AP COMPGOPO Test
The Shah's approach to development was best characterized as
"trickle down."
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in
1921, almost ten years after the fall of the Chinese Empire.
The Chinese Communist Party came to power in
1949
The federal bureaucracy is comprised of about________ civil servants
2 million
The U.S. Constitution has been amended ____ times since 1787
27
Even though Khomeini often stressed that his government would be administered by trained officials rather than clerics, __________ of _________ Iran's presidents have been clerics.
4; 6
Since 1968, one party has controlled the presidency, the House of Representatives, and the Senate only _____ times.
5
The modern state of Nigeria is about how many years old?
50
The military first intervened to overthrow a civilian government in Nigeria about how long after the country's independence in 1960?
6 years
Ethnic Russians make up about _________ percent of the population of Russia
80
Which of the following statements about environmental politics in Russia is NOT true?
A Russian environmental protection agency was created only after the fall of communism
Which of the following was NOT a factor that led to the Shah's fall from power?
A military coup
Which of the following is TRUE of the military in Mexico?
After the Mexican Revolution, Mexico's Presidents Calles and Cardenas introduced the practice of rotating regional military commands so officers could not build geographic bases of power
Which of the following is NOT an example of how the Chinese Communist Party exercises control over state organizations?
All government officials are party members.
Which statement about China's noncommunist "democratic parties" is INCORRECT?
All were established after the founding of the People's Republic of China.
Both military and civilian governments of Nigeria have tended to adopt what kind of economic posture?
An interventionist one with the state intruding unhindered into the major sectors of the economy
Which of the following statements about GDP in China is NOT correct?
As measured by GDP, China's economic growth was barely hindered by the 2009-2010 global recession.
The Leader is chosen by the
Assembly of Experts.
Nigeria's prolonged experience with military rule has resulted in a political culture that is primarily
Authoritarian despite the formal democratization of state institutions
The leader of the Islamic Revolution was
Ayatollah Khomeini.
Which of the following statements about subnational government in China is NOT true?
Because of economic decentralization, the central government cannot easily intervene directly in local affairs.
In 1967, the Igbo attempted to secede and form their own country called
Biafra
The term _________ refers to the British Coalition Government's governing vision to empower ordinary citizens to take control over their lives and shift the balance of power downward from the state to communities and individual citizens
Big Society
The National Assembly refers to
Both chambers of Nigeria's legislature
Which statement about the Russian bureaucracy is CORRECT?
Bureaucratic reshuffling has been used both to reflect leadership priorities and to allow leaders to place their allies in key positions.
Which of the following is NOT an example of how the founders intended to make Congress the central branch of government in the U.S. Constitution?
By establishing the requirement that the President present a yearly state of the union address to Congress
How did Presidents Miguel de la Madrid and Carlos Salinas confront Mexico's economic crisis of the 1980s?
By opening Mexican markets to foreign trade and by limiting the role of government in the economy
Nigeria's Second Republic
Came to an end when the military staged a coup following elections marked by widespread fraud and violence
___________ are local strongmen that exercised more authority than the Mexican national government from 1833-1855.
Caudillos
Which of the following statements about the relationship between Taiwan and China (PRC) is CORRECT?
China and Taiwan enjoy extensive economic relations, despite a tense political relationship.
Which statement about China's youth is INCORRECT?
China has about the same number of college graduates per year as the United States.
Which of the following statements about China's role in the global economy is NOT true?
China is much more economically dependent on trade than other major economies.
____________ refers to an informal system in which a powerful patron offers resources in return for the support of lower-status and less-powerful clients.
Clientelism
Since coming to power, all Chinese communist leaders have been unified in their belief that
Communist Party leadership of China should be unchallenged.
Which of the following was NOT an obstacle to the market reforms of the early 1990s?
Continued government subsidization of ineffective operations
Besides China, the only remaining communist party-states are
Cuba, Vietnam, North Korea, and Laos
Which of the following bureaucratic ministries are the most important in the Islamic Republic?
Culture and Islamic Guidance, Intelligence, Reconstruction, and Heavy Industries
Vision 2010 and its various successors have called for all of the following EXCEPT A. Diversifying Nigeria's export base beyond oil B. Central bank autonomy C. Rebuilding Nigeria's education system D. Encouraging population growth both to support the labor market and to build a domestic market E. Meaningful privatization
D. Encouraging population growth both to support the labor market and to build a domestic market
Clientelism is the practice by which a particular group receives disproportionate policy benefits or political favors from a political patron, usually at the expense of the larger society. In Nigeria, patrons are typically linked to clients by any of the following ties EXCEPT A. Ethnicity B. Culture C. Religion D. Ideology E. Language
D. Ideology
Prebendalism—a form of clientelism in which political offices and state rents are disbursed to one's clients for their personal benefit—has had all of the following effects EXCEPT A. It has deepened the country's sectional cleavages B. It has eroded the state's resources C. It has expanded the class of individuals dependent upon state D. It has weakened the power of the president E. It has led to rampant corruption
D. It has weakened the power of the president
Which statement about the U.S. legislative process is NOT correct?
Debate of a bill can be limited on the floor of the Senate by the Rules Committee
____ refers to the principle that party leaders are formally elected but that strict discipline is followed
Democratic centralism
Following September 11, 2001, the U.S. government agencies concerned with domestic security became concentrated in the
Department of Homeland Secruity
Which of the following about the New Deal is INCORRECT?
During the New Deal period, the U.S. Congress asserted its dominance over the presidency in the policy-making process
Which of the following is TRUE about Mexican security?
El Chapo's success in evading arrest for more than a decade made him a symbol of the weaknesses and shortcomings of the Mexican state.
The term United Kingdom refers to
England, Scotland, Wales, and North Ireland
someone interested in comparing how well different countries meet certain pollution control benchmarks might consult the
Environmental performance index
The political institution that has greatest impact upon policy-making in the United Kingdom is the
European Union
Which one of the following statements is NOT correct about Iran's judicial system?
Following the Iranian Revolution, the government purged the clergy from the judicial system.
British colonialism helped to ensure that ethnicity would be the primary element in political identification and mobilization by
Fostering competition among ethnic groups
Which of the following BEST describes the state of religion in China?
Freedom of religion is guaranteed in the constitution but religious life is limited to officially approved organizations and venues.
Which of the following statements about Russia's role in the global economy is NOT true?
Germany is the largest source of Russian imports.
Rents refer to
Government earnings that are not channeled back into investment of policies that would benefit the public good
Why were the 1985 earthquakes in Mexico City a watershed in Mexican politics?
Groups learned that they could solve their problems better without the Mexican government than with it.
The Expediency Council has been set up to mediate differences between the Majles and the
Guardian Council.
Which of the following statements about the Tea Party is CORRECT?
Had the candidates endorsed by Tea Party groups not defeated their opponents in the 2010 and 2012 primaries, it is highly likely that the Republican Party would have gained control of the Senate
Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan
Has generally continued the policies of his predecessors
Nigeria's largest ethnic groups, which have dominated its politics since independence, are the
Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba
Which of the following is NOT a power of the Leader?
He chooses the president.
The Islamic Republic is most aptly called a regime of the
Hojjat al-Islams.
The two Special Administrative Regions that used to be European colonies and are now ruled indirectly by China are
Hong Kong and Macau
The Nigerian national question could best be stated as
How is the country to be governed given to its great diversity?
Which of the following statements about Russian political attitudes is NOT true?
In large part because of the resurgence of the Russian Orthodox Church, religion has emerged as a basis of political cleavage for ethnic Russians in the post-communist era.
Which statement about income inequality in China is INCORRECT?
Income inequality today is greater than it was during the Maoist period.
Britain ruled Nigeria through local rulers and tribal chiefs in a system known as
Indirect rule
_____ privatization refers to the transformation of a state-owned enterprise into one in which the majority of control is in the hands of employees and/or managers
Insider
Which of the following is NOT true of Iran's economy prior to the Islamic Revolution?
Iran had significant trade relations with neighboring and other developing countries.
Which statement about Taiwan is NOT correct?
It began to democratize in the 1960s.
Which of the following is NOT true of the Central Committee?
It consists of about 100 members.
Which of the following describes the Islamic Republic's current position on population issues?
It encourages families to have few children due to the social costs of having large families.
The statement that BEST describes how the Nigerian executive has evolved in the Fourth Republic
It has become more centralized and more personalized
which of the following statements about GDP per capita is CORRECT?
It is a good measure for determining which countries are rich (developed) and which are poor (developing)
Which statement BEST describes ethnic unrest in China?
It is been sporadic and easily quelled in large part because of the geographic isolation and small size of the country's minorities.
Which of the following is TRUE of the Conservative Party?
It is considered to be one of the most innovative center-right parties in Europe
The statement that BEST describes Nigeria's policy-making process
It is mainly based upon top-down directives
Which of the following statements about collective identities is INCORRECT?
It is nonexistent as a factor in homogeneous societies like Britain, France, and Germany
Which of the following describes Russia's geographic setting?
It is the largest European country in population.
Which of the following is TRUE about the Chinese Communist Party?
It is the world's largest party
Which of the following is NOT a factor that helps to explain why United Russia has become the dominant political party in the country?
It is well organized at the local level.
Which of the following was NOT an effect of import substitution industrialization (ISI)?
It led to a decrease in urban and rural poverty.
The 1998 financial crisis had which of the following positive effects on Russia?
It made Russian products more competitive with imported goods.
Which statement about the Federation Council is CORRECT?
It must approve nominees for the Supreme Court.
Which of the following is NOT true about the Mexican cabinet?
It often consists of numerous members of the Mexican bureaucracy that have few political ties to the party in power.
Which of the following describes the role of the Assembly of Experts?
It oversees the work of the Supreme Leader and has the power to dismiss him if he is unable to fulfill his official duties.
Which of the following is NOT true of the National Party Congress?
Its meetings provide an opportunity to debate the party's current policies.
Which of the following statements about the Russian Constitutional Court is NOT true?
Its power is weakened because it cannot rule on jurisdictional disputes between government institutions
Which of the following was NOT a policy pursued by Khomeini, which had the effect of isolating Iran from the Western world?
Launching the Iran-Iraq War in 1980Which of the following statements about nuclear power and Iran is NOT true?
Seeing firsthand how foreign companies disregarded local regulations and flouted Mexican sovereignty, __________ nationalized Mexico's petroleum industry during his tenure as president.
Lazaro Cardenas
Felipe Calderón was able to consolidate his hold over power in Mexico despite his winning the presidency by a narrow margin in 2006 due to
Lopez Obrador's refusal to concede defeat, which divided Mexico's political opposition.
Which of the following about the Russian economy is TRUE?
Many Russians of all age groups question some of the values underlying market reform.
The long-term viability of Mexico's smaller parties is limited due to the fact that
Mexican law required parties to receive at least 2.5 percent of the vote in order to compete in future elections.
An example of the loss of deference accorded to the Mexican president is the
Mexican president's difficulty in delivering his informe, or State of the Nation report, to the Mexican Congress.
The term sexenio refers to the six year term in office of
Mexican presidents, senators, and governors.
Which of the following about Mexico's environment is NOT true?
Mexico's environmental movement has been hampered by the fact that the country lacks a tradition of conservation.
Which three groups harbor the most resentment regarding the lack of civil rights from the Islamic Republic?
Modern middle class, the Azeri population, and the lower classes
Which statement about China's population is NOT correct?
Most Chinese live in the countryside
Which of the following BEST describes elections in China?
Most elections are indirect but direct elections are widely used in rural villages and there have even been experiments involving the direct election of lower-level communist party members.
Which of the following is NOT true about Muslims in the United kingdom?
Muslims is the United Kingdom were unaffected by the events of 9/11
Which of the following statement about interest groups in China is NOT true?
Nongovernmental organizations are directly subordinate to the Chinese Communist Party.
Which of the following is NOT an example of Russia's restrictions on the role of interest groups?
Not permitting independent trade unions to be formed
Which statement about the United States' geographical setting is INCORRECT?
Occupying nearly a fourth of North America, it is larger than any other country in the world
Which statement about technology and politics in China is INCORRECT?
Only about a third of all Chinese use the Internet, although Internet-usage is greatest among younger cohorts.
Arguably, President Obsanjo's greatest economic achievement was
Paying off much of the country's massive foreign debt
Iran's heritage gives it a national identity distinct from the Arab and Turkish world. This heritage is best described as
Persian
The most powerful organizations in China's communist party-state are the
Politburo and the Standing Committee.
Despite the constitution's mandate that the management of local affairs in the Islamic Republic would be under the supervision of directly-elected councils, council elections were not held until __________ came to power.
President Khatami
Which of the following statements about environmental regulations in the United States is NOT true?
President Obama proposed a system of "cap and trade" energy regulations, which were subsequently adopted by congress
Acephalous societies
Refer to traditional societies that lack executive rule, such as certain societies in precolonial Nigeria
Which of the following statements about Russian political parties is NOT true?
Regional parties, especially in those regions with large Muslim populations, have emerged to become important players in Russian politics but only at the regional level.
The _____________ was created by the Shah to create an organizational link between his government and the Iranian population, especially the bazaars, who had managed to escape direct governmental control.
Resurgence Party
Iran's first highly centralized state with a standing army and a large administrative bureaucracy was established by
Reza Khan.
2014 can be considered a critical juncture becasue
Russia annexed Crimea and threatened Ukrainian soverignty
Which statement about Russian membership in international organizations is TRUE?
Russia has established various partnerships with NATO.
Which of the following best describes Russia's relations with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?
Russia has objected to the expansion of the organization but has nevertheless developed stronger working relations with it.
Which statement about Russia's federal system is INCORRECT?
Russia's federal units are represented at the national level by the Federation Council, the members of which are directly elected in regional elections.
The two dynasties most responsible for the dominance of Shi'i Islam in Iran include the ___________ who were responsible for converting the majority of the population and the __________ who were responsible for making it the country's state religion.
Safavids; Qajars
Since independence, Nigeria has had all of the following types of regimes EXCEPT
Semipresidentialism
_________ is Islamic religious law based on the Qur'an, the teachings of the Prophet, and, for Shi'is, on the teaching of the Twelve Imams.
Shari'a
Khomeini's version of Shi'ism is best labeled as
Shi'i populism.
The most powerful organization in China's communist party-state is the _______, a subgroup of the Politburo.
Standing Committee
Which of the following is NOT true of state and municipal governments in Mexico?
State and municipal governments have traditionally had a substantial level of authority in the Mexican federal system although this power is being threatened by federal efforts to centralize power to better fight against local corruption.
Under Nigeria's federal system
States are highly dependent upon the federal government for the bulk of their income
After the collapse of the Chinese empire, _____________ became the first president of China.
Sun Yat-sen
Which of the following is TRUE about Iran's religious minorities?
Sunni Muslims are treated in theory as full citizens, but their actual status is not spelled out which contrasts sharply with that of the country's Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian population.
____________ comprise the largest ethnic minority group
Tatars
Historically, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) was organized in a corporatist fashion in which the interests of certain social groups were represented through national organizations. Which of the following was NOT a group that was represented in the party's structure?
The Catholic Church
Which of the following is NOT true about the system of vertical power in the United Kingdom?
The Labour Government of Tony Blair introduced reforms that granted some specific powers to all major metropolitan areas
Which of the following about the recent 2013 presidential elections is CORRECT?
The Leader refused to back the conservative candidates ensuring the Revolutionary Guards and conservative clerical institutions would not interfere with the elections.
Which of the following is NOT representative of the Mexican government's growing recognition of the importance of Mexican communities working in other countries and the remittances they send back to Mexico?c
The Mexican government's lobbying the U.S. government for immigration reform.
Which of the following policies is NOT associated with Gorbachev?
The New Economic Policy
Which of the following policies is NOT associated with the Stalin era?
The New Economic Policy
Which of the following statements about the media in Russia is TRUE?
The Russian government has used the Internet to create relatively efficient e-portals for its services as well as to disseminate its interpretations of news events.
Which statement about China's judicial system is INCORRECT?
The Supreme People's Court has, but has never exercised, the power of judicial review.
Which of the following is NOT a factor that helped Iran's clerics consolidate power in Iran after the revolution?
The U.S. embassy break-in
Which of the following about immigration to the United States is INCORRECT?
The U.S. immigration policy is an example of a redistributive policy
Which statement about U.S.-China relations is INCORRECT?
The United States did not establish formal diplomatic relations with China until the late 1980s when it became clear that China was going to initiate reforms.
According to your textbook, what is the biggest obstacle to fair elections in Iran?
The ability of the Guardian Council to approve all election candidates
Which of the following statements about Britain's national parties (the Scottish National Party and the Plaid Cymru) is CORRECT?
The biggest competitor for these national parties in their respective regions is the Labour Party
Which statement about the distribution of income in the United States is CORRECT?
The distribution of income is much more unequal in the United States than in other advances democracies and has been steadily rising over the past 30 years
Which of the following about U.S. voters is NOT true?
The electorate is evenly divided between the two parties, especially when one accounts for independents who lean towards one party or another
Which of the following about Russian public and semipublic institutions is NOT true?
The executives of most public and semipublic institutions, especially those in the economic sector, are appointed through politically independent boards.
Which of the following statements about the U.S. trade deficit is TRUE?
The fact that the U.S. dollar is a main international reserve currency helps to offset the negative economic impact of the trade deficit
Which of the following was NOT a measure adopted to make it easier for political parties to participate politically in Mexican politics?
The imposition of term limits
Which of the following statements best describes Soviet politics during the post-Stalin era until the rise of Gorbachev in 1985?
The period saw the development of a more predictable and relatively stable authoritarian system
Which of the following has NOT been a factor in presidents increasing their power relative to Congress?
The president has increasingly been able to demand party loyalty among members of congress
Which of the following is NOT true about the Mexican president's power of appointment?
The president's authority to make appointments has been severely curtailed by the Mexican Congress as a means of making the policy-making process more democratic.
Which of the following is NOT illustrative of the structural weakness of the presidency?
The president's role as the commander-in-chief of the U.S. military
Which of the following is NOT true of Russia's semi-presidential system?
The prime minister has always been the leader of the dominant party or coalition in the legislature.
Which of the following is NOT true of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as it relates to Mexico?
The reduction of trade barriers has led to a more evenly balanced level of trade between Mexico and the United States
Vast amounts of oil revenues had what consequence in Iran?
The state became independent of society since it did not depend on society for tax revenue.
Between 1988 and 1994, PRI presidents introduced a series of reforms to liberalize the economy to end the country's traditional import substitution industrialization policy. Which of the following was NOT such a reform?
The strengthening of Mexican federal system to give more authority to Mexico's traditionally weak central government to promote economic development
Which of the following statements about the role of the United States in the global economy is NOT true?
There have been increased calls domestically for the United States to isolate itself from the regulation of the world economy in part because of the impacts of globalization on the United States' economy
In the twentieth century, the government expanded its role in protecting workers. Which of the following statements is NOT true about this expansion?
These protections receive less public support than do programs to assist the poor
Which of the following was NOT a result of the discovery of large oil reserves in Mexico during the 1970s?
These reserves increased the power of privileged interest groups in Mexico and their ability to influence government policy.
Which of the following statements about the current status of state-owned enterprises in China is NOT true?
They account for less than half of the country's GDP.
Which statement about presidential decrees is CORRECT?
They allow presidents to ignore uncooperative parliaments.
What became of the Nationalists in China?
They fled to Taiwan after losing to the communists.
Various Iranian political administrations have undertaken all of the following measures to address Iran's environmental problems EXCEPT
They have begun to produce highly refined gasoline to decrease air pollution.
After the alliance between them collapsed, how did the Communists avoid the suppression of the Nationalists?
They undertook a 6000-mile march to a remote area of the country.
How did Hu and Jiang differ from earlier communist leaders of China?
They were technocrats.
Which of the following is NOT true about Mexico's parastatal sector?
This sector has been limited to industries involved in heavy manufacturing and the energy sector.
Which of the following statements about the British police force is NOT correct?
Those involved in law enforcement enjoy much popular support
Which of the following is NOT true about the British civil service?
Two important positions in ministries are the permanent secretary (responsible for the daily administrative running of the department) and the principle private secretary (liaison between the minister and senior civil servants)
The position of Iran's liberal president Khatami was undermined by __________, which paved the way for the electoral victory of ultraconservative Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
U.S. president George Bush's hardline actions toward Iran, including his support for regime change
Which of the following benefits of the Soviet era social welfare system has been maintained?
Universal health care
Which of the following may be a potential limit on the future role of the media in Mexican politics?
Violence and intimidation of reporters by drug cartels has limited the ability of the media to report on a key issue.
Nigeria's First Republic
Was a parliamentary system generally dominated by northern ethnic groups
Nigeria's structural adjustment program
Was necessary due to a number of economic problems including waning oil revenue, a growing debt burden, and balance of payments difficulties
Nigeria's borders
We're arbitrarily drawn by the British to mark were their influence ended and the French's
Which statement about the Russian policy making process is NOT accurate?
Whereas societal groups and political parties had little input into the policy-making process during the Yeltsin era, this is no longer the case during the Putin-Medvedev era.
Which of the following is NOT true about the Mexican bureaucracy?
While a career in Mexico's bureaucracy was once attractive, since 2000, it has become less so due to the decreased power of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the increased power of the private sector in Mexico.
Which of the following statements about nuclear power and Iran is NOT true?
While the Bush Administrations accepted Iran's right to enrich uranium so long as it guaranteed that it did not do so to the point of producing nuclear weapons, the Obama Administration has not.
How does your textbook characterize the relationship of Iran's clerics with its most sensitive ministries?
While the leaders of these ministries appear to be highly trained technocrats, they are fairly powerless individuals dependent on a powerful clergy.
Which of the following is NOT true about the U.S. economic policy?
With the formation of the Federal Reserve Board in 1913, the national government increased its ability to regulate the U.S. economy
Which of the following progressive social measures was NOT included in the Mexican Constitution of 1917?
Women's suffrage
Which of the following statements BEST describes the role of occupational and social class in Britain's political culture?
Worker solidarity has been consistently attacked by Conservative-led governments since Margaret Thatcher, thus weakening the impact of occupational and social class
The Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR) is best described as
a Russian nationalist party.
Federalism results in all of the following except
a balanced relationship between the legislature, judiciary, and executive
Members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected through
a combination of proportional representation and simple majority.
the social progress index is
a composite index that takes into account measures for meeting basic needs, environmental sustainability, freedom, and tolerance
Because the current Chinese regime has increasingly recognized the importance of obtaining advice from key sectors of the population while insisting on suppressing dissent, it can be described as
a consultative authoritarian regime.
The Eurasian Union refers to
a customs union between Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan that Russia envisions as growing into a political and economic organization, which will connect it to non-European Union countries.
The "Gang of Four" refers to
a group of radicals who sought to succeed Mao but ultimately lost to the moderates led by Deng Xiaoping.
Factors in the success of the U.S. economy include all of the following EXCEPT
a more than century old large-standing military to defend its trade routes
Quangos are
a pejorative term political opponents use against each other
The term divided government refers to
a period in which one party controls the presidency and another controls at lease one chamber of the congress
The term cadre refers to
a person holding a position of authority in China's communist party-state.
In a mixed electoral system,
a portion of seats is selected in winner-take-all single-member districts and a portion is allocated according to parties within multi-member constituencies.
The current Russian constitution was adopted by
a referendum
A country that earns much of its revenue by exporting raw materials, such as oil, or leasing out natural resources to foreign companies is known as
a rentier state.
Asymmetrical federalism refers to
a situation that developed in the 1990s in Russia where some subnational governments had greater or lesser power than others.
The events of 7/7 involved
a suicide bomber attack by four British Muslims on the London transport system
Soft authoritarianism refers to
a system of informal and formal mechanisms that assure the dominance of a ruling group despite the existence of some forms of political competition and opposition.
In Russia, a presidential veto can be overridden by
a two-thirds majority vote in both the Duma and the Federation Council.
classifying states according to their level of democracy is an example of
a typology
Historically, Mexican citizens best interacted with their government through
a variety of informal means.
Which of the following statements about the membership of the U.S. Congress is NOT true?
about 35%of both the House of Representatives and the Senate are women
The command economy under the Soviet system
achieved rapid industrialization.
the spread of democracy has
achieved the status of being taken as generally right
when we say "if X happens, then Y will result," we are
all of these (engaging in scientific analysis, utilizing casual theory, stating a hypothesis, stating a relationship between a dependent variable and an independent variable)
a country's executive may include
all of these (the president, the prime minister, the cabinet, a religious supreme leader)
for a country to be considered to be democratic,
all of these must be present (its leaders must be elected in free and fair elections, there must be a respect for the rule of law, there must be a degree of gender equality, there must e some leveling of the economic playing field)
Every two years, ________ of the House of Representatives and ________ of the Senate are up for reelection.
all; one-third
The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA)
allowed migrants who had resided in the United states for a long time to gain legal residency rights
The "reform" of Deng's Reform and Opening policy refers to
allowing market forces to play a greater role in the country's economy.
A sign of weak democratization in Russia can be seen in the fact that
although the country has held regular elections, Russia has yet to experience a real transfer of power from one political grouping to another.
Writs of _____________ may be used by Mexican citizens when their constitutional rights have been violated by specific government actions or laws and occasionally by Mexican courts to slow the actions of government.
amparos
The moniker of New Labour refers to
an attempt by the Labour party to rebrand itself as a "third-way" alternative to the collectivism of traditional Labour Party politics and Thatcherism
Before a bill becomes a law, all of the following must occur EXCEPT it must be
approved by the House of Lords
Iran's semipublic institutions
are important economic actors due to their extensive economic holdings and their exemption from state taxes.
The term mestizo refers to people who
are of mixed Spanish, indigenous, and sometimes African descent.
In China, urban and rural protests
are typically directed against local targets and are often accommodated by the party-state.
institutional design refers to
arrangements that define relationships between the various parts of government and between different levels of government
The White Revolution was a(n)
attempt by Muhammad Reza Shah to promote economic development in Iran.
Democratic transitions describe a process in which
authoritarian governments develop into more participatory and democratic regimes
The Porfiriato was the period of
authoritarian rule by Porfirio Díaz, in which he encouraged foreign investment and economic development while closing off political opportunities for large numbers of the Mexican middle and upper class.
What is meant when China is called a market-Leninism system?
b. It is a system of increasing economic openness with one-party rule.
The British judiciary is generally less influential than the U.S. judiciary due to
being less competent jurist
Globalization
blurs the line between comparative politics and international relations
Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was installed with absolute power in 1953
by his father, Reza Shah, before his abdication
The Russian prime minister can be removed from office
by two repeat votes of no confidence within a three-month period.
All of the following are TRUE of monetarism in the United Kingdom EXCEPT that it
called for a widespread nationalization of industries
The U.S. single-member-plurality (SMP) is an electoral system in which
candidates run for a single seat from a specific geographic district. The winner is the person who receives the most votes cast.
A Just Russia is best described as a
centrist party that was formed from above to help undermine opposition parties that might threaten United Russia.
Cabinet government includes all of the following EXCEPT
choosing the next monarch
The House of Commons serves all of the following functions EXCEPT
choosing the next monarch
Members of the cabinet are
chosen by the prime minister, but limited to members of the Commons or the Lords, and practice collective decision making
All of the following have been major influences in the last forty years on British culture EXCEPT
class identity
From the 1950s through the 1970s, all of the following generally deterred foreigners from investing in Iran EXCEPT
clerical rule.
Great Britain's position as an island has made it less subject to invasion and conquest. It has also had the added effect of
complication matters with the European Union, due to a feeling of separation from mainland Europe
The George W. Bush Administration accused Iran of all of the following EXCEPT
complicity in the 9/11 attacks.
the cabinet is
comprised of the chief officers of the major executive departments
Collectivism is the term to be applied to the
consensus that drove politics in the postwar period and presupposed that the state should take on more responsibility for economic governance and social welfare provisions
One thing highlighted in relation to the countries studied in this text is __________, which are important historical moments when political actors make decisions that shape institutions and future outcomes.
critical junctures
Mexico's membership in NAFTA is symbolic of its
current acceptance of its role in the global economy after a brief period of turning inward following the Mexican Revolution in order to assert its economic independence.
Comparative politics as a type of methodology
dates to the time of Aristotle
All of the following are TRUE of the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT that it
decreased the standard of living throughout the United Kingdom
A sign that communist ideology remains important in China can be found in the constitution's
definition of the country as "a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship."
Sovereign democracy refers to the idea that
democracy in Russia should be adapted to Russian traditions.
Two key ideas introduced by Lenin and the Bolsheviks were
democratic centralism and the concept of the vanguard party.
Yeltsin's market reform policies involved all of the following EXCEPT
deregulation
regulations
determine how a law is actually implemented
The powers of the president include all of the following EXCEPT the power to
determine whether laws conform to Islamic law.
The Russian president lacks the power to
directly appoint regional governors.
President Yeltsin responded to what he considered to be an obstructive parliament by
disbanding it and laying siege to its premises
The PRI's corporatist structure meant that the party
distributed public resources, like jobs and land, through extended networks to lower level activists who controlled votes at the local level.
A situation where poorer states are vulnerable to sudden fluctuations in richer economies and dependent on the export of raw materials, whose prices often stagnate or decline, while prices for the manufactured products they import invariably increase is called
economic dependency.
Under Gordon Brown, New Labour's economic policies emphasized all of the following EXCEPT
economic growth, fueled by tax cuts
Mexican president Lázaro Cárdenas is best remembered for his redistribution of land in the form of ____________ to the Mexican peasantry, which provided much support for his government.
ejidos
People-centered urbanization has included all of the following EXCEPT
eliminating rural and urban registration status.
Keynesianism
emphasizes government regulation of the economy
Mao contributed to Marxism-Leninism by
emphasizing the crucial role of the peasants.
During the Maoist era, the Chinese state's economic policies
established a strong industrial base.
Russia has sought to re-establish itself as a respected regional leader by
establishing regional organizations to strengthen the relations between Russia and other former Soviet republics.
Britain's single-member plurality electoral system tends to
exaggerate the scale of victory of the largest party
The gender pay gap in the United Kingdom is
expected to widen as public sector cuts increase the number of women in the private sector
Coming after the Civil War, the Fourteenth Amendment
extended citizenship to all persons born in the United States
Amendments to the Constitution, passed since the Bill of Rights, have generally focused upon
extending democratic election procedures and changing procedural deficiencies in the original constitution
All of the following help to explain the 2000-year durability of the Chinese imperial system EXCEPT
extensive trade with Europe.
The factor that inhibits the electoral prospects of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) is
factionalization within the party.
China's general approach to environmental issues has been to
focus on technical solutions rather than address underlying causes.
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation
focuses on the social costs of market reform but generally supports it.
The Majles is elected by the
general electorate
Russian liberal/reform parties have
generally become marginalized since 2003.
The difference between the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution was that the
goal of the former was to quickly develop China economically, whereas the goal of the latter was to purify the party of class enemies.
The term siloviki refers to
government officials drawn from the security and intelligence services who were recruited to important political posts under Putin
The National Action Party (PAN) has traditionally run on a platform that includes
greater regional autonomy, less government intervention in the economy, and clean and fair elections
Today, Mexico's economic profile is quite distinct from many of its Latin American neighbors because of its
growing manufacturing sector, including advanced industries like an aerospace industry.
The text points to all of the following as potential harbingers of democracy in China EXCEPT
growing political apathy and rising consumerism.
Parliamentary sovereignty means that Parliament
has more authority than the executive and judicial branch but not the monarchy
Backbencher dissent
has occurred more often since the 1970s
The National People's Congress, China's legislature,
has recently become more influential in the country's political process but remains basically a rubber stamp for policies decided by the top leaders of the Chinese Communist Party.
Educated women in Iran
have established their own political organizations.
President Vicente Fox found it difficult to enact his domestic agenda because
he lacked the compliant congressional majority that his predecessors had enjoyed.
A state that controls the patterns of alliances and shapes the political developments in countries around the world is called a(n)
hegemonic power
the term political economy refers to
how states and political processes affect the economy and how the economy in turn affects a country's political processes
The phrase "break the iron rice bowl" means
implementing policies that reduce state-guaranteed benefits to increase worker motivation.
Between 1940 and 1982, Mexico pursued a trade and economic policy called ______________ that involved the domestic manufacture of previous imported good to satisfy domestic market demands.
import substitution industrialization
Following the Iranian Revolution, all of the following steps were taken to control Iran's armed forces EXCEPT
in recent years, the regular military and Revolutionary Guards have been placed under the authority of the fundamentalist ideologically-inclined Basej. .
The "opening" of Deng's Reform and Opening policy refers to
increasing China's engagement with the global economy.
Iran's main economic problem has been
instability in the world oil market.
The term hung government refers to
instances where no party can claim by itself the control of a majority of the seats in Parliament
Between 1953 and 1957, China took steps that moved it decisively toward socialism. These included all of the following EXCEPT
instituting a secret police organization to silence its opponents.
The term the iron triangle refers to the relationship between
interest groups, congressional committees, and government agencies
The Constitutional Revolution was important because it
introduced features of modern government to Iran such as elections and a national assembly.
Social party in the U today
is characterized by austerity, including recent budget cuts and changes to the National Health Service
In political economy, the term laissez-faire means that the federal government's involvement in the economy
is limited to regulating interstate commerce and commerce with foreign nations
Mexico's level of social development
is lower and distributed less well in comparison to many Latin American states.
China
is very diverse in terms of climate and topography.
The Constitution gives the president all of the following powers EXCEPT the ability to
issue decrees
Leading small groups are
issue-specific bodies that coordinate policy development and implementation.
when we say that a political system is a mixed system, we are saying that
it exhibits some democratic and some authoritarian features
All of the following are TRUE about the Bill of Rights EXCEPT
it has helped to limit the power of the federal courts
The Mexican regime has been viewed as being legitimate following its social revolution because
it incorporated peasants and workers into the Institutional Revolution Party (PRI) and its government institutions.
All of the following are true about the separation of powers except
it is seen in the ability of the federal government and states to limit each other
which of the following statements about the Human Development Index is CORRECT?
it is used to measure and compare levels of achievement in health, knowledge, and the standard of living
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) was founded by a coalition of Mexican political elites who believed that
it was better to work out their differences through a system of compromise rather than resorting to violence.
According to the text, Great Britain ranks high for foreign direct investments because
its economy is more market-driven and it offers a business-friendly political climate
PM David Cameron has sought to expand the special relationship to build closer foreign policy ties with
its key allies and critical trading partners with special historic ties to the United Kingdom
Despite the devolved nature of the United Kingdom, Westminster continues to control all of the following policy areas throughout the United states EXCEPT
justice
the bowling alone phenomenon refers to
less people being part of networks where they can discuss politics and potentially organize for political action
Deng Xiaoping's political reforms included
loosening party control over writers and artists.
Mexico's geography has
made communication and transportation between Mexico's regions difficult.
The Articles of Confederation
made the national government dependent upon voluntary contributions from the states
The Affordable Care Act is
mainly distributive but has some redistributive elements
Members of ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom
make up a higher proportion in the managerial and professional ranks than white men
In terms of its impact on the policy-making process, the sexenio
makes it easy for the Mexican president to introduce extensive personnel changes upon coming to office in order to build a team of people who are motivated to carry out his policy goals.
Assembly factories that produce goods for export, often located along the U.S.-Mexican border are called
maquiladoras.
Khomeini introduced the Sunni concept of ______________ to enhance the role of the state, allowing it to suspend important religious rulings in order to protect the public interest.
maslahat
The term backbenchers refers to
members of the governing party who have no government office and rank-and-file members of the opposition
there is a general consensus among comparativists about the values of __________, which focuses on specific features of the political world.
middle-level theory
The Republican coalition in the electorate includes all of the following EXCEPT
minority voters
The term socialist market economy refers to the
mixture of state control and capitalism that is being used to promote economic development in China.
All of the following are TRUE of the House of Lords EXCEPT
most government policy is initiated here
Political parties in Iran
must be licensed by the Interior Ministry
The National Action Party (PAN) has drawn most of its political support from the
northern states.
The Russian military has directly usurped civilian power
not even once.
The Mexican Miracle of the 1940s through the 1970s refers to a period
of impressive economic performance in Mexico.
One of the most significant changes being made to the Mexican judiciary is the introduction of
oral testimony and the presumption of innocence
The U.S. dollar has historically served as the major international reserve currency. This means that
other countries and investors keep their savings in U.S. dollars
Government-owned corporations or agencies that promote or organize commercial activity in a particular sector and serve as sources of patronage or generators of government revenue are called
parastatals.
Until 2000, Mexico's political system was referred to as a(n) ____________ due to the domination of the PRI (the ruling party) at all levels of government and the co-options, marginalization or repression (as a last resort) through a corporatist state.
perfect dictatorship
The congressional system of committees and subcommittees
permits members of Congress to more easily address issues of particular concern to their constituencies
The Magna Carta was a document that
placed the first formal restrictions on the power of the monarch
A(n)________ is a narrow form of interest group that seeks to influence policy by making financial contributions to candidates and parties in U.S. politics
political action committee
Police powers refer to the
powers held by U.S. states to regulate public safety, health, and welfare
The Mexican political system's traditional response to important interest groups is generally characterized as
pragmatic accommodation.
The Iman Jum'ehs are
prayer leaders at Iran's main city mosques.
When describing the Majles, the constitution uses the term __________ rather than shari'a (divine law) to gloss over the issue of whether legislation comes from God or the people
qanun
The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution were both
radical movements launched by Mao in order to achieve his ideological objectives for China.
If it has passed, the 2011 referendum on the "a" vote (alternative vote) system would have established a voting system in the United Kingdom for its parliamentary elections
rank-ordered preferential
The introduction of devolution by Tony Blair's Labour government involved the
redistribution of formal power to am authority governing London with a directly elected mayor
Environmental policy in the United Kingdom
reflects a tension between a growing desire of British citizens to think green and the country;s anti-regulatory bias
The State Council is comprised of the president and
regional governors.
The British Coalition Government's proposed debt reduction measures are
regressive in nature
The United States has promoted economic growth by all of the following EXCEPT?
regulating the production of particular goods
The Guardian Council
reviews all candidates for elected office.
In terms of gender and ethnic representation in the British Parliament following the 2010 election, Parliament
saw its numbers of ethnic minority MPs double
Formal powers of the Mexican president include all of the following EXCEPT
selecting his successor.
In Parliament, select committees can hold hearings, take testimony and question
senior civil servants and ministers
All of the following are TRUE of Great Britain's constitution EXCEPT that it
sets up a dual executive with the powers equally shared between the prime minister and the monarchy
Margaret Thatcher's leadership as PM marked a critical dividing line in postwar British politics in all of the following ways EXCEPT
she served the longest continuous stretch as prime minister in the 20th century
All of the following are TRUE about Britain's two-party system EXCEPT
since the 1960s, the Liberal Democrats have become an important alternative to Britain's two major parties
The Democratic Coalition in the electorate includes all of the following EXCEPT
social conservations
The term dual society refers to a
society and economy that are sharply divided into a modern, usually richer, and a traditional, usually poorer, sector.
After the Mexican Revolution, Mexico adopted an economic system called _______________ that relied heavily on government actions to encourage private investment and reduce risk for private entrepreneurs, while accepting some degree of government ownership of the means of production.
state capitalism
the process of _______ refers to the historical development of a state
state formation
Iranian president Rouhani won the presidency in 2013 running on a platform promising to
strengthen the rule of law and fix the economy.
The Association of the Militant Clergy, otherwise known as populists or reformers
stress the importance of individual rights and the rule of law.
The U.S. government subsidizes agriculture in all of the following EXCEPT?
strictly regulating the flow of immigration to the United States
The current prime minister David Cameron
styles himself as a new brand of Conservative, a compassionate conservative
Iran's theocratic constitution following the Islamic Revolution was
submitted to a popular vote
Blair's "doctrine of international community" referred to his
support for the use of military force when necessary to right human rights abuses
New Labour's approach to society
supports comprehensive solutions to society's ills and the reduction of the tendency for government to neglect marginalized individuals
distributive policies
tend to receive more public support than do redistributive policies
all of the following are ways to measure a country's economic development EXCEPT
the Environmental Performance Index
The most significant institutional choice facing the United Kingdom since 1707 is
the Scottish referendum for independence
removing trade barriers is a key goal of
the World Trade Organization
the term hegemony refers to
the ability of a particular state to dominate world affairs
All of the following were important parts of the economic reforms launched by Den Xiaoping EXCEPT
the abolition of all state-owned enterprises.
All of the following about the role of technology in Iran is correct EXCEPT
the access of urban households to cell phones and the Internet decreased following the 2009 protests.
Which of the following about the U.S. military is NOT true?
the costs of maintaining the U.S. military has significantly decreased due to the increased use of private contractors and reserve units, and the closure of military bases
When one says that Russia suffers from a "resource curse," one means that
the country's rich deposits of natural resources shelter it from some disruption but also makes it difficult to untangle economic and political power.
Which of the following is NOT true about the U.S. judiciary?
the courts must rely on Congress to enforce their decisions
Electoral participation is low among all of the following EXCEPT
the elderly
The Liberal Democrats became a serious contender in the 2010 election for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
the general fear among the British electorate about the potential success of radical right parties in the 2010 election
The most powerful position in the Chinese party-state is
the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.
according to your text, globalization includes all of the following EXCEPT
the global spread of the economy
The term floating population refers to
the increasingly large number of people migrating from rural to urban areas.
in comparative politics, the term state refers to
the key political institutions in a country
The Prime minister is
the leader of the party after a general election who controls a majority of seats in the House of Commons
The Founders designed the House of Representatives to be more responsive to popular will. This is evidence by all of the following EXCEPT
the longer terms of office of its members
Class-based political movements and tensions have not arisen in the United States because of all of the following EXCEPT
the minimal gap between rich and poor in the country
The choice of Ed Miliband as the leader of the Labour Party in 2010 marked
the party's adoption of a more progressive ideology without returning to "Old Labour"
Electoral authoritarianism refers to
the president's office managing political competition through a dominant party.
Marbury v. Madison established
the principle of judicial review
Peňa Nieto's candidacy during the 2012 Mexican presidential election reflected
the prominence state governors had gained in the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) during the years the party had been out of power at the national level.
As an approach to economic and social policy in the United Kingdom, neoliberalism supports
the promotion of market competition and entrepreneurship
According to the authors, which of the following is NOT of interest to the study of British politics today?
the relevancy of the Westminster model in a world of turbulent political change
the courts have become more powerful because of all of the following EXCEPT
the rise of the security state following the September 11, 2001, attacks
The 2008 election was unusual becasue
the same party won not only the presidency but also majority control in both the House of Representatives and the Senate
The difference between comparative politics and international relations can BEST be described as
the study of comparative politics involves comparing domestic political institutions, processes, and politics in different countries; whereas the study of international relations involves examining the foreign policy of and interactions among different countries
In contrast to the mass demonstrations in Egypt and Tunisia, Iran's political system has survived because of
the support of the armed forces for the Iranian regime.
The term patrimonial state refers to
the system of government in which the ruler treats the state as his personal property.
All of the following about the U.S. deficit is true EXCEPT
the term national debt refers to the gap between income and expenditures run by the federal government
Two constitutionally mandated mechanisms for checking the prime minister are
the vote of no confidence and the convention of collective responsibility
The authority of clerics in the Iranian theocratic political system comes from
their scholarly knowledge of religious scriptures and God's law.
to say that we live in a globalized world of states is to say that
there is an interaction between the national and international levels in shaping the politics of states
The phrase power vertical refers to the idea that
there should exist an integrated and hierarchal structure of executive power ranging from the national to the local level.
Authoritarian regimes are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
they do not include any democratic values and practices within their governing systems.
The primary religious divide in contemporary America is between
those who feel religion provides guidance for political action and those who do not
Progressive income taxation means that
those with higher incomes pay a higher percentage of tax
During the period of Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) dominance, the party's presidential candidate was selected
through a decision made by the outgoing president.
Members of the Duma are elected
through direct national elections that operate under a mixed electoral system.
Iran's state organizations must conform to all of the following "divine principles" as spelled out in the constitution's preamble EXCEPT
toleration of the People of the Book.
The Federation Council is comprised of
two members from each of Russia's federal regions and republics with one being appointed by the region's/republic's executive and the other by the region's/republic's legislature.
Congress can override a presidential veto by a
two-thirds majority vote in both the house of representatives and the Senate
All 27 amendments to the U.S. Constitution have resulted from a process of ratification by
two-thirds of each chamber of Congress as well as passage by three-quarters if the states
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) faced a difficult future beginning in the twenty-first century, because Mexican voters were more
urban, middle-class, and younger.
Traditionally, Parliament's terms were
variable, occurring at least every five years
Under the household responsibility system
villages own the farmland but contract it out to individual families who operate it chiefly according to the profit motive.
Vladimir Putin
was Medvedev's only prime minister
The extension of the right to vote
was done so mainly on the basis of property qualifications
All of the following are TRUE about the collectivist consensus that existed in Great Britain following World War II EXCEPT that it
was inspired by the suffering shared by Britons during World War II
The Federal Reserve Board
was the central policy-making agency in the wake of the 2008 economic downturn seeking to avert a recession in the United States
Oligarchs refer to
wealthy individuals who gained ownership and control of important sectors of the Russian economy.
Language minorities in Iran
were given unprecedented rights under the Islamic Republic, but, in practice, support for these has been minimal.
political legitimacy exists
when the broad citizenry believes that the state exercises rightful authority
The central notion of the fragmented authoritarianism model is that
while power remains concentrated in the top leadership of the Communist Party of China, there are now other sources of influence as well.
The primary difference between Sunni and Shi'i Islam is
who should have succeeded the Prophet Mohammad following his death
Youth politics in Iran centers mainly on
youth unemployment.
According to your textbook, what is considered to be the starting point of Mexican political history?
The arrival of Cortes in the Yucatan Peninsula.
Plutarco Elías Calles created a political party, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), to
accommodate the interests of the various power contenders in order to limit political violence and reap greater economic spoils in Mexico.
Currently, regional governors are
popularly elected, with the requirement that a candidate's nomination is supported by a certain number of local deputies or officials.
The Mexican Congress has evolved from a rubber-stamp institution to one that must be negotiated with the executive branch due to
the loss by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) of its stranglehold on congressional representation.
