AP Euro - Chapter 12 pages 389-401

The January Edict

(1562) Catherine de Medicis issued this Edict, a measure that granted Protestants freedom to worship publicly outside of towns and privately within them, and to hold synods.

Massacre at Vassy

(1562) The Duke of Guise surprised a Protestant congregation at Vassy of Champagne, and proceeded to massacre several scores of worshipers. This marked the beginning of the French religion wars.

The Compromise

(1564) A national covenant that was drawn up as a solemn pledge to resist the decrees of the Council of Trent and the Inquisition. This caused Calvinists to riot, which led to the idea of full-fledged rebellion against the Spanish regency appearing imminent.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

(1572) On Saint Bartholomew's Day, Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots were butchered in Paris. Catherine had been in on the Guise plot, but had made the decision in a panic. Within three days an estimated 20,000 Huguenots were executed in coordinated attacks throughout France.

Pacification of Ghent

(1576) A union between Catholic provinces and Protestant provinces against Spain. It declared internal regional sovereignty in matters of religion.

Peace of Beaulieu

(1576) Granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom. Within seven months of the peace, the Catholic League forced Henry to return to the quest for absolute religious unity in France. In 1577, the King truncated the Peace and circumscribed areas of permitted Huguenot worship.

Union of Brussels

(1577) Four provinces in the Netherlands initially held out during the Pacification of Ghent, but eventually made the resistance unanimous by joining this union.

Perpetual Edict

(1577) Issued by William of Orange after Netherlands defeat of Spanish forces. Confirms autonomy of the Netherlands.

Union of Arras

(1579) The southern provinces of the Netherlands formed this union, and made peace with Spain within five months.

Edict of Nantes

(1598) Henry IV proclaimed a formal religious settlement with this. This made Henry's promise to the Huguenots of religious freedom more trustworthy. This religious truce granted the Huguenots freedom of public worship, the right of assembly, admission to public offices and universities, and permission to maintain fortified towns.

Peace of Westphalia

(1648) ensured all German states were free to determine own religion

Gianlorenzo Bernini

A Catholic baroque artist.

Peter Paul Rubens

A Catholic baroque artist.

Rembrandt van Rijn

A Protestant baroque artist who painted the gentle portrait of the Dutch Mennonite.

Baroque art

A grandiose, three dimensional display of life and energy.

Bourbons

A powerful family from the south and west of France who competed for the chance to control France by influencing Francis II. In contrast to the Guises, they developed heavy Huguenot sympathies for political reasons. The Bourbon Louis I became a political leader in the French Protestant resistance, and helped devise a plan to kidnap Francis II in the Conspiracy of Amboise in 1560.

The Catholic League

A radical Catholic group founded in 1576 by Henry of Guise. In the mid-1580s, this group became dominant in Paris. Henry III attempted to lead them into a surprise attack in 1588 , and failed miserably.

Christopher Wren

An English Protestant who opted for simpler and more restrained art and architecture than that of Catholic baroque artists.

Cardinal Granvelle

Created a plan for ecclesiastic reorganization of the Netherlands. It was to tighten control of the Catholic hierarchy over the country and to accelerate its consolidation as a Spanish ward.

Huguenots

French Protestants. More than two fifths of the French aristocracy became Huguenots, and they were a majority population in two regions: Dauphine and Languedoc.

Catherine de Medicis

Henry II (King of France)'s wife, who ruled until her son Francis II was of age, after Henry II died. After Francis's death in 1560, Catherine continued as a regent for her son Charles IX. After trying to reconcile the Catholics and Protestants, she sought an alliance with the Protestants.

Duke of Alba

Lead a Spanish army into the Netherlands on orders from Phillip II of Spain. Made a council in the Netherlands and he was known for inspiring terror. His persecutions send many fleeing from the Netherlands for safety.

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV of France)

Led the Protestants, until he inherited the French throne after Henry III was killed. In 1593, he publicly abandoned the Protestant faith and embraced the traditional and majority religion of France. This ended the French religious wars. In 1610, a radical Catholic assassinated him.

Gaspard de Coligny

Protestant leader in France who was murdered in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

William of Nassau (Orange)

Ruler of the Netherlands who led a revolt for independence against Hapsburg Philip II of Spain.

politiques

Rulers who tended to subordinate theological doctrine to political unity, urging tolerance, moderation, and compromise -- even indifference -- in religious matters. The most successful being Elizabeth I of England.

Montmorency-Chatillons

Sought to preserve the traditional rights and privileges of the Netherlands and to end the Spanish Inquisition

What is the significance of "First Blast of the Trumpet Against Terrible Regiment of Women" by John Knox (1558)?

The author laid the groundwork for later Calvinist resistance. In this work, he declared that the removal of a tyrant is not only permissible, but a Christian duty. He had the Catholic Queen of England in mind.

What is the signficance of "On the Right of the Magistrates over Their Subjects" by Theodore Beza (1579)?

The author went beyond Calvin's views. This work justified the correction and even the overthrow of tyrannical rulers by lower authorities.

Philip II

The heir to he intensely Catholic and militarily supreme western Habsburg kingdom.

Henry III of France

The last of Henry II's sons to wear the crown. He sought to find middle ground between the radical Catholics and the vengeful Huguenots. Attempted to lead the Catholic League into a surprise attack in 1588, and failed miserably; he had to flee Paris. Afterward, he successfully plotted the assassinations of both the duke and cardinal of Guise. The Catholic League responded with such fury that he had to ally himself with Henry of Navarre.

Union of Utrecht (1579)

The northern provinces responded to the formation of the Union of Arras with this union.

How did politics shape the religious positions of the French leaders? How did the king (or his regent) decide which side to favor? What led to the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, and what did it achieve?

The regent decided which side to favor by determining which side helped them out politically. The Huguenot's hesitancy to help Catherine after the Massacre at Vassy and Catherine's fear of the Guise led to her choosing sides with the Guises, which led to the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre. It started a French civil war, which achieved the goal of subduing any rebellions of the Protestants.

Guises

The strongest family fighting for Francis II's ear after he became king, establishing firm control. Throughout the latter half of the 16th century, the name "Guise" became interchangeable with militant, reactionary Catholicism.

How did Spain gain a position of dominance in the sixteenth century? What were Phillip's successes and failures?

They gained a position of dominance with "New World" riches from the Americas, their population increase, and their efficient bureaucracy and military. He succeeded in putting down resistance in Portugal and bringing foreign lands into Spanish orbit. He failed while trying to impose his will on the Netherlands, England, and France; causing resistance.

Edict of Fountainbleau

This Edict from 1540 subjected French Protestants to the Inquisition after the Protestants plastered Paris with anti-Christian cards (this took place in 1534), which drove John Calvin and others into exile.

Peace of Saint Germain-en-Laye

This Peace from 1570 ended the third French religion war. The crown, acknowledging the power of the Protestant nobility, granted the Huguenots religious freedoms within their territories and the right to fortify their cities.

Peace of Augsburg

Treaty from 1555, which ended religious warfare between Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, it acknowledged Lutheranism as a religion, and those states had the same rights at Catholic states; German states were free to choose the religion of their country, but individuals were not able to choose their religion

Theodore Beza

Worked with John Calvin to advance their cause by currying favor with powerful aristocrats. He converted Jeanne d'Albert, the mother of the future Henry IV.

Council of Blood

created by the Duke of Alba, Spanish governor of the Netherlands, in 1567. The job of this Council was to try cases of suspected treason committed by Protestant rebels against the Catholic government imposed by Spain.

Counter-Reformation

sponsored a centralized episcopal church system, hierarchically arranged from pope to parish priest, that stressed absolute obedience to the person at the top. The high clergy -- the pope and his bishops -- ruled supreme.