AP Euro Ch. 27

Lateran Agreement

1929 agreement that recognized the Vatican as an independent state, with Mussolini agreeing to give the church heavy financial support in return for public support from the pope

How did Nazis manage the Northern European states that they conquered?

A. They established puppet governments with collaborators willing to rule the states in accord with German needs

Why did Stalin and his supporters sponsor the first five-year plan?

A. They feared a gradual restoration of capitalism and more importantly wanted to catch up with the west and overcome traditional Russian "backwardness"

What were the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (special Task Force)?

A. They followed the German army into Central Europe, systematically murdering "undersirable" as they moved from town to town

Which battle was the decisive turning point in the clash between the Soviet UNion and Germany?

A.Stalingrad

How did German chancellor Heinrich Bruning try to cope with the Great Depression in the early 1930s?

B. By cutting government spending and squeezing wages and prices

The allies adopted the principle of the unconditional surrender of germany and japan in order to

B. Further encourage mutual trust among the allies

Why did Stalin call for the mass murder of the kulaks?

B. He believed that as landowners they would eventually embrace conservative capitalism and become great enemies of socialist progress

What was the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws?

B. It defined as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents

Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with

B. Russian peasants

How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?

B. They established research institutes and academies that measure and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science

How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?

B. They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science

What problem was faced by most of the underground resistance groups who opposed the Nazis?

B. They were not well unified, for they had differing political goals

According to Hitler's new Order, which European race was considered subhuman along with the Jews?

B> the Slavic race

As practiced in the 1930s , appeasement was

C. A British policy that came to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war

In Stalin's Soviet Union, women

C. Could enter the ranks of specialists in industry and science

Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experimente in mass murder?

D. The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war

Britain and France finally confronted Hilter with the threat of war when he

D. Used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland

what was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain?

D. to gain air supremacy in the anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain

New Order

Hitler's program based on racial imperialism, which gave preferential treatment to the Nordic peoples; the French, an "inferior" Latin people, occupied a middle position; and Slavs and Jews were treated harshly as "subhumans

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration

Black Shirts

Mussolini's private militia that destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist Party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of northern Italy

National Socialism

a movement and political party driven by extreme nationalism and racism, led by adolf hitler; its adherents ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945 and forced Europe into World War I

five-year plan

a plan launched by Stalin in 1928, and termed the "revolution from above", aimed at modernizing the Soviet Union and creating a new Communist society with new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity

eugenics

a pseudoscientific doctrine that maintains that selective breeding of the general characteristics of a national population, which helped inspire Nazi ideas about "race and space" and ultimately contributed to the Holocaust

Enabling Act

an act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years

fascism

movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism, antisocialism, a dynamic and violent leader, and glorification of war and the military

totalitarianism

radical dictatorship that exercises "total claims" over the beliefs and behavior of its citizens by taking control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of society

appeasement

the British policy toward Germany prior to World War II that aimed at granting Hitler whatever he wanted, including western Czechoslovakia, in order to avoid war

kulaks

the better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin and were generally not permitted to join collective farms; many of them starved or were deported to forced-labor camps for "re-education"

collectivization of agriculture

the forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large state-controlled enterprises in the Soviet Union under Stalin

Holocaust

the systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews and other groups deemed racially inferior during the Second World War

The "cult of the Duce" (leader) promoted the image of Mussolini as

A. A powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people

What characteristics did Communist and Fascist dictatorships share?

A. Both engaged in state-controlled soical engineering projects meant to replace indiviualism with a unified "people"

Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly one hundred individuals, killed in 1934?

A. He wanted to in the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army

What was the effect of Lenin's 1921 New Economic Policy (NEP)?

A. It encouraged peasants to sell their surpluses in free markets and allowed private traders and small manufacturers to do business again

Which countries in August of 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war?

C. Germany and the Soviet UNion

What was the "Europe First"policy adopted by the Allied POwers during WOrld War II?

C. HItler would be defeated before the ALlied mounted an all-out assault on Japan

Which of the following social groups was part of the new elite class in the Stalinist state?

C. Highly regarded artists

the target of the first of the two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 was

C. Hiroshima

why did the Soviet army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944?

C. So that the German could destroy a Polish insurgence that intended to resist the Soviet army as well

What was the Holocaust?

C. The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all Europeans Jews during the Second World War

How did the Nazi Party seek to promote the idea of Volksgemeinschaft?

C. They created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread Nazi ideology and enlist volunteers

How did Mussolini build support from big business in Italy?

D. He left big business to regulate itself and never purged its memebers

Why was Mussolini expelled from the Italian Socialist Party?

D. He urged Italian entry into World War I

What was the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933?

D. It gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years

How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with those in the Russian Empire in 1913?

C. They were lower

Who were the kulaks in Stalin SOivet Union?

D. Better off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock and usullay not allowed too join collective farms

Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler?

D. British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler

How did Stalin use the murder of Sergei Kirov to his own advantage?

D. He blamed the murder on "fascist agents" within the Commusinst Part and launched a purge of the party itself that solidified his own control `

The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because of

A. The violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black- shirted militants