and fourth answers are correct.

A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10% are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population?

The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.

Which of the following scientists argued that variation among individuals allows evolution to occur?

Wallace

Which one of the following researchers developed a theory of evolution that was very similar to Charles Darwin's?

Wallace

Prior to the work of Lyell and Darwin, the prevailing belief was that Earth is _____.

a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging

An adaptation is _____.

a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment

The cow Bos primigenius (which is bred for meat and milk) has a smaller brain and larger eyes than closely related wild species of ungulates. These traits most likely arose by _____.

artificial selection, because changes in these traits co-occurred with human selection for high milk output and high muscle content

Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it _____.

dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populations

Charles Darwin _____.

proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

Catastrophism was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of _____.

the fossil record

With what other idea of his time was Cuvier's theory of catastrophism most in conflict?

uniformitarianism