AP CHEM TEST
intermolecular forces
forces of attraction between molecules
dipole-dipole forces
forces of attraction between polar molecules where the partial positive end of one molecule is attracted to the partial negative end of another molecule
Intramolecular
forces within a molecule
valence electrons - nonbonding electrons - bonds to the atom
formal charge equation
Polarizability
the ease with which the electron distribution in the atom or molecule can be distorted
Hydrogen bonding
the intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to N, O, or F on one molecule is then bonded to an N, O, or F on another molecule
Increases
As temperatures rises, vapor pressure ______
Polar
Bonds of different elements
Nonpolar
Bonds of the same element
Low MP, non-conductor, weak IMF's
Characteristics of (covalent) molecular solid
3-D network, hard, high MP, Jon-conductor
Characteristics of covalent network solids
High MP and BP, brittle because repulsion of like charges when layers slide past each other
Characteristics of ionic solids
Good conductors, crystal lattice with "sea" of delocalized electrons, malleable, and ductile
Characteristics of metallic solids
Electronegative
Dipoles go towards the more ________ atom
Potential energy
Energy required to break a bond
Larger
Polarizability is more common in _______ electron clouds
Ionic bonding
Solid that does not conduct electricity in a solid state but becomes a conductor when melted or dissolved in water
Covalent network
Solid that doesn't conduct electricity in any phase and has a high melting point
Molecular (covalent)
Solid that doesn't conduct electricity in any phase and has a low melting point
Metallic bonding
Solid that is good electrical conductor
Longer bonds
The easiest bonds to break are
The stronger the attractive force
The greater the charger of ions
Lower the lattice energy
The larger the atomic radius the
The shortest bonds
The largest bond energies are in
Does not
The polar molecule ________ always have stronger IMF's
The stronger the attractive force
The smaller the ionic radius
The higher the lattice energy
The stronger the attractive force
Bond length
What decreases as bond order increases
Bond energy
What increases as bond order increases
Polar
When electron clouds are approximately the same size, the ______ molecule tends to have stronger IMF's
Interstitial because the smaller atoms fill in the spaces between larger atoms
Which alloys are strong and why?
sigma, pi
a double bond would be one _________ bond & one ________ bond
sigma
a single bond would be one ______________ bond
resonance structure
a structure that occurs when it is possible to draw two or more valid electron dot structures that have the same number of electron pairs for a molecule or ion
sigma, pi
a triple bond would be one _______ bond & two ______ bonds
Ion-dipole forces
attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule
The nonpolar molecule has a higher boiling point
Non polar molecules have stronger IMF's than polar molecules when
Potential energy is at a minimum
On a diagram of potential energy a stable bond occurs when
Too much repulsion
On a diagram of potential energy when potential energy is above zero there is
London dispersion
All molecules have ________ forces
Metallic solids
Alloys are
Stronger, lower
Higher boiling point means ______ IMF's and ______ vapor pressure
Stronger
Higher the boiling point the _______ the attractive forces
Up and across to the right
How do electronegativity and electron affinity increase on the periodic table
Across to the left & down
How does atomic and ionic radius increase on the periodic table
Up and across to the right
How does ionization energy increase on the periodic table
charge
If charged then the sam of formal charges will equal the
most electronegative atom
If it isn't possible for atoms to have a formal charge of zero, then favor the structure with the negative charge on the
More polar the bonds
In a polar covalent bond the greater the electronegativity difference the
Partial negative charge
In a polar covalent bond, the atom that has the most electronegativity will have a
London dispersion forces
Interactions between molecules or particles as a result of temporary or instantaneous dipoles
Weaker, higher
Lower boiling point means _______ IMF's and ________ vapor pressure
