AP Euro Ch 26

Bauhaus

A German interdisciplinary school of fine and applied arts that brought together many leading modern architects, designers, and theatrical innovators.

Modernism

A label given to the artistic and cultural movements of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries; these movements were typified by radical experimentation that challenged traditional forms of artistic expression.

stream of consciousness

A literary technique, used by such writers as Virginia Woolf and James Joyce, in which a character's thoughts and feelings are described as they occur as a means to explore the human psyche.

Logical positivism

A philosophy that sees meaning only in those beliefs that can be empirically proven; it therefore rejects as nonsense most of the concerns of traditional philosophy, from the existence of God to the meaning of happiness.

Existentialism

A philosophy that stresses the meaninglessness of existence and the importance of the individual in searching for moral values in an uncertain world.

theory of special relativity

Albert Einstein's theory that time and space are relative to the observer, and that only the speed of light remains constant.

Dadaism

An artistic movement of the 1920s and 1930s that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior and delighted in outrageous conduct.

To expose the bankruptcy of modern society and produce radical social change

For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, what was the purpose of art?

Calvinist theology

Gabriel Marcel found the answer to the postwar broken world in

They occupied the Ruhr district.

How did France and Belgium react when Germany refused to make its second reparations payment?

They must choose their actions fully aware of their responsibility for their behavior.

How did Jean-Paul Sartre think that people could live authentically in the twentieth century?

Gustav Stresemann

In 1923, which German politician called off passive resistance in the Ruhr and agreed in principle to pay reparations?

individuals to renounce their irrational instincts in order to live peaceably in groups.

In Civilization and Its Discontents (1930), Freud argued that civilization required

the Western world had overemphasized rationality and stifled the authentic passions that drive human activity and true creativity.

In his philosophical writings, Friedrich Nietzsche argued that

the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts.

In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that

a market culture expressed in merchandise catalogs.

In the early twentieth century, the traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns was overshadowed by

nature itself is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable and lacks any absolute objective reality.

In the twentieth century, Werner Heisenburg established the "uncertainty principle," which postulates that

He denounced the Treaty of Versailles for economic reasons.

In the twentieth century, what was John Maynard Keynes known for?

internal monologues to explore the psyche.

In twentieth century literature, the stream-of-consciousness technique uses

an ordinary man's aimless wanderings through the streets and pubs of Dublin.

James Joyce's Ulysses weaves ironic parallels between the adventures of Homer's hero Ulysses and

id, ego, superego

Sigmund Freud's terms to describe the three parts of the self and the basis of human behavior, which he saw as basically irrational.

Modern girl

Somewhat stereotypical image of the modern and independent working woman popular in the 1920s.

an imbalance between real investment and speculation.

The American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of

Social Democrats

The German Communist Party, noisy and active in the 1920s, reserved their greatest hatred and sharpest barbs for

Hyperinflation

The German government's printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against the Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to

the British economy had moved away from international markets and toward production of goods for the domestic market.

The Great Depression did not hit Britain as hard as the United States or Germany, in part because

the study of the non-Western world shows us that there are many versions of God and all of them are legitimate.

The nineteenth-century Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard taught that

Functionalism

The principle that buildings, like industrial products, should serve as well as possible the purpose for which they were made, without excessive ornamentation.

renounce war as an instrument of international policy.

The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and U.S. secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to

30 percent

Unemployment in the United States averaged only 5 percent in the 1920s but in 1933 soared to about

Dawes Plan

What agreement did the United States develop to resolve the economic problems of Germany and international tensions in Europe in 1924?

Since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle to define their essence after they are born, completely on their own.

What did Jean-Paul Sartre mean by the expression "existence precedes essence"?

Plan and control the U.S. economy

What did President Franklin Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration (NRA) attempt to do?

Balanced budgets were the key to economic growth.

What did orthodox economists believe in the 1930s?

It encouraged the union movement and launched a far-reaching program of social reforms that included a forty-hour workweek.

What did the Popular Front do after its 1936 victory in France?

Increasing social welfare benefits and state spending on public works projects

What did the Swedish response to the Depression involve?

Matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the apparently infinite universe with the subatomic world.

What did the theories of Albert Einstein assert?

The Scandinavian response to the Great Depression

What does the "middle way" refer to?

Buildings should be built without ornamentation and instead be practical structures with clean, straight lines.

What idea does the functionalist architecture of Le Corbusier promote?

A pessimistic world in which helpless individuals are crushed by inexplicably hostile forces

What kind of world did Franz Kafka portray in fiction like The Trial (1925)?

Buying on margin

What was an important factor in both the rapid growth of the American stock market in the 1920s and its collapse in October 1929?

Labour Party

What was the British political party that emerged during the 1920s as the main opposition to the Conservative party?

Philosophy is only the logical clarification of thoughts.

What was the main argument of logical positivism in the twentieth century?

moderate businessmen

Which political group dominated the parliamentary governments of Germany in the mid to late 1920s?

Leni Riefenstahl

Who was the director of Triumph of the Will, a brilliant piece of cinematic propaganda based on the 1934 Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg?

Many other wealthy countries abandoned the gold standard after Britain, blunting any advantage for Britain.

Why did Britain's abandonment of the gold standard not aid its recovery?

British had depended heavily on the German market for their exports before World War I.

Why was Britain more ready to conciliate Germany than France following the Versailles peace settlement?

France was less industrialized than the other major continental powers in Europe and somewhat isolated from the world economy.

Why was the Great Depression slow to affect France?

strict implementation of the treaty

With the United States' failure to ratify the Versailles treaty, many French leaders placed their hopes for future security on