AP Biology Chapter 24

B) a species

20) The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is _____. A) a population B) a species C) the entire range of a genus D) the hybrid zone

D) habitat isolation

1) What keeps the two populations separate? A) temporal reproductive isolation B) lack of hybrid viability C) behavioral reproductive isolation D) habitat isolation

C) biological

10) Which of the various species concepts distinguishes two species based on the degree of genetic exchange between their gene pools? A) phylogenetic B) ecological C) biological D) morphological

D) biological

11) There is still some controversy among biologists about whether Neanderthals should be placed within the same species as modern humans or into a separate species of their own. Most DNA sequence data analyzed so far indicate that there was probably little or no gene flow between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Which species concept is most applicable in this example? A) phylogenetic B) ecological C) morphological D) biological

A) convergent evolution

12) Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of _____. A) convergent evolution B) a synapomorphy C) homology D) parsimony

D) morphological

12) You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use? A) biological B) phylogenetic C) ecological D) morphological

C) habitat isolation

13) Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms? A) temporal isolation B) behavioral isolation C) habitat isolation D) gametic isolation

B) 2, 4, 1, 3

14) Rank the following in order from most general to most specific: 1. gametic isolation 2. reproductive isolating mechanism 3. sperm-egg incompatibility in sea urchins 4. prezygotic isolating mechanism A) 2, 3, 1, 4 B) 2, 4, 1, 3 C) 4, 1, 2, 3 D) 4, 2, 1, 3

A) reduced hybrid viability

15) Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the embryos stop developing after a day and then die. These two frog species separate by _____. A) reduced hybrid viability B) hybrid breakdown C) reduced hybrid fertility D) gametic isolation

A) bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb

15) Which of the following pairs are the best examples of homologous structures? A) bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb B) owl wing and hornet wing C) bat wing and bird wing D) eyelessness in the Australian mole and eyelessness in the North American mole

C) possession of analogous (convergent) traits

16) Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae). If the molecular data best reflect the evolutionary history of these two groups, then the morphological similarities of these two species is most likely due to _____. A) the inheritance of acquired characteristics B) sexual selection C) possession of analogous (convergent) traits D) possession of shared primitive characters

C) reduced hybrid fertility

16) The production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses (mares) and male donkeys (jacks) is an example of _____. A) reduced hybrid viability B) hybrid breakdown C) reduced hybrid fertility D) mechanical isolation

D) biological and phylogenetic

17) Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and gray wolves (Canis lupus) can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring. These species shared a common ancestor recently (in geologic time) and have a high degree of genetic similarity, although their anatomies vary widely. Judging from this evidence, which two species concepts are most likely to place dogs and wolves together into a single species? A) ecological and morphological B) ecological and phylogenetic C) biological and morphological D) biological and phylogenetic

C) gametic isolation

18) Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. Pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species. These two juniper species are kept separate by _____. A) habitat isolation B) temporal isolation C) gametic isolation D) behavioral isolation

C) gene flow

19) What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries? A) geographic isolation B) niche differences C) gene flow D) morphological similarity

A) different subspecies, under the morphological species concept

2) The two populations are _____. A) different subspecies, under the morphological species concept B) different species, under the biological species concept C) different species, under the phylogenetic species concept

B) greater percentage of difference in DNA sequence between species that inhabit deep water than between species that inhabit shallow water

21) Refer to the paragraph about the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. If the isthmus formed gradually rather than suddenly, what pattern of genetic divergence would you expect to find in these species pairs? A) similar percentages of difference in DNA sequence between all pairs of sister species B) greater percentage of difference in DNA sequence between species that inhabit deep water than between species that inhabit shallow water C) greater percentage of difference in DNA sequence between species that inhabit shallow water than between species that inhabit deep water

D) genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence

22) Which of the following describes the most likely order of events in allopatric speciation? A) genetic drift, genetic isolation, divergence B) genetic isolation, divergence, genetic drift C) divergence, genetic drift, genetic isolation D) genetic isolation, genetic drift, divergence

D) allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations

24) How are two different species most likely to evolve from one ancestral species? A) sympatrically, by a point mutation affecting morphology or behavior B) sympatrically, due to extensive inbreeding C) allopatrically, due to extensive inbreeding D) allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations

C) allopatric speciation

25) House finches were found only in western North America until 1939, when a few individuals were released in New York City. These individuals established a breeding population and gradually expanded their range. The western population also expanded its range somewhat eastward, and the two populations have recently come in contact. If the two forms were unable to interbreed when their expanding ranges met, it would be an example of _____. A) prezygotic isolation B) reinforcement C) allopatric speciation D) sympatric speciation

A) polyploidy

26) Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of _____. A) polyploidy B) reinforcement C) colonization D) natural selection

C) The tetraploids would be reproductively isolated from both parent species.

27) Two researchers experimentally formed tetraploid frogs by fertilizing diploid eggs from Rana porosa brevipoda with diploid sperm from Rana nigromaculata. When they mated these tetraploid frogs with each other, most of the offspring that survived to maturity were tetraploid, with chromosome sets of both diploid parent species. Based on these results, if this type of tetraploid formed in the wild, what would be the result? (Y. Kondo and A. Kashiwagi. 2004. Experimentally induced autotetraploidy and allotetraploidy in two Japanese pond frogs. Journal of Herpetology 38(3):381-92.) A) The two parent species would interbreed and fuse into one species. B) The two parent species would recognize each other as mates. C) The tetraploids would be reproductively isolated from both parent species. D) The tetraploids would be selected against.

D) None. Not I, II, or III.

27) Which of the following statements is true about a phylogeny, as represented by a phylogenetic tree? I) Descendant groups (branches) from the same node do not necessarily share any derived characters. II) A monophyletic group can be properly based on convergent features. III) The ancestral group often has all the synapomorphies of the descendant species. A) only I B) only II C) only III D) None. Not I, II, or III.

A) polyploidy

29) Two species of tree frogs that live sympatrically in the northeastern United States differ in ploidy: Hyla chrysoscelis is diploid, and Hyla versicolor is tetraploid. The frogs are identical in appearance, but their mating calls, which females use to find mates, differ. Which difference most likely evolved first? A) polyploidy B) difference in mating calls C) Polyploidy and different mating calls must have evolved at the same time.

A) sympatric speciation and habitat isolation

30) In a hypothetical situation, a certain species of flea feeds only on pronghorn antelopes. In the western United States, pronghorns and cattle often associate with one another in the same open rangeland. Some of these fleas develop a strong preference for cattle blood and mate only with other fleas that prefer cattle blood. The host mammal can be considered as the fleas' habitat. If this situation persists, and new species evolve, this would be an example of _____. A) sympatric speciation and habitat isolation B) sympatric speciation and temporal isolation C) allopatric speciation and habitat isolation D) allopatric speciation and gametic isolation

A) relative locations of two populations as speciation occurs

31) The difference between geographic isolation and habitat differentiation (isolation) is the _____. A) relative locations of two populations as speciation occurs B) speed (tempo) at which two populations undergo speciation C) amount of genetic variation that occurs among two gene pools as speciation occurs D) identity of the phylogenetic kingdom or domain in which these phenomena occur

D) sympatric speciation and polyploidy

32) Among known plant species, which of these have been the two most commonly occurring phenomena that have led to the origin of new species? A) allopatric speciation and sexual selection B) allopatric speciation and polyploidy C) sympatric speciation and sexual selection D) sympatric speciation and polyploidy

B) sympatric speciation; habitat differentiation

33) Beetle pollinators of a particular plant are attracted to its flowers' bright orange color. The beetles not only pollinate the flowers, but they mate while inside of the flowers. A mutant version of the plant with red flowers becomes more common with the passage of time. A particular variant of the beetle prefers the red flowers to the orange flowers. Over time, these two beetle variants diverge from each other to such an extent that interbreeding is no longer possible. What kind of speciation has occurred in this example, and what has driven it? A) allopatric speciation; ecological isolation B) sympatric speciation; habitat differentiation C) allopatric speciation; behavioral isolation D) sympatric speciation; allopolyploidy

D) 3 and 5

35) Which two of the following have operated to increase divergence between mosquitofish populations on Andros? 1. improved gene flow 2. bottleneck effect 3. sexual selection 4. founder effect 5. natural selection A) 1 and 3 B) 2 and 3 C) 2 and 4 D) 3 and 5

C) Their winter habitat has no bearing on their degree of reproductive isolation.

4) Many songbirds breed in North America in the spring and summer and then migrate to Central and South America in the fall. They spend the winter in these warmer areas, where they feed and prepare for the spring migration north and another breeding season. Two hypothetical species of sparrow, A and B, overwinter together in mixed flocks in Costa Rica. In spring, species A goes to the east coast of North America, and species B goes to the west coast. What can you say about the isolating mechanisms of these two species? A) They must have strong postzygotic isolating mechanisms to spend winter in such close proximity. B) They must have strong prezygotic isolating mechanisms to spend winter in such close proximity. C) Their winter habitat has no bearing on their degree of reproductive isolation. D) Reinforcement must be occurring when they winter together.

C) tend to retard adaptation to the new food plants

43) A small number of birds arrive on an island from a neighboring larger island. This small population begins to adapt to the new food plants available on the island, and their beaks begin to change. About twice a year, one or two more birds from the neighboring island arrive. These new arrivals _____. A) speed up the process of speciation B) tend to promote adaptation to the new food plants C) tend to retard adaptation to the new food plants D) represent a colonizing event

D) I, II, and III

45) Male frogs give calls that attract female frogs to approach and mate. Researchers examined mating calls of closely related but separate species of tree frogs in South America. What outcomes could possibly occur where the ranges of two species overlap? I) The species will interbreed, eventually fusing over time. II) A stable hybrid zone will form if hybrids are better adapted to the area of overlap than either parent species is. III) Species will continue to diverge and be isolated by behavioral or genetic mechanisms. A) I B) II C) III D) I, II, and III

B) hybrids have lower fitness than either parent population

46) Reinforcement is most likely to occur when _____. A) the environment is changing B) hybrids have lower fitness than either parent population C) prezygotic isolating mechanisms are in place D) gene flow is low

C) an increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of the next one hundred generations

47) The phenomenon of fusion is likely to occur when, after a period of geographic isolation, two populations meet again and _____. A) an increasing number of infertile hybrids is produced over the course of the next one hundred generations B) no reproduction occurs in the hybrid zone C) an increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of the next one hundred generations D) a decreasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of the next one hundred generations

B) an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring

48) A hybrid zone is properly defined as _____. A) an area where the ranges of two closely related species overlap, but do not interbreed B) an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring C) a zone where sterile hybrids form, kept separate by postzygotic barriers D) an area where members of two closely related species intermingle, but gene flow is prevented by prezygotic barriers

A) gene flow between distinct gene pools

49) In hybrid zones where reinforcement is occurring, we should see a decline in _____. A) gene flow between distinct gene pools B) speciation C) the genetic distinctness of two gene pools D) mutation rates

D) No.

5) The peppered moth provides a well-known example of natural selection. The light-colored form of the moth was predominant in England before the Industrial Revolution. In the mid- nineteenth century, a dark-colored form appeared. The difference is produced by a dominant allele of one gene. By about 1900, approximately 90% of the moths around industrial areas were dark colored, whereas light-colored moths were still abundant elsewhere. Apparently, birds could readily find the light moths against the soot-darkened background in industrial areas and, therefore, were eating more light moths. Recently, use of cleaner fuels has greatly reduced soot in the landscape, and the dark-colored moths have been disappearing. Should the two forms of moths be considered separate species? A) Yes, because natural selection has affected the frequency of the two different forms. B) Yes, because they have completely different coloration. C) Yes, because they are reproductively isolated based on habitat. D) No.

C) The alleles' heterozygosity should be higher among the hybrid toads than in toad populations distant from the hybrid zone.

51) A narrow hybrid zone separates the toad species Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata. What is true of those alleles that are unique to the parental species? A) Such alleles should be absent. B) Their allele frequency should be nearly the same as the allele frequencies in toad populations distant from the hybrid zone. C) The alleles' heterozygosity should be higher among the hybrid toads than in toad populations distant from the hybrid zone. D) Their allele frequency on one edge of the hybrid zone should roughly equal their frequency on the opposite edge of the hybrid zone.

D) descended from an original colony of D. yakuba, of which there are no surviving members. The current island D. yakuba represent a second colonization event from elsewhere.

52) The observation that island D. yakuba are more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than island D. yakuba are to D. santomea is best explained by proposing that D. santomea _____. A) descended from a now-extinct, non-African fruit fly B) arrived on the island before D. yakuba C) descended from a single colony of D. yakuba, which had been introduced from elsewhere, with no subsequent colonization events D) descended from an original colony of D. yakuba, of which there are no surviving members. The current island D. yakuba represent a second colonization event from elsewhere.

A) Build a canal linking the two ponds that permits free movement of mosquitofish, but not of predators.

53) What is the best way to promote fusion between two related populations of mosquitofish, one of which lives in a predator-rich pond and the other of which lives in a predator-poor pond? A) Build a canal linking the two ponds that permits free movement of mosquitofish, but not of predators. B) Transfer only female mosquitofish from a predator-rich pond to a predator-poor pond. C) Perform a reciprocal transfer of females between predator-rich and predator-poor ponds. D) Remove predators from a predator-rich pond and transfer them to a predator-poor pond.

D) The frequency of hybrid offspring would decrease.

54) Suppose that a group of male pied flycatchers migrated from a region where there were no collared flycatchers to a region where both species were present. Assuming events like this are very rare, which of the following scenarios is LEAST likely? A) Migrant pied males would produce fewer offspring than would resident pied males. B) Pied females would rarely mate with collared males. C) Migrant males would mate with collared females more often than with pied females. D) The frequency of hybrid offspring would decrease.

D) I, II, and III are correct.

55) Fly species W, found in a certain part of the island, produces fertile offspring with species Y. Species W does not produce fertile offspring with species X or Z. If no other species can hybridize, then which of the following statements about species W and Y are true? I) Species W and Y have genomes that are still similar enough for successful meiosis to occur in hybrid flies. II) Species W and Y have more genetic similarity with each other than either did with the other two species. III) Species W and Y may fuse into a single species if their hybrids remain fertile over the course of many generations. A) Only I is correct. B) Only II is correct. C) Only III is correct. D) I, II, and III are correct.

D) can involve changes to a single gene

58) Speciation _____. A) occurs at such a slow pace that no one has ever observed the emergence of new species B) occurs only by the accumulation of small genetic changes over vast expanses of time C) must begin with the geographic isolation of a small, frontier population D) can involve changes to a single gene

D) at least one gene, affecting at least one phenotypic trait, must change

59) According to the biological species concept, for speciation to occur, _____. A) the number of chromosomes in the gene pool must change B) changes to centromere location or chromosome size must occur within the gene pool C) large numbers of genes that affect numerous phenotypic traits must change D) at least one gene, affecting at least one phenotypic trait, must change

D) the morpholoogical species, biological species, and phylogenetic species concepts

6) Refer to the paragraph about the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. The sister populations on opposite sides of the isthmus are true species under which species concept? A) the morphological species concept B) the biological species concept C) the phylogenetic species concept D) the morpholoogical species, biological species, and phylogenetic species concepts

A) A single clade (that is, a group of species that share a common ancestor) can include species that formed by gradualism and other species that formed by punctuated equilibrium.

60) Which conclusion can be drawn from this evolutionary tree? A) A single clade (that is, a group of species that share a common ancestor) can include species that formed by gradualism and other species that formed by punctuated equilibrium. B) A single clade (that is, a group of species that share a common ancestor) will either include species that formed by gradualism or species that formed by punctuated equilibrium. C) Assuming that the tip of each line represents a species, there are five extant (that is, not extinct) species resulting from the earliest common ancestor. D) Species X and Z best represent species that evolved by punctuated equilibrium.

A) Postzygotic isolation exists between the two frog species.

7) The common edible frog of Europe is a hybrid between two species, Rana lessonae and Rana ridibunda. The hybrids were first described in 1758 and have a wide distribution, from France across central Europe to Russia. Both male and female hybrids exist, but when they mate among themselves, they are rarely successful in producing offspring. What can you infer from this information? A) Postzygotic isolation exists between the two frog species. B) Prezygotic isolation exists between the two frog species. C) These two species are likely in the process of fusing back into one species. D) The hybrids form a separate species under the biological species concept.

B) evolution above the species level

9) Macroevolution is _____. A) the same as microevolution, but includes the origin of new species B) evolution above the species level C) defined as the evolution of microscopic organisms into organisms that can be seen with the naked eye D) defined as a change in allele or gene frequency over the course of many generations

D) mutations to homologous genes

Phylogenetic trees constructed from evidence from molecular systematics are based on similarities in _____. A) morphology B) the pattern of embryological development C) biochemical pathways D) mutations to homologous genes

C) a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism

Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact? A) a temporal reproductive isolating mechanism B) a postzygotic isolating mechanism C) a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism D) a gametic reproductive isolating mechanism