AP Euro Ch 16 Toward a New Worldview

Social Contract

the notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others, 1762; Jean Jacques Rousseau

Methodism

the religious beliefs and practices of Methodists characterized by concern with social welfare and public morals

Pragmatic Sanction of 1713

Established by Charles VI, it was an agreement with the three territories that the Hapsburg's possessions will never divided and must be passed to a single heir.

Law of inertia

A lot of formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is a natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force

Pugachev Rebellion

Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed

Immanuel Kant

Professor in East Prussia, argued that if serious thinkers were granted freedom to exercise their reason in print, enlightenment would surely follow. He said that Frederick the Great was an enlightened monarch because he allowed this.

Copernicus Hypothesis

The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe

Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

France and Austria, traditional enemies, now allied against Prussia-Britain, traditional ally of Russia, supported Prussia-bloodiest war since 30 Yrs War

Inductive Method

Francis Bacon's reasoning by experiments, mathematics, and observation

Tabula Rasa

John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.

Frederick the Great

King of Prussia (1740-1786). Successful in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years; War (1756-1763), he brought Prussia great military prestige in Europe.

Laws of Motion

Planets have eliptical orbits; a planets orbit gets faster the closer it is to the sun; there is a mathemetic equation for a planets distance from the sun and the time it takes to orbit; established by Newton

Denis Diderot

Philosopher who edited a book called the Encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543), heliocentric theory

Jean de Condorcet

Progress of the Human Mind-utopian ideas also undermined legitimacy of Enlightenment ideas-identified 9 stages of human progress and predicted 10th stage would bring perfection

Salon

Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where Philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics

Noble Savage

The idea that primitive human beings are naturally good and that whatever evil they develop is the product of the corrupting action of civilization.

Enlightenment

The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress

Classical Liberalism

a term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power.

Scientific Revolution

the era of scientific thought in europe between the 16th and 18th centuries during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned

Deism

the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation

Paracelsus

•Supports the experimental method in medicine •First to use chemicals and drugs to show what he saw as chemical rather than humoral, imbalances

Marquis de Beccaria

"An Essay on Crime and Punishment" - reccomends a system of laws that apply equally to all classes

Ecracsez l'infame

"Crush the infamous thing (papacy)" - Voltaire

Cogito Ergo Sum

"I think, therefore I am," a philosophical statement used by Descartes

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

Francois Quesnay

(1694-1774) French economist. Quesnay was the undisputed leader of the Physiocrats, the first systematic school of economic thought. Among its tenets were the economic and moral righteousness of laissez-faire policies and the notion that land was the ultimate source of all wealth.

3 Laws of Planetary Motion

1.) Orbits eliptical 2.) Planets don't move at a uniform speed 3.) The time it takes to orbit the sun is proportional to the distance form the sun; written by Kepler

Jean- Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Natural philosophy

And early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, it's purpose, and how it function. It encompassed what we would call "science" today

War of Austrian Succession

Conflict caused by the rival claims for the dominions of the Habsburg family. Before the death of Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor and archduke of Austria, many of the European powers had guaranteed that Charles's daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him.

Cartesian Dualism

The teaching of René Descartes that the mind or spirit constitutes one reality while the body is something completely different, separate and apart from mind.

Reading revolution

The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse

Philosophes

Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.

Rene Descartes

This French mathematical genius said that one should apply logic and try to answer problems with mathematical equations

Two Treatises on Civil Government

This book, published by John Locke in 1689, attacks the divine right of kings (using scripture) in the "First Treatise". The "Second Treatise" contains ideas that were somewhat radical at the time, but are essentially what the United States were founded on: all people are created equal, and any government depends on the consent of the governed, who have a right to overthrow and unjust government.

Wealth of Nations

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

Physiocrats

This was the group of economists who believed that the wealth of a nation was derived solely from the value of its land

John Harrison

Worked with clocks and compasses for longitude and lattitude and created the "Marine Chronometer" which estimated one's exact longitude at sea.

Seven Years' War

Worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

[John Locke] (Tabula Rasa) Insisted that all ideas are derived from experience. The initial mind at birth is just a blank slate. Theory of personal identity.

Vesalius

a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)

Silesia

a region of central Europe rich in deposits of coal and iron ore

Empiricism

medical practice and advice based on observation and experience in ignorance of scientific findings

Principle of Universal Gravitation

states that every object in this universe attracts every other object with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of distance between their centers; Newton

Liberum Veto

voting in Polish parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made; thus, little could be done to systematically strengthen the kingdom

Salon Movement

women played major role-many of brightest minds of Enlightenment assembled to discuss major issues-took part in discussions

Baron Paul d'Holbach

wrote "System of Nature", which said humans are only machines and have no free will- created a rift between atheist and deist thinkers within the enlightened group

Robert Boyle

•Found modern science of chemistry •Undertook experiments to discover basic elements of nature, following Paracelsus •Thought elements of nature were composed of small atoms •Created a vacuum and proving Descartes wrong •Created Boyles law: pressure of gas varies inversely with volume

Philosophes

A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the age of Enlightenment

Rococo

A popular style in Europe in the 18th century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids

Rationalism

A secular, critical way of thinking and which nothing was to be excepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

General Will

According to Rousseau the general will is sacred and absolute, reacting the common interests of the people who have displaced the monarch as the holder of ultimate power.

Public sphere

An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics

Johannes Kepler

Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Cartesian dualism

Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter

John Locke

Developed a new theory that the human mind at birth is like a blank tablet, or tabula rasa, on which the environment writes the individual's understanding and beliefs . All ideas derived from experience.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Dutch pioneer microscopist who was among the first to recognize cells in animals and who gave the first accurate descriptions of microbes and spermatozoa and blood corpuscles (1632-1723)

Geocentric

Earth centered universe

John Wesley

English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791)

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women, Vindication on the Rights of Women

William Harvey

Englishman who announced blood circulates throughout the body.

First Servant of the State

Frederick considered himself this, and many of his reforms were for the improvement of society, but most were intended to increase the power of the state.

Baron de Montesquieu

French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.

Voltaire

French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.

Tycho Brahe

Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data.

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)

Principia

Newton's book which established the law of universal gravitation and banished Ptolemy's laws and universe for good; 1687

Law of universal gravitation

Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

Principa Mathematica

Newtons book which established the law of universal gravitation and banished Ptolemy's laws and universe for good

David Hume

Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)

Empiricism

Siri of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experiment Tatian rather than deductive reason and speculation

Heliocentric

Sun centered universe

Enlightened absolutism

Term coined by historians to describe the rule of 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance

Haskalah

The Jewish enlightenment of the second half of the 18th century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn

Experimental method

The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through a repeatable experiments rather than speculation

Maria Theresa

This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs

Joseph II

This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom

Polish Partitions

Under Catherine the Great, Prussia gained Polish territory through this annexation agreement between Prussia and Austria.

Cameralism

View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good

Telescope

a device built to observe distant objects by making them appear closer

Enlightenment

a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

Scientific Method

a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions

Treaty of Paris

agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry, ended the Seven Years War

Royal Society

an honorary English society (formalized in 1660 and given a Royal Charter by Charles II in 1662) through which the British government has supported science

German Pietism

argued need for spiritual conversion and religious experience

Jansenism

developed by Cornelius Jansen, erroneous belief that man was entirely free in the state of innocence and his will tended to do what was right. According to him, original sin made him a slave to sin and all his actions corrupted him. His only hope was God's grace, which could save him and he taught that God only granted salvifiv grace to a small number of "predestined" people.

Enlightened Despotism

philosophes inspired and supported reforms of Enlightened despots-believed absolute rulers should promote good of people-religious toleration, streamlined legal codes, increased access to education, reduction or elimination of torture and death penalty

Deductive Reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case

Catherine the Great

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations