AP Biology Chapter 8

A flask containing photosynthetic green algae and a control flask containing water with no algae are both placed under a bank of lights, which are set to cycle between 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark. The dissolved oxygen concentrations in both flasks are monitored. Predict what the relative dissolved oxygen concentrations will be in the flask with algae compared to the control flask. A) The dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae will be higher in the light, but lower in the dark. B) The dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae will not be different from the control flask at any time. C) The dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae will always be higher. D) The dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae will be higher in the light, but the same in the dark. E) The dissolved oxygen in the flask with algae will always be lower.

A

A gardener is concerned that her greenhouse is getting too hot from too much light, and seeks to shade her plants with colored translucent plastic sheets, the color of which allows passage of only that wavelength. What color should she use to reduce overall light energy, but still maximize plant growth? A) blue B) yellow C) orange D) green E) Any color will work equally well.

A

What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? A) synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide B) use ATP to release carbon dioxide C) split water and release oxygen D) use NADPH to release carbon dioxide E) transport RuBP out of the chloroplast

A

In a cyanobacterium, the reactions that produce NADPH occur in A) the light reactions alone. B) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle. C) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. D) the chloroplast, but are not part of photosynthesis. E) the Calvin cycle alone.

A

In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located? A) thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane B) thylakoid membrane only C) thylakoid membrane and plasma membrane D) plasma membrane only E) inner mitochondrial membrane only

A

In autotrophic bacteria, where is chlorophyll located? A) in the infolded plasma membrane B) in the ribosomes C) in chloroplast membranes D) in chloroplast stroma E) in the nucleoid

A

In thylakoids, protons travel through ATP synthase from the thylakoid space to the stroma. Therefore, the catalytic "knobs" of ATP synthase would be located A) on the stromal side of the membrane. B) on the side facing the thylakoid space. C) built into the center of the thylakoid stack (granum). D) on the ATP molecules themselves. E) on the pigment molecules of photosystem I and photosystem II.

A

Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis by A) reducing the amount of 3-phosphoglycerate formed. B) consuming carbon dioxide. C) denaturing rubisco. D) producing ribulose bisphosphate. E) generating excess ATP.

A

Reduction of NADP+ occurs during A) photosynthesis. B) respiration. C) neither photosynthesis nor respiration. D) both photosynthesis and respiration

A

Some photosynthetic bacteria (e.g., purple sulfur bacteria) have only photosystem I, whereas others (e.g., cyanobacteria) have both photosystem I and photosystem II. Which of the following might this observation imply? A) Photosynthesis with only photosystem I is more ancestral. B) Cyclic flow is more necessary than linear electron flow. C) Linear electron flow is more primitive than cyclic flow of electrons. D) Photosystem II may have evolved to be more photoprotective. E) Photosystem II was selected against in some species.

A

Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be A) to test for liberation of O2 in the light. B) to determine if they have thylakoids in the chloroplasts. C) to test for CO2 fixation in the dark. D) to do experiments to generate an action spectrum. E) to test for production of either sucrose or starch.

A

The alternative pathways of photosynthesis using the C4 or CAM systems are said to be compromises. Why? A) Both minimize photorespiration but expend more ATP during carbon fixation. B) C4 plants allow less water loss but CAM plants allow more water loss. C) C4 compromises on water loss and CAM compromises on photorespiration. D) Each one minimizes both water loss and rate of photosynthesis. E) CAM plants allow more water loss, whereas C4 plants allow less CO2 into the plant

A

The phylogenetic distribution of the enzyme rubisco is limited to A) all known photoautotrophs, both bacterial and eukaryotic. B) all photosynthetic eukaryotes. C) C3 and C4 plants. D) C3 plants only. E) all living cells.

A

What is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon? A) They are inversely related. B) They have a direct, linear relationship. C) They are separate phenomena. D) They are logarithmically related. E) They are only related in certain parts of the spectrum.

A

What wavelengths of light should be used to maximize plant growth with a minimum of energy expenditure? A) a mixture of blue and red light B) UV light C) green light D) full-spectrum white light E) yellow light

A

What would be the expected effect on plants if the atmospheric CO2 concentration was doubled? A) C3 plants will have faster growth; C4 plants will be minimally affected. B) C3 plants will have faster growth; C4 plants will have slower growth. C) Plant growth will not be affected because atmospheric CO2 concentrations are never limiting for plant growth. D) All plants will experience increased rates of photosynthesis. E) C4 plants will have faster growth; C3 plants will be minimally affected.

A

Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place? A) stroma of the chloroplast B) matrix of the mitochondria C) thylakoid space D) thylakoid membranes E) cytosol around the chloroplast

A

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? A) Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas respiration releases it. B) Respiration is anabolic and photosynthesis is catabolic. C) ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration. D) Photosynthesis occurs only in plants and respiration occurs only in animals. E) Respiration runs the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in reverse.

A

Carotenoids are often found in foods that are considered to have antioxidant properties in human nutrition. What related function do they have in plants? A) They take up and remove toxins from the groundwater. B) They protect against oxidative damage from excessive light energy. C) They reflect orange light and enhance red light absorption by chlorophyll. D) They shield the sensitive chromosomes of the plant from harmful ultraviolet radiation. E) They serve as accessory pigments to increase light absorption.

B

How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants? A) Both types of plants make sugar without the Calvin cycle. B) In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially. C) Both types of plants make most of their sugar in the dark. D) In both cases, thylakoids are not involved in photosynthesis. E) In both cases, electron transport is not used.

B

If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 containing heavy oxygen (18O), later analysis will show that all of the following molecules produced by the algae contain18Oexcept A) glucose. B) O2. C) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). D) 3-phosphoglycerate. E) ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).

B

In any ecosystem, terrestrial or aquatic, which of the following are always necessary? A) autotrophs and heterotrophs B) autotrophs C) photosynthesizers D) producers and primary consumers E) green plants

B

In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to A) substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis. B) oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration. C) the Calvin cycle. D) reduction of NADP+. E) carbon fixation.

B

In metabolic processes of cell respiration and photosynthesis, prosthetic groups such as heme and iron-sulfur complexes are encountered in components of the electron transport chain. What do they do? A) donate electrons B) both oxidize and reduce during electron transport C) act as oxidizing agents D) transport protons within the mitochondria and chloroplasts E) act as reducing agents

B

Photorespiration occurs when rubisco reacts RuBP with A) 3-phosphoglycerate. B) O2. C) NADPH. D) CO2. E) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

B

Reactions that require CO2take place in A) the chloroplast, but are not part of photosynthesis. B) the Calvin cycle alone. C) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. D) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle. E) the light reactions alone.

B

Reduction of oxygen to form water occurs during A) the dark reactions only. B) respiration only. C) neither photosynthesis nor respiration. D) photosynthesis only. E) both photosynthesis and respiration

B

What wavelength of light in Figure 8.1 is most effective in driving photosynthesis? A) 625 mm B) 420 mm C) 475 mm D) 575 mm E) 730 mm

B

Where are the molecules of the electron transport chain found in plant cells? A) outer membrane of mitochondria B) thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts C) cytoplasm D) stroma of chloroplasts E) matrix of mitochondria

B

Which molecule(s) of the Calvin cycle is (are) also found in glycolysis? A) 3-phosphoglycerate only B) B, C, D, and 3-phosphoglycerate only C) E only D) B, C, and E only E) B, C, E, and 3-phosphoglycerate

B

A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by this pigment? A) green and yellow B) blue, green, and red C) blue and violet D) red and yellow E) green, blue, and yellow

C

An outcome of this experiment was to help determine the relationship between A) wavelengths of light and the rate of aerobic respiration. B) the concentration of carbon dioxide and the rate of photosynthesis. C) wavelengths of light and the rate of photosynthesis. D) heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms. E) wavelengths of light and the amount of heat released.

C

Compared to C3 plants, C4 plants A) have higher rates of photorespiration. B) do not use rubisco for carbon fixation. C) can continue to fix CO2 even at relatively low CO2 concentrations and high oxygen concentrations. D) grow better under cool, moist conditions. E) make a four-carbon compound, oxaloacetate, which is then delivered to the citric acid cycle in mitochondria.

C

Generation of proton gradients across membranes occurs during A) photosynthesis. B) neither photosynthesis nor respiration. C) both photosynthesis and respiration. D) respiration. E) photorespiration.

C

If ATP used by this plant is labeled with radioactive phosphorus, which molecule or molecules of the Calvin cycle will be radioactively labeled first? A) B only B) B, C, and D only C) B and E only D) B and C only E) B, C, D, and E

C

If the carbon atom of each of the incoming CO2 molecules is labeled with a radioactive isotope of carbon, which organic molecules will be radioactively labeled after one cycle? A) B and C only B) B and D only C) B, C, D, and E D) C only E) C, D, and E only

C

In photosynthetic cells, synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during A) neither photosynthesis nor respiration. B) photosynthesis only. C) both photosynthesis and respiration. D) respiration only. E) photorespiration only.

C

P680+ is said to be the strongest biological oxidizing agent. Given its function, why is this necessary? A) It is the molecule that transfers electrons to plastoquinone (Pq) of the electron transfer system. B) It has a positive charge. C) It obtains electrons from the oxygen atom in a water molecule, so it must have a stronger attraction for electrons than oxygen has. D) It transfers its electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. E) It is the receptor for the most excited electron in either photosystem

C

Suppose the interior of the thylakoids of isolated chloroplasts were made acidic and then transferred in the dark to a pH 8 solution. What would be likely to happen? A) The Calvin cycle will be activated. B) The isolated chloroplasts will generate oxygen gas. C) The isolated chloroplasts will make ATP. D) The isolated chloroplasts will reduce NADP+ to NADPH. E) Cyclic photophosphorylation will occur

C

The reactions that produce molecular oxygen (O2) take place in A) the Calvin cycle alone. B) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. C) the light reactions alone. D) the chloroplast, but are not part of photosynthesis. E) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle.

C

What are the products of linear electron flow? A) ATP and P700 B) heat and fluorescence C) ATP and NADPH D) P700 and P680 E) ADP and NADP+

C

What compound provides the reducing power for the Calvin cycle reactions? A) NAD+ B) NADH C) NADPH D) NADP+ E) ATP

C

What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve? A) reduction of water to produce ATP energy B) formation of glucose, using carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP C) establishment of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane D) movement of water by osmosis into the thylakoid space from the stroma E) diffusion of electrons through the thylakoid membrane

C

When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of A) chemiosmosis. B) the electron transfer system of photosystem II. C) splitting water molecules. D) the electron transfer system of photosystem I. E) reducing NADP+.

C

Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs? A) Only heterotrophs require chemical compounds from the environment. B) Cellular respiration is unique to heterotrophs. C) Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic. D) Only heterotrophs require oxygen. E) Only heterotrophs have mitochondria

C

Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration? A) They do not participate in the Calvin cycle. B) They are adapted to cold, wet climates. C) They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2. D) They exclude oxygen from their tissues. E) They conserve water more efficiently.

C

CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they A) use photosystem I and photosystem II at night. B) fix CO2 into sugars in the bundle-sheath cells. C) fix CO2 into pyruvate in the mesophyll cells. D) fix CO2 into organic acids during the night. E) use the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which outcompetes rubisco for CO2.

D

Halobacterium has a photosynthetic membrane that appears purple. Its photosynthetic action spectrum is the inverse of the action spectrum for green plants. (That is, theHalobacterium action spectrum has a peak where the green plant action spectrum has a trough.) What wavelengths of light do theHalobacterium photosynthetic pigments absorb? A) red and green B) red and yellow C) blue, green, and red D) green and yellow E) blue and red

D

If you ran the same experiment without passing light through a prism, what would you predict? A) The number of bacteria present would decrease due to an increase in the carbon dioxide concentration. B) The number of bacteria present would increase due to an increase in the carbon dioxide concentration. C) The number of bacteria would decrease due to a decrease in the temperature of the water. D) The bacteria would be relatively evenly distributed along the algal filaments. E) There would be no difference in results.

D

In C3 photosynthesis, the reactions that require ATP take place in A) the light reactions alone. B) the chloroplast, but are not part of photosynthesis. C) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle. D) the Calvin cycle alone. E) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle

D

In the process of carbon fixation, RuBP attaches a CO2 to produce a six-carbon molecule, which is then split to produce two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. After phosphorylation and reduction produces glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), what more needs to happen to complete the Calvin cycle? A) addition of a pair of electrons from NADPH B) regeneration of NADP+ C) inactivation of RuBP carboxylase enzyme D) regeneration of RuBP E) regeneration of ATP from ADP

D

In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the pigment molecules in a light-harvesting complex? A) transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH B) split water and release oxygen to the reaction-center chlorophyll C) concentrate photons within the stroma D) transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll E) synthesize ATP from ADP andΟi

D

Where does the Calvin cycle take place? A) cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast B) interior of the thylakoid (thylakoid space) C) thylakoid membrane D) stroma of the chloroplast E) outer membrane of the chloroplast

D

Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I? A) harvesting of light energy by ATP B) passing electrons to the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain C) extraction of hydrogen electrons from the splitting of water D) receiving electrons from the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain E) generation of molecular oxygen

D

Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? A) ADP,Οi, and NADP+ B) CO2 and glucose C) H2O and O2 D) ATP and NADPH E) electrons and H+

D

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? A) H2O photosystem I photosystem II B) NADPH O2 CO2 C) NADPH electron transport chain O2 D) H2O NADPH Calvin cycle E) NADPH chlorophyll Calvin cycle

D

As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30,000 molecules of ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. Where did the extra ATP molecules come from? A) photosystem II B) chlorophyll C) linear electron flow D) photosystem I E) cyclic electron flow

E

Figure 8.1 shows the absorption spectrum for chlorophylla and the action spectrum for photosynthesis. Why are they different? A) Oxygen given off during photosynthesis interferes with the absorption of light. B) Green and yellow wavelengths inhibit the absorption of red and blue wavelengths. C) Aerobic bacteria take up oxygen, which changes the measurement of the rate of photosynthesis. D) Bright sunlight destroys photosynthetic pigments. E) Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophylla.

E

In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from A) the intermembrane space to the matrix. B) the thylakoid space to the stroma. C) the stroma to the photosystem II. D) the matrix to the stroma. E) the stroma to the thylakoid space

E

The NADPH required for the Calvin cycle comes from A) oxidative phosphorylation. B) the citric acid cycle. C) reactions initiated in photosystem II. D) glycolysis. E) reactions initiated in photosystem I.

E

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with A) light energy. B) H2O and NADPH. C) sugar and O2. D) CO2 and ATP. E) ATP and NADPH

E

The pH of the inner thylakoid space has been measured, as have the pH of the stroma and of the cytosol of a particular plant cell. Which, if any, relationship would you expect to find? A) The pH of the stroma is lower than that of the other two measurements. B) The pH of the stroma is higher than that of the thylakoid space but lower than that of the cytosol. C) There is no consistent relationship. D) The pH of the thylakoid space is higher than that anywhere else in the cell. E) The pH within the thylakoid is less than that of the stroma.

E

The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and carbon compounds occurs during A) respiration. B) photorespiration. C) photosynthesis. D) both photosynthesis and respiration. E) neither photosynthesis nor respiration

E

What did Engelmann conclude about the congregation of bacteria in the red and blue areas? A) Bacteria congregated in these areas due to an increase in the temperature of the red and blue light. B) Bacteria are attracted to red and blue light and thus these wavelengths are more reactive than other wavelengths. C) Bacteria released excess carbon dioxide in these areas. D) Bacteria congregated in these areas due to an increase in the temperature caused by an increase in photosynthesis. E) Bacteria congregated in these areas because these areas had the most oxygen being released.

E

Which of the following doesnot occur during the Calvin cycle? A) regeneration of the CO2 acceptor B) carbon fixation C) consumption of ATP D) oxidation of NADPH E) release of oxygen

E

Which of the following events occurs in the light reactions of photosynthesis? A) NADPH is reduced to NADP+. B) Carbon dioxide is incorporated into PGA. C) ATP is phosphorylated to yield ADP. D) NADP is produced. E) Light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophylla

E

Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle? A) There is no relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. B) The light reactions supply the Calvin cycle with CO2 to produce sugars, and the Calvin cycle supplies the light reactions with sugars to produce ATP. C) The light reactions provide the Calvin cycle with oxygen for electron flow, and the Calvin cycle provides the light reactions with water to split. D) The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the carbon fixation step of the Calvin cycle, and the cycle provides water and electrons to the light reactions. E) The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Οi, and NADP+ to the light reactions

E

Which of the following statements is true concerning Figure 8.3? A) It represents the type of cell structures found in CAM plants. B) It represents an adaptation that maximizes photorespiration. C) It represents a C3 photosynthetic system. D) It represents a relationship between plant cells that photosynthesize and those that cannot. E) It represents cell processes involved in C4 photosynthesis.

E

Which process is most directly driven by light energy? A) creation of a pH gradient by pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane B) ATP synthesis C) reduction of NADP+ molecules D) carbon fixation in the stroma E) removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules

E

Which statement describes the functioning of photosystem II? A) Photons are passed along to a reaction-center chlorophyll. B) The splitting of water yields molecular carbon dioxide as a by-product. C) Light energy excites electrons in the thylakoid membrane electron transport chain. D) The P680 chlorophyll donates a pair of protons to NADP+, which is thus converted to NADPH. E) The electron vacancies in P680+ are filled by electrons derived from water

E