AP Euro Ch. 21 & 20

Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen

invented the first primitive steam engines using coal to produce steam, operated pump, many operated successfully in England/Scotland

Simon Bolivar

latin american general, people's liberator, established Gran Colombia (1819-1830), wanted a US-like federation,

William Wordsworth

sad about destruction of rural way of life, pollution of land/water

What were the results of industrialization after 1840?

wages grew substantially, prices dropped, more goods became available like canned goods, smallpox vaccine and anesthetic became routine, trains and telegraph revolutionized transportation and information, gaslights came directly from 18th century scientific advancements and allowed for nighttime activity,

Robert Owen

wanted to apply lessons to his own textile factory, commented on end of child labor, children were going to school instead, houses and streets were improved, low prices for provisions, people acted rationally, advantages for employer and employee

Thomas Malthus

"Essay on the Principle of Population" (1798), argued that populations tended to outgrow their means of sustenance, distressed lower classes, only hope to stop this was to marry later, he was doubtful this would happen b/c of the powerful attraction of the sexes

Friedrich Engels

"The Condition of the Working Class in England", called English middle class murderers and criminals, said new industrial worker poverty was worse than cottage-industry poverty, all because of industrial capitalism's competition and technical change, charged capitalists with exploitation and causing workers poverty--> built on by Marx

Sarah Stickney Ellis

"The Women of England: Their Social Duties and Domestic Habits" wrote about how women were expected to tend to the sick, relieve servants of their duties, constantly apologize, and basically cater to everyone else's needs before their own

What were the anticapitalist British labor movements?

1820s, strikes (Bradford) against mechanization or low wages created class awareness, opposed by liberal economic principles (Adam Smith) of middle class business owners--> Combination Acts, Parliament repealed wage regulation for artisans--> capitalists ignoring work rules and flooding artisan trades with women an children to lower wages--> built modern labor movement, disregarded Combination acts, collective action and forming of societies of skilled craftspeople/factory workers--> unions

separate spheres

A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner.

Tariff Protection

A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products, German states created a treaty for union (Zollverein) that made no tariffs on trade between them but a standard tariff imposed on outside imports

Congress of Vienna

A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance (Russia [Tsar Alexander I], Prussia [Frederick Wilhelm III], Austria [Emperor Franz II], Great Britain), restoration France, and smaller European states to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.

Industrial Revolution

A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century.

What allowed Europeans to industrialize faster?

Ability to adapt to new market bc of putting-out history, merchant capitalists, artisans, capitalists could borrow British tech, independent govs that weren't under external control

Changed in Child labor in factories

Adults protested conditions of children, reformers in Parliament used Parliamentary reports to influence public opinion that child labor was inhumane, series of Factory Acts to reform child labor (better hygiene, shorter workday) culminating in The Factory Act of 1833 that installed inspectors to enforce provisions, children from 9-13 could work 8hrs, 14-18 could work 12hrs, under 9 couldn't work, regularized shifts meant families couldn't work together-->MASSIVE DECREASE IN CHILD LABOR

Second Treaty of Paris

After Napoleon's escape and second conquest for power (Feb 1815), drafted after Waterloo, still moderate, Louis XVIII restored, lost some territory, payed indemnity of 700 million francs, occupation army, rest of previous treaty intact, Quadruple Alliance still met to maintain peace (Congress System)

Craft Unions and Chartist movement

After Owen's union ended, craft unions like the Amalgamated Society of Engineers (skilled machinists) won real benefits for workers using conservative means and became accepted in industrial world, Chartist movement was comprised of workers who wanted political democracy and voting rights for all men (hope shared by millions) wanted to limit workday to 10hrs and tariff-free import of grain to Britain for affordable bread, WORKING CLASS DEVELOPED THEIR OWN IDENTITY AND SHAPED INDUSTRY

Trends in Industrial Growth

All countries started close together, Britain gained a lead, Belgium (iron and coal) adopted British tech and grew its industry, France developed more gradually, german lands and US grew rapidly in 2nd industrial rev, eastern and southern europe began later, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Russia progressed later, China and India experienced declines, Japan saw increase only after opened to West and adopted West tech, WEALTH INEQUALITY GREW

What were the results of new spinning tech?

Allowed Britain to compete in cotton thread markets internationally, needed more advancements safely build machines, families in cottage industry found yarn more easily, weavers made more money, agricultural laborers became handloom weavers, capitalists tried to invent power loom, horrid working conditions and orphans made to work by parish officers to save money, almost slaves, worked long hours at young ages and were beaten, BEGINNING OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

What was the point of rails?

Allowed horses and humans to move heavier loads of coal, rails capable of supporting trains--> steam engine experimentation in 1816

Holy Alliance

An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.

Who believed conditions were improving?

Andrew Ure said conditions were actually good, Edwin Chadwick, gov official, knew about problems and said that the mass of laboring community was able to buy more necessities and luxuries, MAJORITY BELIEVED IN DECLINE OF CONDITIONS

Richard Guest

Argued that working in factories influenced important political and social discussions that wouldn't be had elsewhere and that it was exciting for workers to bargain for pay raises

What did France do instead of industrialize?

Artisans produced more luxury items for increasingly wealthy international middle class, made more sense because France was traditionally skilled and dominant in that area

Repressing Revolution in Eastern Europe

Austria, Russia, Prussia against revolutionary ideas, claimed principle of active intervention in Troppau to restore Naples and Ferdinand I in Two Sicilies to autocratic power after revolution, France returned power to Spanish king, Confederation Diets of German confederation had little power, students protested for unification and Austrian/Prussian leaders issued Karlsbad Decrees, killed and exiled liberal army officers in St. Petersburg after they protested Nicholas I, DIDN'T STOP FRENCH DYNASTIC CHANGE, BELGIAN INDEPENDENCE

Effects of the steam engine on Europe

BIGGEST TECH ADVANCEMENT, almost unlimited human power, used for all kinds of aid in work, replaced water power in cotton mills, flour mills, breweries, flint mills, sugarcane west indies mills

What happened after South American rev?

Bolivar's state fractured, similar map to today's S America, liberal constitution were difficult to implement when women and non-creoles couldn't vote, caudillos (strong men, warlords) rose to control politics based on family ties, military strength, populist politics, DEMONSTRATED REVOLUTIONARY POTENTIAL, LIMIT TO CONSERVATIVE CONTROL

How did govs push industrialization? (1815)

Bore cost of building roads, canals, railroads for better transportation, Belgium's state owned railroads --> heavy industry, French gov build roads, bridges, tunnels, overall gov help lead to industrialization

Combination Acts of 1799

British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

What were the perks of early industrialism?

Businessmen used family and friends for capital, some from good backgrounds, artisans with special ability had better opportunities, oppressed ethnic/religious groups banded together to seize opportunity, Protestant dissenters were important in Britain, Protestants and Jews were important in French banking, industrialists were newly wealthy and full of themselves

William Blake

Called factories satanic mills that made life hard for London poor, protested against this

William and John Cockerill

Carpenter in Britain, began with cotton spinning equipment in Belgium, 1817 John built large industrial enterprise in south Belgium making machines, steam engines, trains, ironworks and coal mines, became centers for gathering and transmitting industrial info across Europe, British workers worked there, some went across Europe after

What was the result of increasing British industrialization?

Caused other areas of the world to be ore economically dependent, process of deindustrialization bc of imperialist, econ comic competition, weakness lead to more imperialism by industrialized nations

Effects of steam engine on iron industry

Coke (heated, waterless coal) replaced charcoal in smelting pig iron, steam driven bellows in furnaces increased iron quantity, iron became more easily and inexpensively produced, BUILT BRITISH ECONOMY

Henry Cort

Developed puddling furnace so pig iron could be refined with coke, puddlers cooked pig iron and took off refined iron, created steam powered rolling mills to turn out many shapes of iron

Prince Klemens von Metternich

Diplomat, aristocrat, viewed humans as prone to error, excess, self-serving behavior, confirmed by French Rev, Napoleonic Wars--> conservatism gained backing in counter-rev age, believed liberalism was responsible for wars and bloodshed of war, blamed revolutionaries for stirring up lower classes, strong authority = solution to human behavior, need to protect society, supported organized religion, tradition of classes = important, liberals believed in independence of groups, Metternich saw this as a threat to him empire

Why didn't Latin American countries industrialize?

Disrupted by wars of independence, adopted steam power to produce sugar, coffee, transportation, first to support agriculture for export and then to drive industrial production, cheap british cotton destroyed local textile industry

Other critics of industrialization

Doctors and reformers spoke about problems with factories and new towns, Malthus and Ricardo thought workers would only make enough to live

How did the Allies use balance of power?

Each received compensation for victory over French, GB had colonies already from war, Austrian gave up German territory in exchange for Italian and Polish possessions and Adriatic territory

Why didn't non-European areas industrialize?

European gov with control over other areas used those areas for raw materials, to sell their own goods, discouraged industrialization/modernization, couldn't create tariffs because they were forbidden by mother country

What was special about the congress of Vienna?

Festivities by members, face to face meetings of rulers, embraced salon culture of sharing ideas, news sources kept public informed on developments, Enlightenment ideas of salon society --> publicity and public opinion from mass-media campaigns

Changes in factories after 1790s

Fewer children, more textile factories in cities powered by steam, working class established and flocked to cities to work, whole families that had started off working together (children and women doing smaller tasks and men collecting money) slowly stopped, Irish came to england and established their own communities after overpopulation and potato famine.

Richard Trevithick

First steam locomotive after long experimentation

Steam engine in water travel

French made first steamships in 1770s, commercial steamships in N America later, Clermont ship traveled Hudson River 1807, John Molson's ships on St. Lawrence River, brought speed, reliability, efficiency to water travel

Fritz Harkort

German entrepreneur, Prussian officer who saw glory of British industry in Napoleonic Wars, began building steam engines in Ruhr Valley, trouble getting skilled workers and machinery, built and sold engines but didn't make much money, EFFORT TO DUPLICATE BRITISH PRODUCTS, DIFFICULT

Luddites

Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work.

What were the downsides of working in a factory?

Hard to adjust from cottage industry, long boring hours, punished by strict overseers, not in charge of schedule anymore, factories reminded workers of poorhouses (like prisons for the poor), mill owners turned to local officials to gather pauper children, treated them badly --> middle class reformers publicizing abuse

What happened later on in industrialization?

Harder for poor young men to start an enterprise because factories were larger, formal education was necessary for for advancement but was too expensive, well-established enterprises began to mostly be inherited after 1830 and kids were wealthier than parents had been, greater sense of class consciousness and widened gap between them and workers

Why didn't Russia industrialize?

Imperial gov brought steamships to Volga and railroads to St. Petersburg, steam-powered cotton factories run by entrepreneurs with British machines, most people still in deep servitude so industry didn't grow, Russia remained a big producer of raw materials like timber and grain

How did the putting out system become the factory system?

In putting out system, 4 or 5 spinners needed to one weaver, grew most in Britain but cost and outweighed advantages, needed a better spinning wheel, cotton = best material, England couldn't compete in cotton industry with India, entrepreneurs wanted to lower labor costs

What was the new paradigm regarding social relationships?

Individuals were put into classes based on relationship to machines and factories, factory owners became the middle class and laborers became the working class, had conflicting interests, more of a simplification but people fed into it because it was an explanation of what was happening, classes existed because people believed they did and developed "class-consciousness" (Marx)

James Hargreaves

Invented cheap, simple, hand powered spinning jenny with four spindeles on sliding carriage, spun fine thread and worked by women (became more valuable than men) HELPED GROW TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Edmund Cartwright

Invented the power loom 1785, worked poorly at first, handlooms remained predominant

Karlsbad Decrees

Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations, included spying and censorship in universities

Why did women support separate spheres?

Jobs for women payed little, factory discipline meant mothers couldn't watch their children, (France/Scandinavia had wet nurses), difficult to do all wifely jobs like cooking and cleaning already, young women were segregated from men to do women's work (needlework, spinning, food prep) but without parental oversight it lead to illegitimate births and lead to older people trying to control youths' sexuality, middle class created domestic ideals of putting more care and time into children

What were the Allies' goals?

Klemens von Metternich, Robert Castlereagh wanted balance of power system of international equilibrium to discourage one state taking power, Charles Talleyrand agreed

What lasting impacts did factory work leave on Europe?

Landless poor worked harder jobs, longer hours, experienced more danger, from 250 days a year in 1760 to 300 days a year in 1830, workday was 11hrs, fewer religious holidays and breaks, worked six days a week, factories going to cities brought workers to cities--> city size boom (especially in N England) cities were overcrowded, hastily constructed and unsanitary, life expectancy was shorter for everyone, people moved away from villages and traditions were lost, people were lonely in the city lost unique skills and work autonomy

First Treaty of Paris

Lenient terms after abdication, restored Bourbon king, large French boundaries from 1792, didn't have to pay reparations avoided provoking sentiments of victimization, retaliation of France, new Netherlands (Belgium and Holland) could oppose French expansion north, German lands in east were returned to Prussia, created Eastern protection, reorganized German territories into systematic German Confederation

Increase in railways

Liverpool to Manchester = success, private companies built more railways, main trunk lines of Great Britain, steam powered trains in US (1830s), Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Canada, Australia, India (1850s)---> reduced cost in land shipping, bigger markets, larger factories with sophisticated machines that made cheap goods to compete with cottage workers, artisans, demand for unskilled rail workers

Leadership in Austria

Many ethnicities, languages, nobles had some (little) control, many parts under Hapsburg rule, authority = Hapsburg Emperor, German and Hungarian populations outnumbered by others, meant powerful military/economy but not unity, leaders (Metternich and Hapsburg king) needed to oppose liberalism/nationalism to maintain unity

What happened to the artisans?

Many people still worked on farms or (mostly women) in the domestic service industry, familiar jobs were an alternative to industrial labor, even though the iron industry was industrialized, artisans were still needed to craft the raw iron into goods

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

Matter of circumstance (not planned), Scientific Rev/Enlightenment--> new mindset of progress, innovation, public sharing of ideas (Royal Society for the Arts gave prizes for inventions), more rural industry--> wool surplus, high wages, outdid other wool producers, expanding Atlantic economy w/ $ from Latin American colonies/slave trade--> more raw material and manufactured goods, new farming methods--> more food, low prices, landless poor to work in factories, more money to spend on commodities/school, more wage work, canal building and access to water--> easy transport of iron and coal, incentives to use coal, heavy-handed taxes and tariffs went towards keeping industry within England (no imports), industry grew at higher rate (.7-->3%)

Why didn't China industrialize?

Mechanized production at end of 19th century, continued market-based commercial society with rural sector and industrial production based on traditional methods, slow econ growth, interesting West tech and science but faced uprising which drained attention and resources (needed for military)

How did consumption change with Industrialization?

More purchase of cotton goods which were cheaper, food was hard to buy with relatively low wages

Samuel Crompton

Mule, spun fine, strong thread in large quantities, worked solitarily for years on machine that combined water frame and moving carriage, didn't get a patent and his machine was stolen, died in poverty

What was the new bank system?

Old banks = private out of fear of financial loss and held a few rich clients/merchants, two Belgian banks got gov permission to become limited liability (if they go bankrupt, investors only lose original investments), attracted investors from big companies, promoted industry, more banks in Germany and France, usually helped build railroads and heavy industry companies

Why didn't Egypt industrialize?

Ottoman Empire territory, reform-minded viceroy pushed industrial agenda, imported British machines and textile experts, couldn't compete with low-priced British imports, fell back to sugar and cotton production for West.

Why didn't India industrialize?

Poor textile workers couldn't compete with British cotton, charged by British high import duties on Indian cotton going to Britain, Indians weren't allowed to do the same to British

Russian and Ottoman Empires

Powerful, anti-liberal, strong militaries, enemies, multinational empires where elite came from dominant group (Russia = Orthodox Christian Russians, Ottomans = Muslim Ottoman Turks), worked to keep traditional conservative order, BOTH COLLAPSED

What was the impact of slavery on industry in Britain?

Profits from slave trade/plantations = small part of income, invested into land rather than industry, demand for British manufactured goods did stem from needing something to exchange for colonial goods like sugar, cotton, tobacco, and slaves, slave trade lead to development of credit institutions that allowed businessmen to get capital for their businesses, colonial trade lead to investments in canals, roads and railroads provided infrastructure to move raw materials/products of factory system, Parliament abolished slavery in 1807 but cotton used in British mills as supplied by slaves in US, SLAVERY AND INDUSTRIALIZATION GO HAND IN HAND

What factors slowed the spread of machine industry?

Rev and napoleonic wars, British goods were cheap and dominated markets, British tech was hard to copy because it was advanced, steam power required investments in iron, coal railroads and was expensive so business people couldn't pay for it, laborers didn't want to move to factories

George Stephenson

Rocket, sped from Liverpool to Manchester Railway at 35 mph, TRAINS ALLOWED UNLIMITED RANGE OF TRAVEL

Peter Gaskell

Said golden time of manufactures was when people worked out of their houses, could choose their hours, and save money for leisure

Robert Owen

Scottish manufacturer, testified before investigative committee that having children under ten work was bad for children and employers, workers would provide graphic testimonies at these types of hearings

Debate over Child Labor Laws

Sir Robert Peel claimed long hours for children sounded their growth and children should work shorter hours, Mr. Phillips said factories only needed to be well ventilated, which the large ones usually were, and the small ones went out of business, for the children to work long hours and remain healthy, testimonies from young girls say they get ill, can't go to school or church, are abused by men in mines

What were workers unions?

Skilled workers against Parliament, wanted to control number of skilled workers limits apprenticeship to members' children, bargain with owners about wages, general strikes (cotton spinners in Manchester 1810)--> Parliament repealed Combination Acts 1824, tolerated unions

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence from spain in South of South america, liberal

James Watt

Studied steam engine, Uni of Glasgow, made scientific instruments, repaired a Newcomen engine and fixed energy waste with separate condenser-->increased engine efficiency, partnered with Matthew Boulton and got money, found different types of skilled mechanics to work on his engines (John Wilkinson), purchased parts, made vacuum and other improvements--> Boulton and Watt practical and commercial steam engine

Crystal Palace

The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron (made cheap by industrial rev), sponsored by British royal family, showed off kingdom's role as a world economic leader

Iron law of wages

Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.

What did British industry do differently?

They introduced a machine power component into factory work and organized labor around productive machines.

Conflicts between Russia and Prussia over possessions

Tsar Alexander I wanted to keep Polish territories, allies argued that wasn't balanced, Russia gave territory to Prussia, settled with smaller kingdom. Prussia claimed Saxony form German Confederation, Saxon king had supported Napoleon, agreed to divide state and leave it independent, no threat to powerful neighbor states, Prussia didn't expand too much

Britain's increase in Industry and population

Two thirds world's coal, more than half iron and cotton, twenty percent world's output industrial goods (2 percent before), gross national product rose fourfold, population from 9 mil to 21 mil, more ppl meant more labor, more need for agricultural/industrial production, created fear over too many people, economy and pop. racing neck and neck, poor got poorer and rich got richer

British restrictions on idea sharing

Until 1825: artisans and skilled merchants couldn't leave Britain Until 1843: couldn't export textile or other machinery Many slipped out to spread ideas

Robert Owen

Wanted to create a national union, cotton manufacturer who combined firm discipline with concern over health and safety of workers, experimented with socialist communities (New Harmony, Indiana) organized Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, eventually collapsed

Why did livings standards decrease until 1840s?

War with France lead to high unemployment and inflation, decline of women and children labor , many still worked in cottages and rural areas which made less money, increase in productivity didn't equal increase in purchasing power of British until 1840 when wages rose 30% more than in 1770

Richard Arkwright

Water frame, rollers stretched yarn, hundreds of spindles needed strong water power from special mills on rivers, mill factories employed 1k workers, only spun coarse thread that had to be re-spun on cottage jennies HELPED GROW TEXTILE INDUSTRY

South American Revolution

Wealthy Creoles broke away from Spanish crown after French occupation weakened peninsulares power and established Enlightenment republics, non-Creoles suffered in low class, Napoleon inspired rev ideas, began with uprisings, then Creoles took leadership of struggle

How did women's role in industry change in the mid-19th century?

Wives of businessmen were valued only for ladylike gentility, expected to work as wives and daughters and avoid offices and factories, should live elegantly away from the working class.

Why did some women oppose separate spheres?

Women who supported themselves wanted to work in mines because they would be payed more

What caused gender gap in industrial work?

Women worked less after they had babies, earned a little money doing work at home, only worked when husband was out of commission, young unmarried women worked full-time at traditionally domestic jobs, jobs for women payed little, factory discipline meant mothers couldn't watch their children, France and Scandinavia had wet-nurses so this didn't apply,

Transition from wood to coal power

Wood began to grow scare in Britain, charcoal mixed with iron to form pig iron to be processed into metals, industry stagnating, Russia had forests to produce most iron, began to use coal not just for heat but to power machinery, deeper coal mines--> water-->inefficient animal pumps--> steam engines

Mines Act of 1842

Young men and women wore little clothing because mines were hot, middle class men claimed women were having lots of sex and that mines were inappropriate for women after puberty because it affected their morals, Act prohibited women, girls and children under 10 from working the mines