A/P Chapter 18 V.2

A structure known as the corpus luteum secretes A) testosterone. B) progesterone. C) aldosterone. D) cortisone. E) androstenedione.

B

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of A) ACTH. B) ADH. C) oxytocin. D) TSH. E) LH.

B

Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis, except A) FSH. B) oxytocin. C) TSH. D) corticotropin. E) somatotropin.

B

Each of the following is true of the pineal gland, except that it A) is a component of the epithalamus. B) is a component of the hypothalamus. C) secretes melatonin. D) contains pinealocytes. E) responds to light and darkness.

B

If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). A) alarm B) resistance C) exhaustion D) extension E) prolonged

B

Melatonin is produced by the A) thymus. B) pineal gland. C) kidneys. D) skin. E) heart.

B

Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of A) hyperthyroidism. B) hypothyroidism. C) hyperparathyroidism. D) hypoparathyroidism. E) being a turtle on ice.

B

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is A) somatotropin. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) parathyroid hormone. E) glucagon.

B

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells. B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood. C) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood. D) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood. E) increases the level of glucose in the blood.

B

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

B

The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.

B

When blood glucose levels fall, A) insulin is released. B) glucagon is released. C) peripheral cells take up more glucose. D) protein synthesis increases. E) both B and D

B

Which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells? A) cortisol B) erythropoietin C) thymosin D) aldosterone E) atrial natriuretic peptide

B

A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is A) aldosterone. B) insulin. C) cortisol. D) calcitonin. E) renin.

C

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein A) calcitonin. B) calcitriol. C) calmodulin. D) calcium-binding globulin. E) calcitropin.

C

Cells of the suprarenal cortex produce A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) aldosterone. D) ACTH. E) angiotensin.

C

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) there is A) decreased blood flow to skeletal muscles and skin. B) decreased mental alertness. C) mobilization of energy reserves. D) increased urine release. E) decreased rate of respiration.

C

Endocrine cells A) are a type of nerve cell. B) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. C) release their secretions directly into body fluids. D) contain few vesicles. E) are modified connective-tissue cells.

C

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause A) dwarfism. B) rickets. C) gigantism. D) acromegaly. E) diabetes insipidus.

C

Growth hormone does all of the following, except that it A) promotes bone growth. B) promotes muscle growth. C) causes fat accumulation within adipocytes. D) is glucose sparing. E) promotes amino acid uptake by cells.

C

Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the A) mineralocorticoids. B) androgens. C) glucocorticoids. D) catecholamines. E) gonadotropins.

C

Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in A) acromegaly. B) goiter. C) diabetes mellitus. D) diabetes insipidus. E) Addison disease.

C

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood. A) thymosin B) calcitonin C) PTH D) aldosterone E) cortisol

C

Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture A) CRF and GnRH. B) TSH and FSH. C) ADH and oxytocin. D) FSH and PRL. E) GHIH and GHRH.

C

Regulatory factors that control secretion of adenohypophyseal hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus. A) paraventricular nuclei B) supraoptic nuclei C) median eminence D) infundibulum E) geniculate bodies

C

Steroid hormones A) are proteins. B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes. C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. D) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. E) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.

C

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce A) thyroxine. B) TSH. C) calcitonin. D) PTH. E) triiodothyronine.

C

The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatostatin. D) cortisol. E) peptide P.

C

The hormone that opposes the release of FSH in both males and females is A) testosterone. B) LH. C) inhibin. D) aldosterone. E) somatostatin.

C

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by A) direct neural stimulation. B) indirect osmotic control. C) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. D) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary. E) gap synaptic junctions.

C

The interstitial cells of the testes produce A) LH. B) progesterone. C) testosterone. D) inhibin. E) FSH.

C

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is A) cortisol. B) somatotropin. C) insulin. D) glucagon. E) aldosterone.

C

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is A) somatotropin. B) cortisol. C) insulin. D) glucagon. E) erythropoietin.

C

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

C

The zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.

C

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B) cell membrane becomes depolarized. C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. D) cell becomes inactive. E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.

C

88) Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses. A) hormones; neurotransmitters B) neuropeptides; neurotransmitters C) neurotransmitters; hormones D) neurotransmitters; neuropeptides E) neuropeptides; neurohormones

A

A kinase is an enzyme that performs A) phosphorylation. B) as a membrane channel. C) active transport. D) both A and B E) both A and C

A

A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s). A) one B) five C) few D) more than 15 E) none of the above

A

All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they A) are produced by the suprarenal medulla. B) are derived from cholesterol. C) are produced by reproductive glands. D) bind to receptors within the cell. E) are lipids.

A

During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) A) lipid reserves are mobilized. B) proteins are conserved. C) blood glucose levels fall drastically. D) levels of growth hormone decrease. E) levels of insulin decrease.

A

Follicle cells in the ovary secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH. A) estrogen B) progesterone C) testosterone D) inhibin E) gonadotropins

A

Peptide hormones are A) composed of amino acids. B) produced by the suprarenal glands. C) derived from the amino acid tyrosine. D) lipids. E) chemically related to cholesterol.

A

The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatostatin. D) cortisol. E) peptide P.

A

The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of A) angiotensin. B) cortisol. C) erythropoietin. D) atrial natriuretic peptide. E) adrenaline.

A

The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by A) decreased resistance to disease and infection. B) increasing ability to produce glucose from glycogen. C) increased pumping effectiveness of the heart. D) all of the above E)None

A

The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) body D) muscular E) hepatic

A

The hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are A) thymosins. B) corticosteroids. C) aldosterones. D) thyroxines. E) somatotropins.

A

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) renal D) muscular E) hepatic

A

The pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) A) contain four types of endocrine cells. B) make up almost half of the pancreas. C) produce some digestive enzymes. D) all of the above E) A and B only

A

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

A

The zona reticularis of the suprarenal cortex produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) epinephrine. E) norepinephrine.

A

When blood glucose levels rise, A) insulin is released. B) glucagon is released. C) peripheral cells take up less glucose. D) protein synthesis decreases. E) peripheral cells break down glycogen.

A

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. A) Hormones B) Neuropeptides C) Neurotransmitters D) Humoral antibodies E) none of the above

A

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is A) parathyroid hormone. B) thyroxine. C) calcitonin. D) glucagon. E) oxytocin.

C

27) Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called A) gonadotrophins. B) prostaglandins. C) hepatic hormones. D) somatomedins. E) glucocorticoids.

D

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is A) aldosterone. B) erythropoietin. C) thymosin. D) cortisol. E) parathormone.

D

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, A) adenyl cyclase is activated. B) cyclic nucleotides are formed. C) G proteins are phosphylated. D) gene transcription is initiated. E) protein kinases are activated.

D

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by converting enzymes in the A) kidneys. B) liver. C) heart. D) lungs. E) blood.

D

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at the same time. A) only one B) one or two C) three or less D) many

D

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) thyroid hormone. D) thyroid-stimulating hormone. E) melatonin.

D

Gap junctions A) coordinate ciliary movement among epithelial cells. B) coordinate the contractions of cardiac muscle cells. C) facilitate the propagation of action potentials from one cell to the next at electrical synapses. D) all of the above E) A and C only

D

Hormones known as ʺcatecholaminesʺ are A) lipids. B) peptides. C) steroids. D) derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. E) derivatives of reproductive glands.

D

Increased aggressive and assertive behavior is associated with an increase in which of these hormones? A) somatostatin B) thyroxine C) growth hormone D) sex hormones E) both C and D

D

The condition known as goiter can result from too A) much insulin. B) little TSH. C) much ACTH. D) little iodine in the diet. E) little glucagon.

D

The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) somatotropin. D) digestive enzymes. E) bile.

D

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is A) FSH. B) ADH. C) TSH. D) MSH. E) ACTH.

D

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) growth hormone. D) parathyroid hormone. E) thyroid hormone.

D

The kidneys secrete A) renin. B) erythropoietin. C) calcitriol. D) all of the above E) both B and C

D

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually A) cAMP. B) cGMP. C) adenyl cyclase. D) a G protein. E) calcium ion levels.

D

The most complex endocrine responses involve the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) suprarenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus gland.

D

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.

D

The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) ADH. E) MSH.

D

The suprarenal medulla produces A) androgens. B) glucocorticoids. C) mineralocorticoids. D) catecholamines. E) corticosteroids.

D

Thyroid hormone contains the element A) fluorine. B) chlorine. C) iron. D) iodine. E) zinc.

D

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the A) kidneys. B) heart. C) thyroid gland. D) gonads. E) pituitary gland.

D

Too little secretion of cortisol and aldosterone causes A) goiter. B) diabetes mellitus. C) diabetes insipidus. D) Addison disease. E) Cushing disease.

D

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is A) cortisol. B) parathormone. C) thymosin. D) somatotropin. E) aldosterone.

E

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesnʹt A) respond rapidly to stimuli. B) respond specifically to stimuli. C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. D) respond with motor output. E) function independently of the endocrine system.

E

Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the A) bone marrow of the skeletal system. B) splenic pulp of the lymphatic system. C) endothelial linings of the cardiovascular system. D) hypothalamus of the nervous system. E) epidermis of the integumentary system.

E

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones? A) catecholamines B) peptide hormones C) eicosanoids D) thyroid E) A, B, and C only

E

Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect A) quantities of enzymes. B) activities of enzymes. C) synthesis of enzymes. D) gating of ion channels. E) any of the above

E

Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors? A) blood level of an ion-like potassium B) blood level of glucose C) blood level of a hormone D) nervous stimuli E) any of the above

E

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include A) peptides. B) steroids. C) eicosanoids. D) amino acid derivatives. E) all of the above

E

Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization. A) cellular B) tissue C) organ D) organismic E) any of the above

E

Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to A) hypothyroidism. B) cretinism. C) goiter. D) high blood levels of TSH. E) any of the above

E

Pinealocytes produce A) MSH. B) FSH. C) LH. D) melanin. E) melatonin.

E

Proper growth requires which of these hormones? A) thyroid hormone B) calcitriol C) insulin D) growth hormone E) all of the above

E

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ADH. D) GH. E) all of the above except C

E

The heart is known to secrete all of the following hormones, except A) ANP. B) BNP. C) thymosin. D) thyroxine. E) both C and D

E

The hormone oxytocin A) promotes uterine contractions. B) is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. C) triggers prostate gland contraction. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C

E

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is A) testosterone. B) aldosterone. C) cortisol. D) thyroid hormone. E) epinephrine.

E

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is A) TSH. B) FSH. C) MSH. D) STH. E) ADH.

E

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is A) ACTH. B) MSH. C) prolactin. D) insulin. E) somatotropin.

E

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) growth hormone. D) FSH. E) prolactin.

E

When adenyl cyclase is activated, A) ATP is consumed. B) cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is broken down. D) B, C, and D E) only A and B

E

When hormones interact they can produce any of the following kinds of effects, except A) antagonistic. B) synergistic. C) permissive. D) integrative. E) bucolic.

E

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? A) increased oxygen consumption B) increased heart rate C) increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation D) increased body temperature E) all of the above

E